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Nearly two decades since the detection of cyclopropenone (c-C3H2O) in the interstellar medium (ISM), the understanding of how this molecule comes to be remains incomplete. Many hypotheses place the ubiquitous hydrocarbon c-C3H2 at the centre of such discussions. However, insights into c-C3H2 chemistry are further complicated by the recent detection of ethynyl cyclopropenylidene (c-C3HC2H) and the observation of a radio line possibly belonging to methylenecyclopropene (c-C3H2CH2). In a necessary reconciliation of past and current work on the chemical capabilities of c-C3H2 in interstellar environments, the formation pathways of several functionalized cyclopropenes from c-C3H2 and a hydrogenated radical are explored. Chemically accurate CCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVTZ-F12 calculations are used to evaluate the energies of reaction and generate structures along the reaction pathway for formation products deemed chemically plausible. Potential energy scans are used to include or rule out certain paths to product formation based on conformation to the necessary requirements of cold interstellar chemistry. Four functionalized cyclopropenes in addition to c-C3H2O have net exothermic reactions when forming from c-C3H2 (c-C3H2CC, c-C3H2S, c-C3H2NH, and c-C3H2CH2). The former three are found to have reaction profiles favourable for formation in the cold ISM, while c-C3H2CH2 can only form by passage through an association barrier that must be mitigated by an energy source of some kind. c-C3H2S and c-C3H2NH are the best candidates for new spectroscopic searches. A complete detection of c-C3H2CH2 is necessary to fully understand cyclopropenylidene chemistry in the ISM.

Introduction: Little is known regarding genetic factors associated with treatment outcome of psychotic depression. We explored genomic associations of remission and relapse of psychotic depression treated with pharmacotherapy. Methods: Genomic analyses were performed in 171 men and women aged 18–85 years with an episode of psychotic depression who participated in the Study of the Pharmacotherapy of Psychotic Depression II (STOP-PD II). Participants were treated with open-label sertraline plus olanzapine for up to 12 weeks; those who achieved remission or near-remission and maintained it following 8 weeks of stabilization were eligible to participate in a 36-week randomized controlled trial that compared sertraline plus olanzapine with sertraline plus placebo in preventing relapse. Results: There were no genome-wide significant associations with either remission or relapse. However, at a suggestive threshold, SNP rs1026501 (31 kb from SYNPO2) in the whole sample and rs6844137 (within the intronic region of SYNPO2) in the European ancestry subsample were associated with a decreased likelihood of remission. In polygenic risk analyses, participants who had greater improvement after antidepressant treatments showed a higher likelihood of reaching remission. Those who achieved remission and had a higher polygenic risk for Alzheimer’s disease had a significantly decreased likelihood of relapse. Conclusion: Our analyses provide preliminary insights into the genetic architecture of remission and relapse in a well-characterized group of patients with psychotic depression.

This article reassesses the place of Louisa May Alcott’s pseudonymous domestic horror fiction in the wider canon of her work. Traditionally, Alcott’s domestic horror writing has been viewed as an expression of her repressed authorial individualism and desire for incorporation into a male literary tradition. Through examining Alcott’s allusions to Nathaniel Hawthorne, I argue that her domestic horror writing exposes the traumatic repercussions of male individualism for women in the work of her contemporaries. Her pseudonymous horror novella, A Marble Woman (1865), appropriates Hawthorne’s allusions to the Pygmalion myth in his earlier novel, The Marble Faun (1860), to demonstrate that the male artist’s preoccupation with a lifeless muse is contingent upon acts of psychological abuse. Alcott interrogates Hawthorne’s elevation of the female copyist to demonstrate that Hawthorne only endorses women’s art when it supports male traditions of creativity, thereby placing women in a subordinate role that stunts their creative power. In place of copyism, Alcott promotes an equal relationship between male and female artists that enables women to critique the work of men. Her domestic horror writing should therefore be read as satirical commentary on the elevation of male artists in the work of her contemporaries in the Concord circle.

Przekład na podstawie: „Maximal Power”. W: Existence and Nature of God, red. Alfred J. Freddoso (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press), 81–114. Przekład za zgodą Autorów. Autorzy argumentują, że Bóg może być zarówno wszechmocny, jak i wszechmocny, oraz że Bóg może być zarówno wszechmocny, jak i nieskazitelny. Proponują pięć warunków filozoficznej adekwatności dla koncepcji maksymalnej mocy i przedstawiają analizę, która spełnia wszystkie pięć warunków. Jak argumentują, analiza ta jest zarówno filozoficznie adekwatna, jak i teologicznie akceptowalna.

