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Arorathrips crenulatus (Hood) comb.n. Chirothrips crenulatus Hood 1927 b: 130. Distribution: Canada (AB, MB) (Chiasson 1986), United States (CO, KS, NB, ND, NM, OK, SD, WY) (Watts 1972, Huntsinger & Balsbaugh 1982)., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1927 b) New Thysanoptera from the United States. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 35, 123 - 142.","Watts, J. G. (1972) Descriptions and new distribution records of Chirothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65 (3), 589 - 594.","Huntsinger, R. L. & Balsbaugh, E. U. (1982) North Dakota Terebrantia (Thysanoptera). North Dakota Insects - Schafer-Post Series, 14, 1 - 102."]}

Diagnosis of Chirothrips -related genera Species of Chirothrips and the related genera generally have bodies that are somewhat flattened dorsal-ventrally. Female: Head small and produced anterior of the compound eyes, with few to many bristle-like, stout or conical setae; compound eyes with 5 pigmented ommatidia (Fig. 20); antenna 8 -segmented, without microtrichia, segment I enlarged or not, segment II symmetrical to laterally angulated or produced with an apical or subapical sense cone or seta. Pronotum subtrapezoidal, with short, fine or stout setae; prospinasternum well developed, reduced or absent. Mesonotum, metanotum and abdomen with few bristle-like or conical setae, or with numerous, short stout setae. Mesosternal furcal invaginations separated (Figs 6, 47) or approximated (Figs 22, 58). Macropterous except for one brachypterous species (which also lacks ocelli). Abdominal posterior segments well developed, with long ovipositor, or rather short, with reduced ovipositor; tergites with posteromarginal flange entire or with lobed or toothed posterior margins. Male: Apterous or brachypterous, rarely macropterous; head without ocelli; compound eyes with fewer ommatidial facets and often with fewer pigmented facets than females; abdominal sternites with glandular areas. Larva. Antennae and legs reduced.

Chirothrips hemingi sp.n. (Figs 18���30) Female. Macropterous. Body brown with orange-red internal pigments, or abdomen yellowish brown with posterior three segments darker brown; legs brown except fore tarsi yellow, mid- and hind tarsi yellow or yellowish brown, fore tarsi distally yellow, brown basally; ocellar crescent red; fore wings light yellow, distally light brownish yellow, fore- and hind vein darker yellow; body setae brown, fore wing setae yellow or brownish yellow; antenna brown except segment III light brown or yellowish brown with pedicel pale, II with lateral process yellowish brown. Antenna (Fig. 18): Segment I about twice as wide as base of segment II; segment II with inner margin convex, lateral margin diverging from base distally to subapical seta or initially diverging and then bulging outward to subapical seta and projecting laterad as a subtruncate, blunt or pointed, sclerotized process; segments IV and V gradually widening distally to position of subapical setae; segment VIII longer than VII; segments III and IV each with simple sense cone; inner sense cone of segment V longer than outer sense cone, inner sense cone on segment VI in distal 1 / 3 of segment. Head (Fig. 19): Longer than wide, prolonged anterior of eyes, lateral margin anterior of compound eyes short, extending to rounded angle or margin curved anteromediad, compound eye about twice as long as occiput, occiput with transverse sculpture lines or anastomosing lines, between and anterior of compound eyes without sculpturing; 6���8 short setae on vertex; ocellar setae slightly anterior, laterad or posterior of anterior ocellus; postocular setae minute, 1 posterior of each posterior ocellus, 2 just posterior of eyes; usually 3���4 minute medial pores between first PO setae and posterior ocelli; mouthcone broadly conical, rounded at apex, shorter than head. Pronotum (Fig. 21): Subtrapezoidal, anterior margin considerably shorter than posterior margin, wider than long, sculptured with transverse lines or anastomosing; 41 (44���49) short, discal setae in 2 submedial rows and submarginally, with medial and 2 submedial setae-less areas; 2 pairs of well developed posteroangular setae; posteromarginal setae 8���9, medial pair usually slightly longer than others. Prosternum (Fig 22) with basantra membranous, finely striate-rugulose, without setae; ferna divided. Mesonotum (Fig. 23): With transverse sculpturing or partially reticulated; anteromedian pair of campaniform sensilla rather far apart; median setae about aligned with lateral setae, posterior setae slightly anterior of margin. Mesosternal spinula absent (Fig. 22). Metanotum (Fig. 24): With transverse sculpture lines or reticulated with recticles transversely oriented medially, arched lines in posteromedial part, lateral sculpture lines longitudinally aligned; median pair of setae in anterior 1 / 4 of notum, about 42 ��m long, shorter than lateral pair; 2 campaniform sensilla present. Legs: Fore femora enlarged, with series of ridges on dorsal surface, apical margin reflected; fore tibiae apically truncate. Fore wings: Straight, gradually narrowed distally to blunt apex; 22 (25���26) costal setae, those at midlength about 3 / 5 as long as width of wing; 27 anterior fringe cilia, mostly straight, few slightly wavy; fore vein with 6 setae in proximal 1 / 2 and 2���3 setae in distal 1 / 2; hindvein with 6���7 setae; clavus with 5 veinal and 1 discal setae. Abdomen: Tergites (Fig. 25) sculptured with transverse or anastomosing striae, 12���15 lines medially posterior of antecostal ridge, none differentiated from others; median setae on tergite I minute, on tergites II���VII subequal to D 2 setae, slightly anterior to median campaniform sensilla on tergite VIII, between or slightly anterior to median campaniform sensilla on tergites II���VII; area between median campaniform sensilla and antecostal ridge with 4���5 striae on tergites IV���VII; posteromarginal flange short, subequal to distance between sculpture lines, margin normally undulating or irregular; tergite IX with 2 pairs of campaniform sensilla; tergite X long, conical, 1.5���1.75 times longer than tergite IX, with 1 pair of campaniform sensilla just anterior of B 1 setae. Pleurotergites with posteromarginal teeth. Sternites (Fig. 26) with transverse lines, none differentiated from others except antecostal ridge; sternite I with 2���4 anteromedial setae. Sternite II with 2 or 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae, sternites III���VII with 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae on margin except B 1 setae on sternite VII anterior of posterior margin, closer to B 2 setae than to each other; small lobes on posterior margins of sternites II���VII; ovipositor 267 (247���272) ��m long. Measurements of holotype (and female paratypes). Body length: 1.74 (2.06���2.17 distended) mm. Other measurements in ��m. Antenna: total length 252 (245���250); length, width of antennal segment I 22 (22���24), 35 (37); II 37 (37), 42 (40���42); III 40 (37���40), 24 (24���27); IV 40 (35���40), 24 (24���27); V 37 (32���35), 22 (22���23); VI 49 (48���50), 20 (20); VII 10 (12), 10 (7); VIII 17 (15���17), 6 (5). Head: length from interantennal projection 151 (153���161); produced marginal part anterior of eye 17 (15); eye 74 (74���79) long; occiput 37 (37) long. Pronotum 235 (203���230) long, 274 (247���272) wide. Fore wing 1099 (1025���1062) long, 62 (62) wide at midlength. Abdominal segment IX (72���82), X 133 (124���148). Setae: ocellar setae about 15 long; posteroangular setae outer pair 43 (42���57), inner pair 37 (37���50); median metanotal setae about 17 long; abdominal tergite IX with B 1 setae 126 (114���131), B 2 setae 138 (114���128); tergite X with B 1 setae 131 (128���137), B 2 setae 124 (117���124). Male. Brachypterous. Similar to females in color but smaller. Antenna: Similar to females. Head: Similar to females except without ocellus; vertex with 8 short setae, ocellar setae at midlength or slightly posterior. Pronotum: Sculptured with transversely oriented lines; about 49 short, discal setae in 2 submedial rows and on submargin; 2 pairs of developed posteroangular setae, and about 10 posteromarginal setae. Metanotum (Fig. 27): Subrectanglar, transversely sculptured; median setae in anterior 1 / 4 of notum, lateral setae posterior of anterior margin; 2 campaniform sensilla at about midlength of notum. Abdomen: Tergal posteromarginal flange subequal to length of 2 tergal, interstrial spaces or slightly longer, margin with lobes or teeth. Abdominal tergite IX (Fig. 29) with B 1 setae posteromediad of longer Dl setae, B 2 setae posterolaterad of B 1 setae, posterolateral setae and midlateral setae long, a shorter seta between posterolateral and midlateral setae; a campaniform sensillum between Dl and B 1 setae or posterior of Dl setae, another pair near anterior margin of tergite. Sternites with conical or low lobes on posterior margins; sternites III (Fig. 28) and IV each with a small circular or slightly oval glandular area 12���15 ��m wide, smaller than distance between B 1 setae. Measurements of male paratype. Body length 1.33 mm distended. Other measurements in ��m. Antenna: total length 201; length, width of segment I 20, 32; II 27, 25; III 35, 23; IV 35, 24; V 27, 22; VI 37, 18; VII 8, 7; VIII 12, 5. Head: length from interantennal process 131; eye 62 long; occiput 35 long; width at occiput 117. Pronotum 205 long, 225 wide. Setal lengths: posteroangular setae outer pair 24���30; inner pair 37; tergite IX Dl setae 27��� 35 long; B 1 setae about 10 long; B 2 setae about 10 long; posterolateral setae 84���86 long; midlateral setae 82���91 long. Type material. Holotype female, Canada, Alberta, Jasper, 24 -VI- 55, grass, R. M. Bohart (UCD). Paratypes: 1 female with same data as holotype; 4 females, Cypress Hills Provincial Park, Alberta, sweeping grass and forbs, 30 -VI- 69, B. S. Heming; 3 females, Mt. Norquay, Banff, Alberta, 60001, 25 -V- 60, W. W. Moss; 1 female, Whitemud Hills, Alberta, grass, 5 -VII- 70, B. S. Heming; 27 females, 7 males, Osoyoos, British Columbia, Canada, grass, 30 -VII- 80, G.A.P. Gibson. Paratypes deposited in CNC, UASM, UCD and USNM. Distribution. Canada (Alberta, British Columbia). Etymology. Named after Dr. Bruce Heming, University of Alberta, Edmonton, for providing thrips material for this project and in recognition of his work on the functional morphology and development of Thysanoptera. Comments. This species resembles C. molesta Priesner from the Palearctic Region. The apex of the lateral process of antennal segment II of C. molesta has a translucent gland, outer sense cone on segment V is longer than inner sense cone, and abdominal tergites lack complete posteromarginal flange but have separated lobes with acuminate apex or lobes that are low and indistinct. The apex of the lateral process of antennal segment II of C. hemingi is sclerotized, inner sense cone on segment V is longer than outer sense cone, and abdominal tergites have short, complete posteromarginal flange normally with lobed margin. In the Nearctic Region, C. hemingi resembles C. productus but is readily separated by the position of the median tergal setae on the abdomen. The holotype and paratype from Jasper have only 2 pairs of posteromarginal setae on abdominal sternite II and the apex of lateral process of antennal segment II is subtruncate. The paratypes from Mt. Norquay and Cypress Hills Provincial Park have normally 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae on sternite II and antennal segment II has a bluntly pointed process. Antennal segment II is usually tilted and the lateral process appears to be narrower and more pointed. The convex lateral margins of antennal segment II of some specimens from Osoyoos, British Columbia are quite different from the gradually diverging forms from Alberta and they appear to be a different species. However, the shapes of the lateral margin are variable in a long series of specimens from Osoyoos and part of the range of variation is similar to those of the Alberta specimens. Except for this difference, the other anatomical characters are similar. Description of the male is based on the Osoyoos material., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on pages 12-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299

