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This study, undertaken in North East England, examines the way in which discourses around masculinity are reflected and reproduced in amateur boxing. With the decline of heavy industry, young men have had to seek other ways of expressing their masculinity. Boxing clubs provided a setting in which the hegemony of masculinity in the area could be practiced. A more inclusive environment began to develop in boxing clubs, however, and young men had to find alternative methods of expressing their masculinity while maintaining hegemonic control. One of the means by which they did this was to use boxing in an entrepreneurial way.

Mechanisms of CaCO3 nucleation from solutions that depend on multistage pathways and the existence of species far more complex than simple ions or ion pairs have recently been proposed. Herein, we provide a tightly coupled theoretical and experimental study on the pathways that precede the initial stages of CaCO3 nucleation. Starting from molecular simulations, we succeed in correctly predicting bulk thermodynamic quantities and experimental data, including equilibrium constants, titration curves, and detailed x-ray absorption spectra taken from the supersaturated CaCO3 solutions. The picture that emerges is in complete agreement with classical views of cluster populations in which ions and ion pairs dominate, with the concomitant free energy landscapes following classical nucleation theory.

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