Functional constipation is a common problem in childhood worldwide and has a great impact on social, physical, and emotional functioning of affected children and their caregivers. It is a clinical diagnosis based on the Rome IV criteria. Non-pharmacological treatment involves education, demystification, lifestyle advice, and toilet training. Pharmacological treatment consists of disimpaction, maintenance treatment, and eventually weaning if possible. Polyethylene glycol is considered as the first choice of laxative for both disimpaction and maintenance treatment. Different osmotic laxatives, stimulant laxatives, lubricants, and enemas are available as alternative pharmacological treatment options. Novel drugs are emerging but evidence to support the widespread application of these drugs in the pediatric population is often lacking and more high-quality research is needed in this field. If children remain symptomatic despite optimal pharmacological treatment, botulinum toxin injections in the anal sphincter can be considered as an alternative, more invasive treatment option. This review provides an update on currently available literature concerning the pharmacologic treatment of functional constipation in children.

Evidence-based treatment options for late-life treatment-resistant depression (TRD) are limited. Ketamine is a promising treatment for TRD; however, there is a paucity of data on its safety and efficacy in older adults.In this pilot clinical trial, 25 adults aged ≥60 years with TRD received IV ketamine openly twice a week for 4 weeks; partial responders at the end of this acute phase were eligible to receive weekly infusions for 4 more weeks in a continuation phase. Acceptability, tolerability, and safety, including adverse and serious adverse events (AEs and SAEs), blood pressure changes, dissociation, craving, in addition to rates of depression response and remission were evaluated. The NIH Toolbox Cognitive Battery was used to assess specific measures of executive function (EF) and overall fluid cognition.Completion rates were 88% for the acute phase and 100% for the continuation phase. No AEs resulted in participant discontinuation, and there were no SAEs. Treatment-emergent elevation of blood pressure, dissociation, and craving were transient and did not result in any participant discontinuation. Depressive symptoms improved significantly and 48% of participants responded. During the acute phase, the EF measures and the fluid cognition composite score improved (Cohen's d = 0.61), and these improvements were sustained in the continuation phase.This pilot study suggests that repeated IV ketamine infusions are well-tolerated and are associated with improvement in depression and EF in older adults with TRD. These promising findings need to be confirmed and extended in a larger randomized controlled trial.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystem, inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by relapses (commonly called "flares") and remission. Many organs may be involved and although the manifestations are highly variable, the kidneys, joints, and skin are commonly affected. Immunologic abnormalities, including the production of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), are also characteristic of the disease. Maternal morbidity and mortality are substantially increased in patients with SLE, and an initial diagnosis of SLE during pregnancy is associated with increased morbidity. Common complications of SLE include nephritis, hematologic complications such as thrombocytopenia, and a variety of neurologic abnormalities. The purpose of this document is to examine potential pregnancy complications and to provide recommendations on treatment and management of SLE during pregnancy. The following are the SMFM recommendations: we recommend low-dose aspirin beginning at 12 weeks of gestation until delivery in patients with SLE to decrease the occurrence of preeclampsia (GRADE 1B); we recommend that all patients with SLE, other than those with quiescent disease, either continue or initiate HCQ in pregnancy (GRADE 1B); we suggest that for patients with quiescent disease, shared decision making is used to decide whether to initiate HCQ during pregnancy (GRADE 2B); we recommend that prolonged use (48 hours) of NSAIDs should be avoided during pregnancy (GRADE 1A); we recommend that Cox-2 inhibitors and full dose aspirin should be avoided during pregnancy (GRADE 1B); we recommend discontinuing methotrexate and mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid at least three months prior to attempting pregnancy (GRADE 1A); we suggest against initiating newer biologic medications with pregnancy unless alternatives with better safety profiles are ineffective (GRADE 2C); we suggest treatment with a combination of prophylactic unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin and low-dose aspirin for patients without a prior thrombotic event who meet obstetric criteria for APS (GRADE 2B); we recommend therapeutic unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin for patients with a history of thrombosis and aPL antibodies (GRADE 1B); we suggest treatment with low-dose aspirin alone in patients with SLE and antiphospholipid antibodies without clinical events meeting criteria for APS (GRADE 2C); we recommend that steroids should not be routinely used for the treatment of fetal heart block due to anti-SSA/SSB antibodies, given their unproven benefit and the known risks for both the pregnant patient and fetus (GRADE 1C); we recommend that serial fetal echocardiograms for assessment of the PR interval not be routinely performed in patients with anti-SSA or anti-SSB antibodies (GRADE 1B); we recommend that patients with SLE undergo prepregnancy counseling with both maternal-fetal medicine and rheumatology specialists that includes a discussion regarding maternal and fetal risks (GRADE 1C); we recommend that pregnancy should be generally discouraged in patients with severe maternal risk, including patients with active nephritis; severe pulmonary, cardiac, renal, or neurologic disease; recent stroke; or pulmonary hypertension (GRADE 1C); we recommend antenatal testing and serial growth scans in pregnant patients with SLE due to the increased risk of FGR and stillbirth (GRADE 1B); and we recommend adherence to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use in patients with SLE (GRADE 1B).