Chirothrips aculeatus Bagnall Chirothrips aculeatus Bagnall 1927: 567. Chirothrips moultoni Post 1961: 137 syn.n. Distribution: United States (CA, ID, OR, UT, WA), Europe (zur Strassen 1960: 167). Comments: Although Post (1961) states that C. moultoni Post has simple sense cones on antennal segments III and IV, the type specimen has a forked sense cone on IV and a simple sense cone on III, and cannot be distinguished from C. aculeatus (New Synonymy)., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Bagnall, R. S. (1927) Contributions towards a knowledge of the European Thysanptera, II. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 19 (9), 556 - 567.","Post, R. L. (1961) Five new Oregon Thysanoptera. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 37 (2), l 37 - 143."]}

Key to species of Konothrips 1. Invaginations of mesosternal furcal arms widely separated by about width of mesothoracic coxae; abdominal submarginal sculpture oriented longitudinally (Fig 42); ovipositor without teeth............................... tuttlei (zur Strassen) -. Invaginations of mesosternal furca separated by 3 / 10 to 2 / 5 width of mesothoracic coxae; abdominal submarginal sculpture oriented diagonally (Fig. 50); ovipositor with sparse teeth.............................................. colei sp.n.

Diagnosis of Chirothrips -related genera Species of Chirothrips and the related genera generally have bodies that are somewhat flattened dorsal-ventrally. Female: Head small and produced anterior of the compound eyes, with few to many bristle-like, stout or conical setae; compound eyes with 5 pigmented ommatidia (Fig. 20); antenna 8 -segmented, without microtrichia, segment I enlarged or not, segment II symmetrical to laterally angulated or produced with an apical or subapical sense cone or seta. Pronotum subtrapezoidal, with short, fine or stout setae; prospinasternum well developed, reduced or absent. Mesonotum, metanotum and abdomen with few bristle-like or conical setae, or with numerous, short stout setae. Mesosternal furcal invaginations separated (Figs 6, 47) or approximated (Figs 22, 58). Macropterous except for one brachypterous species (which also lacks ocelli). Abdominal posterior segments well developed, with long ovipositor, or rather short, with reduced ovipositor; tergites with posteromarginal flange entire or with lobed or toothed posterior margins. Male: Apterous or brachypterous, rarely macropterous; head without ocelli; compound eyes with fewer ommatidial facets and often with fewer pigmented facets than females; abdominal sternites with glandular areas. Larva. Antennae and legs reduced., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 3, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299

Arorathrips sensitivus (Andre) Chirothrips sensitivus Andre 1939: 198. Arorathrips sensitivus (Andre); Bhatti 1990: 196. Chirothrips talpoides Hood 1939 a: 466; Jacot-Guillarmod 1971: 483. Distribution: United States (FL). Comments: Antennal segment I is more elongate than in other North American species and is only slightly wider than long. The head is greatly prolonged anterior of the eyes. The tibial process is about as long as tarsal segments I plus II, as wide as the tarsal segments. The lateral part of the tibia is strongly sculptured., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Bhatti, J. S. (1990) On some genera related to Chirothrips (Insecta: Terebrantia: Thripidae). Zoology (Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology), 2 (4), 193 - 200.","Hood, J. D. (1939 a) Notes on Chirothrips, with descriptions of two new species. (Thysanoptera). Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 10 (2), 461 - 471.","Jacot-Guillarmod, J. C. (1971) Thysanoptera Catalogue of the World. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums, Natural History, 7 (2), 217 - 515."]}

Arorathrips fulvus (Moulton) Chirothrips fulvus Moulton 1936: 182. Arorathrips fulvus (Moulton); Mound and Marullo 1996: 94. Chirothrips dolosus De Santis 1967: 5; Mound and Marullo 1996: 94. Distribution: United States (TN, TX, HI), Argentina, Uruguay (zur Strassen 1960). Comments: The abdominal tergites have 9���15 setae on each side and those located submarginally and laterally are longer than the median setae., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Moulton, D. (1936) Thysanoptera of the Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 9 (2), 181 - 188.","Mound, L. A. & Marullo, R. (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America, an Introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Associated Press, Gainesville, Florida, 487 pp.","De Santis, L. (1967) Dos Nuevas especies de Tisanopteros del Brasil. Comision de Investigation Cientifica Notas, 4 (6), 1 - 6."]}

Arorathrips mexicanus (Crawford) Chirothrips mexicana D.L. Crawford 1909: 114. Arorathrips mexicanus (Crawford); Bhatti 1990: 196. Chirothrips floridensis Watson 1920: 21; Andre 1939: 197. Chirothrips floridensis var. catchingsi Watson 1924: 76; Hood 1927 a: 112. Chirothrips saltensis Tapia 1952: 109; zur Strassen 1960: 174. Distribution: United States (AR, AZ, CA, FL, GA, HI, IL, MS, NC, NM, OK, TN, TX), Mexico, Central America, Caribbean Islands, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbawe, Philippines, Thailand, Australia (Jacot-Guillarmod 1971)., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on pages 8-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Crawford, D. L. (1909) Some Thysanoptera of Mexico and the south. I. Pomona College Journal of Entomology, l (4), 109 - 119.","Bhatti, J. S. (1990) On some genera related to Chirothrips (Insecta: Terebrantia: Thripidae). Zoology (Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology), 2 (4), 193 - 200.","Watson, J. R. (1920) New Thysanoptera from Florida. VII. Florida Entomologist, 4 (2), 18 - 23.","Watson, J. R. (1924) Synopsis and catalog of the Thysanoptera of North America. University of Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 168, 1 - 100.","Hood, J. D. (1927 a) Nineteen synonyms in the North American Thysanoptera. Entomological News, 38 (4), 112 - 113.","Tapia, E. A. (1952) Dos especies de Tisanopteros Argentinos nuevos para la Ciencia. Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, 54, 107 - 110.","Jacot-Guillarmod, J. C. (1971) Thysanoptera Catalogue of the World. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums, Natural History, 7 (2), 217 - 515."]}

Konothrips colei sp. n. Distribution. United States (Texas)., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299