Hallmark features of systolic heart failure are reduced contractility and impaired metabolic flexibility of the myocardium. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) with elevated deoxy ATP (dATP) via overexpression of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) enzyme robustly improve contractility. However, the effect of dATP elevation on cardiac metabolism is unknown. Here, we developed proteolysis-resistant versions of RNR and demonstrate that elevation of dATP/ATP to ~1% in CMs in a transgenic mouse (TgRRB) resulted in robust improvement of cardiac function. Pharmacological approaches showed that CMs with elevated dATP have greater basal respiratory rates by shifting myosin states to more active forms, independent of its isoform, in relaxed CMs. Targeted metabolomic profiling revealed a significant reprogramming towards oxidative phosphorylation in TgRRB-CMs. Higher cristae density and activity in the mitochondria of TgRRB-CMs improved respiratory capacity. Our results revealed a critical property of dATP to modulate myosin states to enhance contractility and induce metabolic flexibility to support improved function in CMs.HighlightsUbiquitylation-resistant variant RRB in a transgenic mice model (TgRRB) elevates dATP level up to 1% (of the total ATP pool) in the heart and improves function.TgRRB-CMs show greater basal oxygen consumption due to changes in myosin state by dATP.TgRRB-CMs respond to elevated function with a metabolic shift, such that there are higher pools of oxidative metabolites, with elevated OXPHOS, FAO, and energy reserve.Long-term mitochondrial remodeling may occur to accommodate for the higher energy demands of the high functioning TgRRB-CMs.Graphical abstract

We report a push–pull BODIPY-based dye functionalised with an electronegative SF5 group at the meso position for applications in photocathodes in tandem dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).

Extraction is regarded as the most crucial stage in analyzing bioactive compounds.

Psychotic depression has a high rate of relapse. The study aims were to identify a prediction model of risk of relapse of psychotic depression and examine whether predictors moderated the effect of treatment on relapse. One hundred and twenty-six men and women aged 18-85 years, who experienced sustained remission or near-remission of psychotic depression with sertraline plus olanzapine, participated in a 36-week randomized controlled trial that compared sertraline plus olanzapine with sertraline plus placebo in preventing relapse (NCT01427608). Cox regression analyses were performed to identify significant predictors of relapse and to model the combined role of significant predictors. Concordance statistic was calculated to determine the accuracy of the best fit multivariable models in predicting relapse. Finally, interaction terms were tested for each significant predictor to examine whether they moderated the effect of treatment on risk of relapse. Lifetime number of depressive episodes, severity of residual depressive symptoms at the time of randomization, and psychomotor disturbance both at acute enrollment when participants were depressed and at the time of randomization predicted risk of relapse. Multivariable models had 69-70% accuracy in predicting relapse. Psychomotor disturbance was associated with increased risk of relapse in the sertraline plus olanzapine group compared with sertraline plus placebo, whereas the other predictors did not moderate the effect of treatment on relapse. Future research is needed to determine whether a combination of clinical and biological variables can further increase the accuracy of prediction of relapse of psychotic depression.