Chirothrips simplex Hood Chirothrips simplex Hood 1927 b: 128; zur Strassen 1967 a: 38. Distribution: Canada (AB), United States (AZ, CA, CO, IA, KS, NE, ND, NM, OK, SD, TX, WY), Mexico. Comments: This species was misidentified as C. falsus until further defined by zur Strassen (1967 a)., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1927 b) New Thysanoptera from the United States. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 35, 123 - 142."]}

Chirothrips falsus Priesner Chirothrips falsus Priesner 1925: 312; zur Strassen 1967 a: 28. Chirothrips falsus var. adusta Priesner 1925: 313; Hood 1939 a: 463. Chirothrips simplex Hood 1927 b: 128: Hood 1939 a: 463 (misidentification). Distribution: Canada (AB, SK) (Chaisson 1986), United States (AZ, IL, IA, KS, NM, TX, UT, WY), Mexico. Comments: For many years, C. simplex was confused with this species, and collections may still include misidentified specimens., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Priesner, H. (1925) Thysanopterologica I. Zoologisches Jahrbuch, 50 (3), 305 - 319.","Hood, J. D. (1939 a) Notes on Chirothrips, with descriptions of two new species. (Thysanoptera). Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 10 (2), 461 - 471.","Hood, J. D. (1927 b) New Thysanoptera from the United States. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 35, 123 - 142.","Chaisson, H. (1986) A synopsis of the Thysanoptera (Thrips) of Canada. Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory Memoir, 17, 1 - 153."]}

Chirothrips productus Hood Chirothrips productus Hood 1927 b: 126. Distribution: United States (AZ, CO, ID, ND, NM, NV, UT) (Jacot-Guillarmod 1971; Huntsinger & Balsbaugh 1982)., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1927 b) New Thysanoptera from the United States. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 35, 123 - 142.","Jacot-Guillarmod, J. C. (1971) Thysanoptera Catalogue of the World. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums, Natural History, 7 (2), 217 - 515.","Huntsinger, R. L. & Balsbaugh, E. U. (1982) North Dakota Terebrantia (Thysanoptera). North Dakota Insects - Schafer-Post Series, 14, 1 - 102."]}

Konothrips Bhatti Konothrips Bhatti 1990: 196. Type species: Chirothrips tuttlei zur Strassen by original designation. Antennal segment I enlarged, more than 2.5 times as wide as base of segment II; segment II prolonged laterally, resembles inverted shoe, a well defined gland protrudes apically over sense cone on apex of the sclerotized part of process. Head with 40 plus short, stout setae anterior of fore ocellus. Pronotum subtrapezoidal, with numerous, short conical setae; without posteroangular setae or two pairs slightly larger than discal setae. Femur truncate apically, distal 1 / 3 sculptured with longitudinal, ridged lines or reticles (Fig. 46). Mesonotum (Fig 48) with 4���6 conical or spine-like, discal setae in median area far anterior to posterior margin, median pair of posterior setae absent, setae larger than those on pronotum; mesosternal furca invaginations separated by less than 2 / 5 to about width of metathoracic coxae. Metanotum (Fig. 49) with median pair of conical setae. Fore wings with 1 to few costal setae. Abdominal tergites with submarginal sculpture oriented longitudinally or diagonally (Figs. 42, 50), medially reticulated or transversely striate; 5 pairs of dorsal conical or spine-like setae, those on posterior tergites more elongate; posteromarginal flange narrow, about as wide as length of dorsal setae. Abdominal sternite with submarginal sculpture oriented longitudinally or diagonally; sternal discal setae absent; ovipositor short, 110���136 ��m long. Male brachypterous. Smaller than female. Abdominal tergite IX with short B 1 ���B 2 setae; sternites III���VII each with glandular areas. Comments. According to Bhatti (1990) Konothrips is distinguished by the sculpture on abdominal terga and sterna oriented longitudinally (Fig. 42); costa of fore wing without series of setae, having only a single seta; and ovipositor smooth, lacking teeth. Konothrips colei, new species, is intermediate in these structures between tuttlei, the type species of genus, and members of Arorathrips. In K. colei the abdominal tergal sculpturing is diagonally oriented on submargin and transverse or reticulated medially (Fig. 50), and the submarginal, sternal sculpturing is more longitudinally oriented (Fig. 51), the ovipositor is reduced but with sparse teeth, and the fore wing has sparse costal setae. The differences between Konothrips and Arorathrips are discussed in the comments for Arorathrips. The concept of Konothrips is revised here to accomodate K. colei. Konothrips colei sp. n. (Figs 43���51) Female. Macropterous. Body brown, head darker brown than thorax or abdomen pale brown with anterior part and terminal segments darker brown; tarsi yellow, tibiae and femora brown with apical or proximal parts yellow, or fore tibiae mostly yellowish brown, femora and mid- and hind tibiae brown dorsally, yellow ventrally. Setae pale yellow or pale yellowish brown. Fore wing pale yellow or shaded with pale yellowish gray tinge. Antenna brown, segment I darkest brown, segment II light brown with produced part yellowish brown, segment III light brown basally. Antenna (Fig. 43): Segment I 2.5���2.9 times wider than base of segment II, with a transverse dorsal ridge; segment II with inner margin rather straight, outer margin strongly diverging laterally from base to blunt process, apex of process with a distinct gland; 1 subapical sense cone slightly extending beyond apical gland, 1 short dorsal and 1 ventral setae just mediad of sense cone, 1 short seta on outer margin about midway between subapical sense cone and base of segment, 1 short dorsal seta near apex of inner margin and another dorsal seta near base of segment, 1 short ventral seta medially and another ventral seta near apex of inner margin; segment III with convex outer margin, slightly longer than wide; segments III and IV each with simple sense cone; outer sense cone on segment V larger than inner sense cone; inner sense cone of segment VI in distal 1 / 2, extending to apex of segment. Head (Fig. 44): Longer than wide from interantennal process, lateral margin of vertex anterior of compound eye 22���24 ��m long, slightly converging to broad angle formed with anterior margin of vertex; eye about two times as long as occiput; head smooth except for several transverse sculpture lines by posterior margin; 46 (43���48) short, stout setae on vertex, ocellar setae similar to setae anterior of fore ocellus, posterolaterad of fore ocellus; postocular setae minute, 1 pair posterior of hind ocelli, 2 near posterior margin of eye, 4 minute pores medially between median-most postocular setae; mouthcone broadly conical, shorter than head. Pronotum (Fig. 45): About as long as broad, with weak short transverse sculpture lines medially; 122 (114��� 119) short, spine-like setae in medial and two submarginal bands; posteroangular setae not developed, 14 short, spine-like setae on posteromargin. Prosternum (Fig. 47) with basantra partially weakly sclerotized in posteromedial part, without setae, with finely granulose sculpture; prospinasternum a narrow unsclerotized band, spina inserted into mesosternum. Mesonotum (Fig. 48): Reticulated; anteromedian campaniform sensilla far apart; median posterior setae positioned near submedian setae, both setae far anterior of posterior margin, conical, larger than other setae on notum and pronotum; often with another pair of smaller, spine-like discal setae. Mesofurca with invaginations separated by 20���24 ��m, 3 / 10 to 2 / 5 width of mesothoracic coxae (Fig. 47). Metanotum (Fig. 49): Sculpture lines longitudinally oriented except medially in arched pattern; median setae conical, as large as submedian setae on mesonotum, in anterior 1 / 4 of notum, lateral setae bristle-like; pair of companiform sensilla present. Legs: Fore femora with ridged, longitudinally oriented reticles on distal 1 / 3 (Fig. 46); outer side of fore tibia slightly longer than inner side. Fore wings: Straight, gradually narrowed distally to blunt apex; 5���6 (4���5) costal setae short, 1 basal of first anterior fringe cilia, those at midlength about 3 / 5 as long as width of wing; 24 (19���20) slightly wavy anterior fringe cilia; fore vein with 5 (3���4) setae in proximal 1 / 2, 3 (2���3) distal setae; hindvein with 1 (1���2) seta; scale with 4 (4) marginal setae. Abdomen: Tergites with diagonally oriented sculpture lines submarginally, transverse or reticulated medially (Fig. 50); 5 pairs of setae on tergites II���VII, on anterior tergites spine-like, progressively more slender posteriorly; median setae slightly anterior to slightly posterior of median campaniform sensilla, posterior of campaniform sensilla on tergite VIII, on tergite VI about 20 ��m long; posteromarginal flange narrow, about 5 ��m long, laterally with few marginal teeth; tergite IX with 2 pairs of campaniform sensilla, posterior pair near B 1 setae; segment X slightly longer than segment IX, with complete dorsal split, pair of campaniform sensilla near B 1 setae. Pleurotergites (Fig. 49) with sparse, teeth-like microtrichia on sculpture lines, posteromarginal flange with margin lobed or toothed. Sternites (Fig. 51) transversely sculptured medially; sculpture lines on submargin diagonal but more longitudinally oriented than on tergites; margins of sternites without processes; anteromedial setae absent from sternite I, sternite II with 2 pairs of posteromarginal setae, sternites III���VII with 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae, median pair on sternite VII anterior of posterior margin; ovipositors about 135 (131���141) ��m long. Male. Unknown. Measurements of holotype and (paratype). Body length 1.64 mm, distended 1.87 mm. Other measurements in ��m. Antenna total length 199 (205) long; length and width of segment I 24 (27), 47 (50); II 37 (37), 30 (32); III 30 (30), 32 (28); IV 27 (27), 32 (32); V 24 (24), 30 (27); VI 35 (35), 24 (20); VII 10 (11), 8 (8); VII 12 (12), 6 (4). Head: Length from interantennal process 148 long, from compound eyes to tip of interantennal process 116 (111) long, lateral margin of vertex from compound eye to broad angulation formed with anterior margin of vertex 22���24 long, compound eye 59 (57) long, occiput 32 (30) long. Pronotum 247 (235) long, 133 (135) wide (based on flattened specimen). Fore wings 884 (843���847) long, 47 (42���44) wide at midlength. Abdominal segment IX 59 (62) long, X 74 (72) long. Setae: Short stout setae on vertex of head 7���10 long, ocellar setae about 10 long, pronotal discal setae about 7 long, submedian mesonotal setae 12���15 long, median metanotal setae about 12 long; abdominal tergite IX with B 1 setae 89 long, B 2 setae 94 (96) long, B 3 setae 106 long; tergite X with B 1 setae 104 (101) long, B 2 setae 101 (99) long. Type material. Holotype female (USNM); Texas, Coma 1 Co., Guadalupe River State Park, sweeping, 24 -IX- 88, G. Zolnerowich. Paratype females: 1, Texas, Lubbock Co., Slaton, onion field, 21 -VII- 86, R. Sites; 3, Texas, Bandara Co., Lost Mapels [sic, = Maples] State Park, 21 -VII- 88, G. Zolnerowich. Paratypes deposited in TESB and USNM. Distribution. United States (Texas). Etymology. Named after Charles L. Cole, retired thysanopterist formerly with the Texas Extension Service, Bryan, who provided the type material. Comments. The specimens are mounted in Hoyer's medium and are rather flattened and distended. Thus the body and head measurements may not agree with those of properly mounted specimens. Also, the description of the coloration may differ from differently treated specimens., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on pages 20-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Bhatti, J. S. (1990) On some genera related to Chirothrips (Insecta: Terebrantia: Thripidae). Zoology (Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology), 2 (4), 193 - 200."]}

Arorathrips nigriceps (Hood) Chirothrips nigriceps Hood 1952: 147. Arorathrips nigriceps (Hood); Mound and Marullo 1996: 94. Distribution: Brazil. Comments: This species is known only from the holotype and one female paratype. Antennal segment II is strongly angulate with rather straight anterior margin and resembles those of some Chirothrips species. The invaginations of the mesosternal furca are barely separated by about 7 ��m. Abdominal sternites have tuberculate scallops and low lobes on posterior margin. The head is brown, pronotum is yellow with a medial pale brown longitudinal area, pterothorax is shaded light brown, abdomen and legs are yellow, and fore wing is light brown with pale base., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1952) Brasilian Thysanoptera. III. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 65, 141 - 176.","Mound, L. A. & Marullo, R. (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America, an Introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Associated Press, Gainesville, Florida, 487 pp."]}

Chirothrips manicatus (Haliday) Thrips (Chirothrips) manicata Haliday 1836: 444. Chirothrips antennatus Osborn 1883: 154; Uzel 1895: 80. Distribution: Canada (AB, BC, NS, NT, ON, QC, YT) (Chaisson 1986), United States (AK, CA, CT, ID, IL, IA, MA, MD, ME, MI, MN, NE, NM, NY, NV, OH, OR, PA, UT, VA, WA), Argentina, Colombia, Europe, China, Japan, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand, Comments: One of the widely dispersed species in the world. The shape of antennal segment II is variable., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Haliday, A. H. (1836) An epitome of the British genera in the order Thysanoptera, with indications of a few of the species. Entomologist Magazine, 3, 444.","Osborn, H. (1883) Notes on Thripidae, with descriptions of new species. The Canadian Entomologist, 15 (8), 151 - 156.","Uzel, J. (1895) Monographie der Ordnung Thysanoptera. Koniggratz, Bhomen. 472 pp.","Chaisson, H. (1986) A synopsis of the Thysanoptera (Thrips) of Canada. Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory Memoir, 17, 1 - 153."]}

Chirothrips frontalis Williams Chirothrips frontalis Williams 1914: 51 Chirothrips salcatus John 1922: 345; Hood 1953: 115. Distribution: Argentina, Kenya, South Africa, Australia (zur Strassen 1960). Comments: According to Mound and Palmer (1972) C. frontalis Williams resembles C. bradleyi Hood (= praeocularis Andre) and is of American origin. However, it lacks diagonal ridges on antennal segment II, and median longitudinal ridge and other irregular longitudinal markings present on the head of C. praeocularis. Jacot- Guillarmod (1971) listed C. frontalis for the United States (Wyoming) but the source for this record was not indicated. One specimen previously determined as this species from Wyoming was located in the UCD collection and could be the basis for this record. However, this specimen is a misidentification of C. andrei. A record from Michoacan, Mexico (Johansen & Mojica-Guzman 1996) was not examined and therefore was not listed in the distribution., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Williams, C. B. (1914) A new species of Chirothrips from South America. Entomologist, 47, 51 - 53.","John, O. (1922) A new genus and two new species of Thysanoptera from British East-Africa. Annuaire du Musee Zoologique de l' Academie des Sciences de Russie, 23, 345 - 351.","Hood, J. D. (1953) Two species of Chirothrips new to Africa (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines, 47 (1 - 2), 108 - 119.","Mound, L. A. & Palmer, J. M. (1972) Grass-Flower infesting thrips of the genus Chirothrips Haliday in Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, 11, 332 - 339.","Jacot-Guillarmod, J. C. (1971) Thysanoptera Catalogue of the World. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums, Natural History, 7 (2), 217 - 515.","Johansen, R. M. & Mojica-Guzman, A. (1996) Thysanoptera. In Bousquets, J. L., Aldrete, A. G. & Soriano, E. G .. Biodiversidad, Taxonomia y Biogeografia de Artropodos de Mexico: Hacia una Sintesis de su Conocimiento. Institute de Biologia, UNAM, pp. 245 - 273."]}

Chirothrips cuneiceps Hood Chirothrips cuneiceps Hood 1940: 547. Distribution: Canada (AB) (Chaisson 1986), United States (MN, NY)., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1940) A century of new American Thysanoptera. I. Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 11 (1 - 2), 540 - 583.","Chaisson, H. (1986) A synopsis of the Thysanoptera (Thrips) of Canada. Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory Memoir, 17, 1 - 153."]}

Konothrips tuttlei (zur Strassen) Chirothrips tuttlei zur Strassen 1967 b: 345. Konothrips tuttleyi [sic]: Bhatti 1990: l 96. Distribution: Mexico, United States (AZ)., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Bhatti, J. S. (1990) On some genera related to Chirothrips (Insecta: Terebrantia: Thripidae). Zoology (Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology), 2 (4), 193 - 200."]}

Arorathips xanthius (Hood) Chirothrips xanthius Hood 1934: 408. Arorathips xanthius (Hood); Mound and Marullo 1996: 95. Chirothrips oryzae De Santis 1968: 254; Mound and Marullo 1996: 95. Distribution: Panama, Argentina, Brazil. Comments: A paratype of C. oryzae in the USNM apparently has a tooth on the first tarsal segment on each side. A tooth on the first tarsal segment is unusual and because the tarsi are collapsed, it is considered an artefact. Antennal segments I���III and most of IV and V are yellow. The head is brown and body is bright yellow with the apex of abdominal segment X brown. A specimen examined from Brazil was anatomically similar but the body and antenna were shaded more extensively brownish yellow., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1934) New Thysanoptera from Panama. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 41, 407 - 434.","Mound, L. A. & Marullo, R. (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America, an Introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Associated Press, Gainesville, Florida, 487 pp.","De Santis, L. (1968) Los Trips del arroz en la Republics Argentina (Thysanoptera). Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia, 43, 253 - 257."]}