Improving Discourse in Mathematics Education

Purpose: Literacy instruction is within the scope of practice of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and is a documented service provided among school-based SLPs. The purpose of this investigation was to replicate Davis and Murza's (2019) study of Virginia school-based SLPs in another geographic location. This study gathered information regarding Midwestern SLPs' knowledge of disciplinary literacy and confidence providing services to school-aged children and adolescents with literacy goals and aligning their practice to educational standards. Method: Ninety-nine Midwestern school-based SLPs completed a 26-question online survey. The survey was replicated from Davis and Murza's (2019) investigation with a modification to include additional demographic information about participants. Results: The majority of school-based SLPs in this study were not familiar with the term disciplinary literacy but desired continuing education on the topic. A moderate relationship was found between SLPs' confidence in their ability to implement language therapy that impacts students' literacy achievement in both kindergarten through third grade and fourth through fifth grades, and the percentage of students on caseload with Individualized Education Program goals connected to literacy achievement. Conclusions: When compared to Davis and Murza's (2019) study, there are similarities noted, such as Midwestern SLPs are not completely comfortable or confident with implementing literacy intervention. The differences between these two studies exist in the relationship between experience and confidence in supporting literacy achievement. Additional information about the preprofessional coursework offerings, particularly those focused on adolescents, is of interest for future studies to understand the potential impacts on SLPs' confidence levels.

Abstract We have studied the assessment of methane content in the near atmospheric layer of the Arctic seas and the sources of its emissions. Continuous atmospheric measurements of methane concentration and δ13C isotope signature in methane were carried out during two expeditions aboard the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in the summer and autumn of 2020. The minimum CH4 concentration (mean 1.937 ± 0.010 ppm) were obtained over the North and Norwegian Seas. The maximum CH4 concentration took place above the Kara (1.998 ± 0.030 ppm on average, maximum values are up to 2.000–2.040 ppm) and White (2.006 ± 0.030 ppm on average) seas. The average values of δ13C in the studied region were close to that typical for the Northern Hemisphere: –47.5‰. Regional changes in δ13C allowed CH4 sources to be identified and showed that the methane concentration in the surface atmospheric level is mainly affected by the direction of air-mass advection.

Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) can provide valuable information for preprocedural planning of transcatheter mitral valve interventions. However, no data exist on MDCT parameters predicting residual mitral regurgitation (MR) post-MitraClip (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA).We analyzed preprocedural MDCTs of 78 consecutive patients with secondary MR undergoing MitraClip implantation at our institution. Moderate-or-severe mitral leaflet calcification (MLC) was defined as calcification, with-or-without mitral annular calcification, extending beyond the mitral leaflet base. Residual MR was assessed by postprocedural transesophageal echocardiography, and clinical outcomes were assessed at 1-year.Fifteen patients (19 %) had residual MR ≥2+. Compared to patients with none-or-mild residual MR, MDCT-derived mitral valve orifice area (MVOA) to mitral annulus area (MAA) ratio was significantly lower (0.32 ± 0.06 vs. 0.39 ± 0.09; p = 0.003), and the prevalence of MLC was higher (40 % vs. 18 %; p = 0.057) in those with residual MR ≥2+. Furthermore, the MVOA/MAA ratio and MLC were independent predictors of residual MR ≥2+ post-MitraClip [adjusted odds ratio (ORIn patients with secondary MR undergoing the MitraClip procedure, preprocedural MDCT parameters, specifically MVOA/MAA ratio and MLC, are useful to predict postprocedural residual MR.

Problem: Rapid response teams (RRTs) are critical for effective responses to acute public health events. While validated training packages and guidance on rolling out training for RRTs are available, they lack country-specific adaptations. Documentation is limited on RRT programming experiences in various contexts. Context: In Papua New Guinea, there remain gaps in implementing standardized, rapid mobilization of multidisciplinary RRTs at the national, provincial and district levels to investigate public health alerts. Action: The human resources needed to respond to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic forced a review of the RRT training programme and its delivery. The training model was contextualized and adapted for implementation using a staged approach, with the initiation training phase designed to ensure RRT readiness to deploy immediately to respond to COVID-19 and other public health events. Lessons learned: Selecting appropriate trainees and using a phased training approach, incorporating after-training reviews and between-phase support from the national programme team were found to be important for programme design in Papua New Guinea. Using participatory training methods based on principles of adult learning, in which trainees draw on their own experiences, was integral to building confidence among team members in conducting outbreak investigations. Discussion: The RRT training experience in Papua New Guinea has highlighted the importance of codeveloping and delivering a context-specific training programme to meet a country’s unique needs. A staged training approach that builds on knowledge and skills over time used together with ongoing follow-up and support in the provinces has been critical in operationalizing ready-to-respond RRTs.