Chirothrips praeocularis Andre Chirothrips praeocularis Andre 1941: 451. Chirothrips bradleyi Hood 1941: 142; Stannard 1968: 300. Distribution: United States (GA, FL, LA, MA, MD, NJ, SC, TX) (Jacot-Guillarmod 1971; Beshear 1973)., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Andre, F. (1941) Two new species of Chirothrips Haliday with notes on Chirothrips frontalis Williams. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 34 (2), 451 - 457.","Hood, J. D. (1941) A century of new American Thysanoptera. II. Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 12 (1 - 2), 139 - 243.","Stannard, L. J. (1968) The Thrips, or Thysanoptera, of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, 29 (4), 215 - 552.","Jacot-Guillarmod, J. C. (1971) Thysanoptera Catalogue of the World. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums, Natural History, 7 (2), 217 - 515.","Beshear, R. J. (1973) The Thrips of Georgia, suborder Terebrantia. University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment Station Research Bulletin, 122, l - 26."]}

Chirothrips Haliday Thrips subgenus Chirothrips Haliday 1836: 444. Type Species: Thrips (Chirothrips) manicata Haliday, by monotypy. Chirothrips: Amyot and Serville 1843. Female. Macropterous or rarely brachypterous. Antennal segment I not enlarged and less than 2.5 times as wide base of II; II symmetrical, asymmetrical, apical part angulate or produced laterally, thin seta on apex of angulation or process or 1 or 2 setae subapical on lateral margin. Head slightly to greatly produced anterior of eyes; vertex with 12 or fewer pairs of short setae, venter with normal bristle-like setae. Pronotum with 2 pairs of well developed posteroangular setae, and relatively few short discal setae; basantra membranous, setae absent; prospinasternum a sclerotized band with conical spina. Fore tibia without outer apical process. Mesonotum with bristle-like median setae far anterior of posterior margin; posterior setae on margin or slightly anterior; mesosternal furcal invaginations approximated. Metanotum with 2 pairs of bristle-like setae. Abdominal tergites with sculpture lines oriented transversely or anastomosing; tergites with posteromarginal lobes, or continuous transverse flange, extending from posterior margin or slightly overlapping tergite. Abdominal sternites with or without posteromarginal flange or lobes. Ovipositor usually well developed. Male. Brachypterous. Smaller than females. Head without ocelli; mesosternal furcal invaginations slightly separated in male of C. aculeatus and in occasional male of other species; other anatomical structures may differ from those of females in shapes and sizes, or may be present or absent. Glandular areas present on abdominal sternites. Comments. With the assignment of 16 species previously in Chirothrips to Arorathrips, one to Konothrips and one to Oelschlaegera, 17 species remain in this genus in the New World. Arorathrips and Konothrips have separated mesosternal furcal invaginations, enlarged antennal segment I, and segment II is strongly angulate or prolonged anterior laterally, with an apical or subapical sense cone or seta. In Chirothrips, the invaginations of the mesosternal furca are not separated (except for males of some species), antennal segment I is not enlarged, segment II is symmetrical or asymmetrically angulate or produced anterior laterally and with small apical or subapical setae. The differences between Chirothrips and Oelschlaegera are discussed in the comments for the latter genus. The adventive species are Chirothrips aculeatus Bagnall, C. hamatus Trybom and C. manicatus Haliday from Europe, and C. frontalis Williams, possibly from southern Africa (although described from Argentina)., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Haliday, A. H. (1836) An epitome of the British genera in the order Thysanoptera, with indications of a few of the species. Entomologist Magazine, 3, 444.","Amyot, F. & Serville, A. (1843) Historie naturelles des insectes Hemipteres, (Append.), Paris, p. 642. Andre, F. (1939) A synopsis of the American species of Chirothrips Haliday (Thysanoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 41, 192 - 204."]}

Arorathrips vestis (Hood) comb.n. Chirothrips vestis Hood 1915: 15. Distribution: United States (FL, GA, KY, NC, NJ, SC, TN, VA (Watts 1972: 593))., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1915) Descriptions of new American Thysanoptera. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 3 (1 - 4), l - 40.","Watts, J. G. (1972) Descriptions and new distribution records of Chirothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65 (3), 589 - 594."]}

Chirothrips hemingi sp. n. Distribution: Canada (AB)

Arorathrips oneillae (Watts) comb.n. Chirothrips oneillae Watts 1972: 589. Distribution: United States (AR, SC). Comments: This species has many short, stout setae on the head, pronotum and venter of meso- and metasternum, and a few setae on the basantra., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Watts, J. G. (1972) Descriptions and new distribution records of Chirothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65 (3), 589 - 594."]}

Chirothrips alexanderae Stannard Chirothrips alexanderae Stannard 1959: 65 Distribution: Canada (AB), United States (CO, NB, ND, SD) (zur Strassen 1974), Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Stannard, L. J. (1959) A new species of Chirothrips from Colorado (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Transaction of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 52 (1 - 2), 65 - 66."]}

Arorathrips texanus (Andre) comb.n. Chirothrips texanus Andre 1939: 200. Chirothrips auriventris Hood 1939 a: 469; Andre, in Bailey 1949: 78. Chirothrips spinosus Moulton 1946: 56 syn.n. Chirothrips pubescens Hood 1949 a: 20; zur Strassen 1975: 78. Distribution: United States (GA, IL, LA, MS, ND, NM, OK, TX); Mexico, Haiti, Brazil, Paraguay (Watts 1972). Comments: Chirothrips auriventris known from NM, OK, TX and Mexico (records based on examined material) appears to be a form of A. texanus with a slightly smaller and slightly different shaped antennal segment II. When three dimensions (length from apex of lateral angulation to inner margin, apex of angulation to base of lateral margin, and apex of angulation to base of inner margin) of segment II were analysed for both taxa, those of A. auriventris were consistantly similar and separable from those of A. texanus. However, the differences in the measurements were small and therefore, the senior author decided to continue treating C. auriventris as a junior synonym. According to the description of spinosus from Haiti, which is represented only by the holotype and a paratype, the fore wings are pale and the outer posteroangular setae are 43 ��m long and the inner pair 26 ��m long. The paratype examined in this study has similarly longer outer pair (48 ��m long) than the inner pair (27 ��m long). These specimens were collected in 1929 and described in 1946. Thus the color of the fore wing could have faded during the 17 year interval in alcohol. The fore wings of C. texanus and C. pubescens are light brown with the base pale and, according to Andre (1939), pronotal posteroangular setae of C. texanus are 40���49 ��m long. Although C. spinosus has a longer body and antenna, it cannot be distinguished reliably from C. texanus., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1939 a) Notes on Chirothrips, with descriptions of two new species. (Thysanoptera). Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 10 (2), 461 - 471.","Moulton, D. (1946) New species of Thrips from Haiti and Turkestan. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 22 (2), 56 - 58.","Hood, J. D. (1949 a) Brasilian Thysanoptera. I. Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 20 (1 - 3), 3 - 88.","Watts, J. G. (1972) Descriptions and new distribution records of Chirothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65 (3), 589 - 594."]}

Chirothrips propinquus zur Strassen Chirothrips propinquus zur Strassen l 967 a: 35. Distribution: United States (AZ). Comments: Females of this species are brachypterous and lack ocelli. Brachypterous females also occur in C. azoricus zur Strassen (1981) from Azores and occasionally in C. manicatus., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299

Arorathrips lenape (Hood) comb.n. Chirothrips lenape Hood 1938: 355. Distribution: United States (NJ, NY, WI). Comments: Abdominal sternal sculpture lines are scalloped and the posterior scallops surpass the posterior margin and resemble lobes on the margin., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1938) Nine new Thysanoptera from North America. American Midland Naturalist, 20 (2), 354 - 367."]}

Oelschlaegera priesneri (Hood) comb.n. Chirothrips priesneri Hood 1949 a: 146. Distribution: Brazil. Comments: Mound and Marullo (1996) stated that this species resembled C. ruthae Hood (1949 b) and belonged in a new genus. According to zur Strassen (1961), ruthae was similar to his new species C. madagassus, which Bhatti (1990) designated as the type species of Oelschlaegera. Chirothrips ruthae is assigned here to Oelschlaegera (New Combination) based on the examination of the holotype. The females of O. priesneri have similar antenna, head, conical setae, fore wing and broad tergal and sternal posteromarginal flanges as the description and illustration of O. madagassus and holotype of O. ruthae. Oelschlaegera priesneri females have glandular areas on abdominal sternites III���VI which are absent from the other two species., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 24, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1949 a) Brasilian Thysanoptera. I. Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 20 (1 - 3), 3 - 88.","Mound, L. A. & Marullo, R. (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America, an Introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Associated Press, Gainesville, Florida, 487 pp.","Hood, J. D. (1949 b) A new Chirothrips from Belgian Congo (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Revue de zoologie et de botanique africaines, 42 (3 / 4), 240 - 244.","Bhatti, J. S. (1990) On some genera related to Chirothrips (Insecta: Terebrantia: Thripidae). Zoology (Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology), 2 (4), 193 - 200."]}

Arorathrips dorsalis (Hood) comb.n. Chirothrips dorsalis Hood 1939 b: 560. Distribution: United States (GA, TX). Comments: This species is known only from the holotype., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1939 b) New North American Thysanoptera, principally from Texas. Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 10 (3), 550 - 619."]}

Arorathrips crassiscelis (zur Strassen) Chirothrips crassiscelis zur Strassen 1967 a: 24. Arorathrips crassiscelis (zur Strassen); Bhatti 1990: 196. Distribution: Brazil., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Bhatti, J. S. (1990) On some genera related to Chirothrips (Insecta: Terebrantia: Thripidae). Zoology (Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology), 2 (4), 193 - 200."]}

Chirothrips insolitus Hood Chirothrips insolitus Hood 1915: 11. Distribution: United States (AR, FL, IL, MD, NJ, NY, TN, TX) (Jacot-Guillarmod 1971; Beshear 1973). Comments: The form of antenna segment VI is different from that of all its congeners. The lateral margin of the vertex anterior of the compound eyes are well produced, up to 20 ��m long, but is less than 1 / 3 as long as the compound eye. The abdominal tergal posteromarginal flanges are lobed marginally and marginal lobes are also present on sternites., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1915) Descriptions of new American Thysanoptera. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 3 (1 - 4), l - 40.","Jacot-Guillarmod, J. C. (1971) Thysanoptera Catalogue of the World. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums, Natural History, 7 (2), 217 - 515.","Beshear, R. J. (1973) The Thrips of Georgia, suborder Terebrantia. University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment Station Research Bulletin, 122, l - 26."]}

Arorathrips spiniceps (Hood) Chirothrips spiniceps Hood 1915: 12. Arorathrips spiniceps (Hood); Mound and Marullo 1996: 95. Chirothrips sacchari Moulton 1936: 181; Hood 1939 a: 464. Distribution: United States (AZ, CA, FL, HI, IL, KS, LA, MA, NC, OK, SC, TX, UT, VA), Bermuda, Cuba, Mexico, Argentina, Papua, Solomon Is. (zur Strassen 1960, 1967 a, Watts 1972); a quarantine interception from Thailand in 2003., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1915) Descriptions of new American Thysanoptera. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, 3 (1 - 4), l - 40.","Mound, L. A. & Marullo, R. (1996) The Thrips of Central and South America, an Introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Associated Press, Gainesville, Florida, 487 pp.","Moulton, D. (1936) Thysanoptera of the Hawaiian Islands. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society, 9 (2), 181 - 188.","Hood, J. D. (1939 a) Notes on Chirothrips, with descriptions of two new species. (Thysanoptera). Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 10 (2), 461 - 471.","Watts, J. G. (1972) Descriptions and new distribution records of Chirothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65 (3), 589 - 594."]}

Arorathrips Bhatti Arorathrips Bhatti 1990: 194. Type Species: Chirothrips mexicanus Crawford by original designation. Female. Macropterous. Antennal segment I enlarged, wider than long, at least 2.5 times as wide as base of II; segment II strongly produced laterally and diagonally oriented, normally with an apical sense cone (Fig. 1) or seta, rarely subapical. Head produced anterior of compound eyes, interantennal process conical and not projecting beyond antennal segment I; lateral margin of vertex variously produced between eye and antennal socket; vertex with short, stout setae. Pronotum with many short, stout, spine-like or fine setae; 0, 1 or 2 pairs of developed posteroangular setae. Mesonotum with a pair of median setae far anterior of posterior margin, a pair of setae on or slightly anterior of posterior margin. Mesosternal furcal invaginations separated (although barely so in A. nigriceps). Metanotum with median pair of short setae far posterior of anterior margin, shorter to subequal with lateral setae on anterior margin; a pair of campaniform sensilla present. Fore wings with costal setae. Abdominal tergites with few to numerous discal setae; posteromarginal flange overlapping posterior part of tergite; abdominal segments IX and X short; sternites with or without posteromarginal lobes; ovipositor short, usually less than 160 ��m long. Male. A pterous or brachypterous. Smaller and usually paler than females. Abdominal sternites III���VII each with small oval to rather large transversely oval or oblong glandular area. Comments. Sixteen species are assigned here to this genus. Of the four species placed in Arorathrips by Bhatti (1990), A. crassiscelis (zur Strassen), A. mexicanus (Crawford) and A. sensitivus (Andre) are congeneric, but A. mongolicus (zur Strassen) from Mongolia belongs in Chirothrips (Revised Combination) because the mesosternal furcal invaginations are approximated, antennal segment I is not enlarged and segment II is only angulated laterally. The fore tibia of each of these four species has a well developed outer apical process (Fig. 11), which was one of the three anatomical characters Bhatti used to define the genus. However, the fore tibial outer apical process is slightly to moderately developed in several species in other genera, and the process is here considered a specific character. All species retained in Arorathrips as here defined are thus endemic to the New World. Arorathrips includes three species groups and four miscellaneous species. Members of the mexicanus group, consisting of A. crassiscelis, A. crenulatus (Hood), A. mexicanus and A. sensitivus, have dermal tuberculate scallops in a row (Fig. 9) or band (Fig. 10) on the anterior part of abdominal tergites, on sternites and on mesonotum of some species; metanotal campaniform sensilla are positioned at midlength or slightly posterior on the notum; and there are five pairs of dorsal setae on abdominal tergites III���VII. Fore tibial outer apical process is as long as, or longer than, first tarsal segment except shorter in A. crenulatus. Members of the crassus group, consisting of A. crassus (Hood), A. fulvus (Moulton), A. oneillae (Watts) and A. spiniceps, (Hood) have minute teeth on the mesonotal sculpture lines (Fig. 14); anterior 1 / 3 to almost 1 / 2 of abdominal tergites are differentiated from rest of the tergite by the derm normally being paler and with a series of close-set transverse striae (Fig. 15) which may be finely crenulated or granulose; fore tibial outer apical process is not developed; metanotal campaniform sensilla are near the posterior margin; abdominal tergites III���VII with 5���6 pairs of dorsal setae, except in A. fulvus which has 9���15 pairs of longer setae on the submarginal���lateral area; and sternites without tuberculated scallops or posteromarginal lobes. Species in the vestis group, consisting of A. dorsalis (Hood), A. sericatus (Hood), A. texanus (Andre), and A. vestis (Hood), have numerous setae on the dorsum and venter of the head and body, and the pronotum is weakly or not sculptured. Otherwise, these species are similar anatomically to species in the crassus group. A. childersi, new species, A. lenape (Hood), A. nigriceps (Hood) and A. xanthius (Hood) cannot be placed in any group. Arorathrips shares with Konothrips, the other genus in the Western Hemisphere, enlarged antennal segment I, laterally produced segment II and separated mesosternal furcal invaginations. It differs from Konothrips by by having bristle-like or short, stout mesonotal median setae far anterior of the posterior margin and pair of similar setae on or near the posterior margin, or numerous stout setae; well developed posteromarginal flange that overlaps posterior part of abdominal tergites; usually with several costal setae between base and first anterior fringe cilia on fore wing; lateral projection of antennal segment II lacks a distinct membranous gland on apex of process except in A. xanthius; and abdominal tergal and sternal striations are oriented transversely, reticulated or scalloped and only slightly diagonally oriented on the submargins. Conversely, Konothrips has 4���6 conical or spine-like discal setae in median area of the mesonotum; posteromarginal flange is short and arises from posterior margin of abdominal tergite; fore wing has 0���1 costal seta basal of first anterior fringe cilia; antennal segment II has a distinct membranous gland on apex of lateral process that protrudes over the sense cone; and abdominal tergal and sternal striae are strongly diagonally or longitudinally oriented on the submargins. Arorathrips childersi sp. n. (Figs 1���7) Female. Macropterous. Head brown, thorax lighter yellowish brown, abdomen lighter than thorax, yellow with grayish brown shading, except segment IX entirely yellow; legs brownish yellow; antennal segment I brown, II brownish yellow basally becoming gradually light yellow distally, III yellowish brown, IV darker yellowish brown than III, V���VIII brown; ocellar crescent red; fore wings yellow with light grayish brown tinge; body and fore wing setae light grayish yellow. Antenna (Fig 1): Segment I enlarged, diagonally aligned on head, about 2.7 times wider than base of II; segment II strongly produced laterally, lateral margin concave, narrowed at base, anterior margin of projection arched, diagonal dimension from apex of process to base of inner margin about 62 ��m, from apex to base of lateral margin about 54 ��m; subapical sense cone, about 5 ��m long, projecting beyond apex; mediad of sense cone, a short dorsal seta, medially a short dorsal and a ventral setae, short dorsal and ventral setae on inner margin near apex of segment; segment IV about as long as wide; segment VIII shorter than VII; sense cones simple on III and IV, short, about 5 ��m long, sense cone on segment V poorly developed, inner sense cone on VI positioned about midlength of segment. Head (Fig. 2): Prolonged anterior of eyes, longer than wide, lateral margin of vertex anterior of compound eyes about as long as occiput, slightly diverging cephalad to obtuse angle with diagonal anterior margin; compound eyes about 3 times longer than cheeks; 5 short setae on vertex; ocellar setae anterior of fore ocellus by about diameter of ocellus; venter with normal compliment of setae; mouthcone shorter than head, broadly rounded apically. Thorax: Setae short, bristle-like. Pronotum (Fig. 3): subtrapezoidal, anterior margin considerably shorter than posterior margin, completely sculptured with transverse, scalloped lines; about 50 short, fine, discal setae, about 7 ��m long; posterior margin with 20 short, fine setae, longest about 12 ��m long, posteroangular setae not developed. Prosternum (Fig. 6) with basantra membranous, weakly textured, setae absent; ferna divided, indistinct, separation from basantra obscure; prospinasternum apparently a narrow transverse band with spina inserted into the mesosternum; membranous area between ferna and prospinasternum with rows of distinct fine granulose-spinulose sculpture. Mesonotum (Fig. 4): sculptured with transverse, scalloped lines, lines lacking minute teeth or not tuberculate; anteromedian campaniform sensilla farther apart than submedian setae; submedian setae far anterior of posterior margin, posterior setae slightly anterior of posterior margin. Mesosternal furca (Fig. 6) with invaginations separated by more than width of mesothoracic coxae. Metanotum (Fig. 5): sculptured almost completely with transverse scalloped lines except few striae longitudinally oriented near lateral margins; submedian setae slightly shorter than lateral setae, far apart by 45 ��m, positioned about anterior 1 / 3 of notum; campaniform sensilla cephalad of and farther apart than median setae. Fore legs: Enlarged, apex of femora not reflected, fore tibiae apically truncate. Fore wings: Rather straight, tapering to blunt apex; with 14 costal setae, 1���2 basal of anterior fringe cilia, those at midlength about as long as width of wing; 19 anterior fringe cilia, wavy; 5 basal setae in proximal 1 / 2 and 2 setae in distal 1 / 2 on fore vein; 5 setae on hindvein; scale with 4 or 5 marginal and 1 discal setae. Abdomen: Tergites (Fig 7) with sculpture lines scalloped; antecostal ridge not evident; median seta in caudal 1 / 3 of tergites, shorter than 4 setae laterad to it on tergites II���VII; median campaniform sensilla on II���VIII far anterior of median setae; posteromarginal flange 1 / 4 to 3 / 10 as long as tergite, overlapping posterior part of tergite, posterior margin with irregular teeth; tergite IX slightly shorter than X; segment X conical. Pleurotergites with posteromarginal teeth. Sternites with sculpture transverse, reticulated or striae slightly scalloped; posteromargins without lobes or flange; sternite I with 2 anteromedian setae; sternite II with 2 pairs of posteromarginal setae, III���VII with 3 pairs on posterior margin, median pair on VII closer to each other than to B 2 setae; ovipositor 153 ��m long. Measurements of holotype: Body length 1.28 mm. Other measurements in ��m. Antenna: Total length 215; length, width of segment I 24, 47, II 40, 44; III 37, 25; IV 27, 27; V 30, 24; VI 32, 20; VII 15, 71; VIII 10, 5. Head: length from interantennal process 42, margin anterior of eyes 17 long, compound eye 54 long, occiput 15 long. Pronotum 183 long, 128 wide at anterior margin, 321 wide at posterior margin. Fore wings 776 long, 50 wide at midlength. Abdominal tergite IX 62 long, X 72 long. Setae: tergite IX with B 1 setae 101 long, B 2 setae 91���99 long; tergite X with B 1 setae 117 long. Male. Unknown. Type material. Holotype female, U.S.A., Florida, Hendry Co. 5���7 miles south of LaBelle, sticky card in navel orange orchard, 9 -III- 92, C. C. Childers (USNM). Distribution. United States (Florida). Etymology. Species named in honor of Carl C. Childers, the collector of the specimen. Comments. Although only a single specimen is available, it is distinct enough that it is unlikely to fall within the variation exhibited by the known species. The postocular setae and part of interocular area of the head could not be observed because of the obstruction caused by the bleeding of the pigmentation from the compound eyes. Also the shape of prospinasternum is difficult to observe. This species is distinquished from other Arorathrips species as follows: head and body have few setae; vertex of head has five setae; pronotum lacks developed posteroangular setae, and discal setae are short, fine, bristle-like; fore tibia lacks outer distal process; mesonotum lacks tuberculate scallops, and sculpture lines lack minute teeth; metanotum is almost completely sculptured with transverse scalloped lines, median setae are far apart and the campaniform sensilla are anterior to the median setae; abdominal sternites lack posteromarginal lobes or flange., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on pages 4-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Bhatti, J. S. (1990) On some genera related to Chirothrips (Insecta: Terebrantia: Thripidae). Zoology (Journal of Pure and Applied Zoology), 2 (4), 193 - 200."]}

Arorathrips crassus (Hinds) comb.n. Chirothrips crassus Hinds 1902: 136. Chirothrips obesus Hinds 1902: 137; Hood 1939 a: 464. Chirothrips obesus var. hubbeli Watson 1926: 58; Hood 1939 a: 464. Distribution: Canada (QC) (Chiasson 1986), United States (AR, DE, FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, MA, NJ, NY, OH, SC, TN, VA) (Watts 1972, Beshear 1973)., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hinds, W. E. (1902) Contribution to a monogragh of the insects of the order Thyanoptera inhabiting North America. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 26 (1310), 70 - 242.","Hood, J. D. (1939 a) Notes on Chirothrips, with descriptions of two new species. (Thysanoptera). Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 10 (2), 461 - 471.","Watson, J. R. (1926) New Thysanoptera from Florida. XIII. Florida Entomologist, 9 (4), 58 - 60.","Watts, J. G. (1972) Descriptions and new distribution records of Chirothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 65 (3), 589 - 594.","Beshear, R. J. (1973) The Thrips of Georgia, suborder Terebrantia. University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment Station Research Bulletin, 122, l - 26."]}

Arorathrips sericatus (Hood) comb.n. Chirothrips sericatus Hood 1949 a: 18. Distribution: Brazil, Uruguay. Comments: This species has submarginal and lateral setae on abdominal tergites subequal to the median setae in contrast to other species in the vestis group with submarginal and lateral setae 2���3 times longer than median setae., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1949 a) Brasilian Thysanoptera. I. Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 20 (1 - 3), 3 - 88."]}

Key to species of Konothrips 1. Invaginations of mesosternal furcal arms widely separated by about width of mesothoracic coxae; abdominal submarginal sculpture oriented longitudinally (Fig 42); ovipositor without teeth............................... tuttlei (zur Strassen) -. Invaginations of mesosternal furca separated by 3 / 10 to 2 / 5 width of mesothoracic coxae; abdominal submarginal sculpture oriented diagonally (Fig. 50); ovipositor with sparse teeth.............................................. colei sp.n., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299

Chirothrips orizaba Hood Chirothrips orizaba Hood 1938: 357. Distribution: Mexico. Comments: This species is known only from the female holotype and closely resembles C. productus., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1938) Nine new Thysanoptera from North America. American Midland Naturalist, 20 (2), 354 - 367."]}

Chirothrips patruelis Hood Chirothrips patruelis Hood 1940: 550. Distribution: Canada (AB, BC, NT, SK) (Chaisson 1986), United States (AK, CA CT, HI, IA, ME, ND, NM, NY, SD), Peru (Jacot-Guillarmod 1971)., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Hood, J. D. (1940) A century of new American Thysanoptera. I. Revista de Entomologia, Rio de Janeiro, 11 (1 - 2), 540 - 583.","Chaisson, H. (1986) A synopsis of the Thysanoptera (Thrips) of Canada. Lyman Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory Memoir, 17, 1 - 153.","Jacot-Guillarmod, J. C. (1971) Thysanoptera Catalogue of the World. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums, Natural History, 7 (2), 217 - 515."]}

Chirothrips secalis Moulton Chirothrips secalis Moulton 1935: 173. Distribution: United States (CA, WY)., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Moulton, D. (1935) New California Thysanoptera. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 11 (4), 170 - 174."]}

Chirothrips hamatus Trybom Chirothrips hamata Trybom 1895: 187. Distribution: Canada (AB) (Heming 1985), Europe., Published as part of Nakahara, Sueo & Foottit, Robert G., 2012, Review of Chirothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of the Americas, with descriptions of one new genus and four new species, pp. 1-29 in Zootaxa 3251 on page 17, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.213299, {"references":["Trybom, F. (1895) Iakttagelser om vissa blasfotingars (Physapodes) upptradande I grasens blomstallningar jamte nAgra drag ur slaktet Phloeothripse utveck-lingshistoria. Entomologisk. Tidskrift, 16 (3), 157 - 194.","Heming, B. S. (1985) Thrips (Thysanoptera) in Alberta). Agriculture and Forestry Bulletin, 8 (2), 19 - 23."]}

Hyalopterus persikonus Miller, Lozier, and Foottit new species (Fig. 6) Recognition characters. Apterous vivipara (Fig 6.1): Body length 1.89���2.85 (2.38); width through eyes, 0.32��� 0.48 (0.44). Head (Fig. 6.2) weakly sclerotized, smooth; dorsal head and frons setae filiform; longest frons seta (fs) nearly as long as width of antennal segment II; distance of the bases median dorsal head setae (mdhs) usually less than their lengths (Fig. 6.3 B); antennal tubercle weakly to moderately developed. Antenna 6 -segmented, shorter than body without secondary sensoria, pale with segment VI darker and occasionally apex of segment V, setae on segment III 0.01���0.03 (0.02) long, more than half width of segment; segment III 0.30��� 0.46 (0.39) long; IV 0.21���0.40 (0.28) long; V 0.18���0.28 (0.24) long; base of VI 0.09���0.16 (0.12) long; terminal process, 0.32���0.44 (0.38) long. Rostrum extending to metacoxae, bluntly rounded apically; ultimate rostral article (Fig. 6.4) 0.07���0.11 (0.09) long, 0.06���0.09 (0.08) wide at base, with a pair of accessory setae. Hind femur 0.42���0.70 (0.59) long; hind tibia 0.84���1.23 (1.00) long; hind tarsus II 0.15���0.21 (0.17) long; basitarsi with 3 ventral setae on pro- and mesobasitarsi and 2 on metabasitarsi; Apex of tibia and tarsi darker than rest of leg. Abdomen without pigment, with faint fine reticulation and marginal tubercles on segments I���VI; abdominal setae pointed, longest seta on abdominal segment VIII 0.03���0.08 (0.06); anal plate entire, genital plate (Fig. 6.5) with several anterior and median setae and posterior row of setae. Siphunculus (Fig. 6.6) small, 0.07���0.14 (0.11) long, shape variable, ranging from cylindrical with slight tapering to slightly swollen on apical half, weakly scabrous, apically dark with paler base, apical flange absent. Cauda (Fig. 6.7) 0.14��� 0.26 (0.20) long, elongate, with 3���4 pairs of lateral setae and a subapical seta. Embryo: Antenna 5 -segmented; setae pointed; disc with 2 pair of anterior and 2 pair of posterior setae; pronotum with 1 anterior, 1 posterior lateral, and 1 posterior submedian seta on each side; abdominal segments each with 4 setae medially and a dorsolateral seta on each side of I���VI; siphunculus short, poriform; basistarsi with 2 ventral setae. Etymology of specific epithet. The name persikonus, a variant of the Greek ���Persikon malum��� or Persia apple for early reference to supposed origins of the ���peach,��� refers to one of the primary hosts for this aphid species. Specimens examined. Holotype: GREECE: Kala Nera, Peliou, 12 -V- 2004, on Prunus persica, N. Mills coll. (apterous vivipara) USNM; with slide label stating ��� Hyalopterus persikonus Miller, Lozier, and Foottit HOLOTYPE ��� Paratypes: ITALY: Squinzano, Gemini, 15 -VI- 2004, on Prunus persica, N. Mills coll.(9 apterous viviparae on 9 slides) BMNH, CNCI, EMEC, USNM; GREECE: Kala Nera, Peliou, 12 -V- 2004, on P. p e r s i c a, N. Mills coll. (8 apterous viviparae on 8 slides) CNCI, EMEC, USNM; SPAIN: Benferi, Muro d���Alcoi, summer 2002, on P. persica, N. Mills coll. (8 apterous viviparae on 8 slides) CNCI, EMEC, USNM; all slides with label stating ��� Hyalopterus persikonus Miller, Lozier, and Foottit PARATYPE ���. Other specimens examined. REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA: Karsp District, Doesi, 5 -IX- 2005, on P. p e r - sica, S. Barjadze coll. (12 apterous viviparae and 24 immatures on 12 slides) CNCI, USNM; IRAN: Tabriz, 8 - VIII- 1958, on peach, Hambleton coll. (3 apterous viviparae on 1 slide) USNM; AFGANISTAN: Kabul, 29 - V- 1961, on apricot, E. R. Millet and E. J. Hambelton coll. (2 apterous viviparae, 2 alate viviparae, 2 immatures on 1 slide) USNM; IRAQ: Baghdad, 23 -III- 1965, on apricot, on nectarine, A. K. Daoud coll. (8 apterous viviparae and 5 immatures on 5 slides) USNM. Comments. Hyalopterus persikonus is very similar to H. amygdali and H. pruni, morphologically. Characters useful for species separation are included within the following key. In addition, host plant association of the specimen is critical. However, the use of the key for field identification remains difficult as evidenced by the overlap of the various ranges. Single individual specimens may be problematic and it is advisable to use multiple specimens from the same collection series. However, molecular data and morphometic analyses can be applied for separating Hyalopterus species., Published as part of Lozier, Jeffrey D., Foottit, Robert G., Miller, Gary L., Mills, Nicholas J. & Roderick, George K., 2008, Molecular and morphological evaluation of the aphid genus Hyalopterus Koch (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae), with a description of a new species, pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 1688 on pages 11-13, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180576

Key to Hyalopterus apterous viviparae on primary hosts of Prunus armeniaca, P. domestica, P.dulcis, or P.p e r s i c a 1. Setae on frons stout, approximately half the width of antennal segment II; distance of the bases median dorsal head setae much greater than their lengths (Fig. 6.3 A); most tips of median dorsal head setae, meso- and metathoracic seatae, and spinal and pleural setae on abdominal segments I���III apically blunt, almost capitate. Colonizing P. dulcis and P. armeniaca........................ Hyalopterus amygdali (Blanchard) - Setae on frons filiform, nearly as long as width of antennal segment II; distance of the bases median dorsal head setae nearly equal to or slightly less than their lengths; thoracic and most dorsal body setae acuminate. Colonizing P. domestica, P. persica, or P. armeniaca......................................................................... 2 2. Ratio of length of antennal segment III/ length of cauda 1.8���3.5 (2.5); ratio of length of antennal III/ length antennal segment IV 1.3���1.9 (1.5); ratio of length of hind tibia/ length of cauda 4.6���8.3 (6.1); ratio of length of hind tibia/ length of antennal segment III 2.1��� 4.2 (3.5) 1 Colonizing P. domestica.................. .................................................................................................................................. Hyalopterus pruni (L.) - Ratio of length of antennal segment III/ length of cauda 1.3���2.7 (2.0); ratio of length of length of antennal III/ length antennal segment IV 1.0��� 1.8 (1.4); ratio of length of hind tibia/ length of cauda 3.7���7.6 (5.1); ratio of length of hind tibia/ length of antennal segment III 2.2 ���3.0 (2.6) 1. Colonizing P. p e r s i c a and P. armeniaca....................................................................................................... Hyalopterus persikonus n.sp., Published as part of Lozier, Jeffrey D., Foottit, Robert G., Miller, Gary L., Mills, Nicholas J. & Roderick, George K., 2008, Molecular and morphological evaluation of the aphid genus Hyalopterus Koch (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae), with a description of a new species, pp. 1-19 in Zootaxa 1688 on page 14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.180576

Key to Hyalopterus apterous viviparae on primary hosts of Prunus armeniaca, P. domestica, P.dulcis, or P.p e r s i c a 1. Setae on frons stout, approximately half the width of antennal segment II; distance of the bases median dorsal head setae much greater than their lengths (Fig. 6.3 A); most tips of median dorsal head setae, meso- and metathoracic seatae, and spinal and pleural setae on abdominal segments I–III apically blunt, almost capitate. Colonizing P. dulcis and P. armeniaca........................ Hyalopterus amygdali (Blanchard) - Setae on frons filiform, nearly as long as width of antennal segment II; distance of the bases median dorsal head setae nearly equal to or slightly less than their lengths; thoracic and most dorsal body setae acuminate. Colonizing P. domestica, P. persica, or P. armeniaca......................................................................... 2 2. Ratio of length of antennal segment III/ length of cauda 1.8–3.5 (2.5); ratio of length of antennal III/ length antennal segment IV 1.3–1.9 (1.5); ratio of length of hind tibia/ length of cauda 4.6–8.3 (6.1); ratio of length of hind tibia/ length of antennal segment III 2.1– 4.2 (3.5) 1 Colonizing P. domestica.................. .................................................................................................................................. Hyalopterus pruni (L.) - Ratio of length of antennal segment III/ length of cauda 1.3–2.7 (2.0); ratio of length of length of antennal III/ length antennal segment IV 1.0– 1.8 (1.4); ratio of length of hind tibia/ length of cauda 3.7–7.6 (5.1); ratio of length of hind tibia/ length of antennal segment III 2.2 –3.0 (2.6) 1. Colonizing P. p e r s i c a and P. armeniaca....................................................................................................... Hyalopterus persikonus n.sp.