Tics peak in late childhood and decline during adolescence. Yet, for some with Tourette's disorder, tics persist into adulthood. We evaluated childhood predictors of adult tic severity and tic impairment, and change over time. Eighty adolescents/adults were evaluated 11 years following a randomized-controlled trial of behavior therapy. An independent evaluator rated tic severity and tic impairment at baseline, posttreatment, and long-term follow-up. At baseline, parents completed demographics/medical history, and youth tic, internalizing, and externalizing symptom ratings. Youth rated premonitory urge severity and family functioning. After controlling for prior tic treatment effects, female sex and higher tic severity predicted higher tic severity in adulthood; and female sex, no stimulant medication use, higher tic severity, and poorer family functioning predicted higher tic impairment. Higher tic severity and premonitory urge severity predicted smaller reductions in tic severity, whereas higher externalizing symptoms predicted greater reduction in tic severity. Female sex predicted smaller reduction in tic impairment, and externalizing symptoms predicted greater reduction in tic impairment. Female sex and childhood tic severity are important predictors of tic severity and tic impairment in adulthood. Family functioning, premonitory urge severity, and tic severity are important modifiable targets for early or targeted intervention to improve long-term outcomes.

Increasing foodborne illnesses have led to global health and economic burdens.

Listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive foodborne pathogen that causes outbreaks of listeriosis associated with a diverse range of foods. L. monocytogenes forms biofilms as a strategy to enhance its survival in the environment. These biofilms then provide a source of contamination in processing plant environments. Cations like magnesium, calcium, and sodium are commonly found in the environment and are important to bacteria to maintain their homeostasis. It is, therefore, valuable to understand the relationship between these cations and biofilm formation. In this study, four isolates of L. monocytogenes from seafood processing environments were used to investigate the influence of magnesium, calcium, and sodium (1, 10, and 50 mM) on biofilms. The isolates selected were defined as being either a low biofilm former, a high biofilm former, an outbreak isolate, and a persistent isolate from the seafood industry. The study showed that the divalent cations magnesium and calcium increased biofilm formation compared with the monovalent cation, sodium. Fifty mM concentrations of the divalent cations significantly enhanced biofilm formation. The cations did not have a significant effect on the initial stages of biofilm formation but appeared to influence the later stages of biofilm development.

In 2018, United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) extended the radius for which a heart transplant candidate can match with a donor, and outcomes across population densities are unknown. We sought to determine whether the policy change was associated with differences in heart transplant waitlist time or death post-transplant for patients from rural, micropolitan, and metropolitan settings.Using the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, we evaluated U.S. adult patients listed for heart transplant from Janurary 2017 to September 2019 with follow-up through March 2020. Patients were stratified by home zip-codes to either metropolitan, micropolitan, or rural settings. Fine and Gray and Cox models were respectively used to estimate Sub-distribution hazard ratios (SHR) of heart transplant with death or removal from transplant list as a competing event, and HR of death post-transplant within population densities after versus before the UNOS policy change date, October 18, 2018. Analyses were adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, and labs.Among 8,747 patients listed for heart transplant, 84.7% were from metropolitan, 8.6% micropolitan, and 6.6% rural settings. The 2018 UNOS policy was associated with earlier receipt of heart transplant for metropolitan [SHR 1.56 (95% CI: 1.46-1.66)] and micropolitan [SHR 1.48 (95% CI: 1.21-1.82)] populations, but not significantly for rural [SHR 1.20 (95% CI: 0.93-1.54)]; however, the interaction between policy and densities was not significant (p = .14). Policy changes were not associated with risk of death post-transplant [metropolitan: HR 1.04 (95% CI: 0.80-1.34); micropolitan: HR 1.10 (95% CI: 0.55-2.23); rural: HR 1.04 (95% CI: 0.52-2.08); interaction p = .99].The 2018 UNOS heart transplant policy was associated with earlier receipt of heart transplant and no difference in post-transplant survival within population densities. Additional follow-up is needed to determine whether improvements are sustained.

Multi-covariate imaging of sub-resolution targets (MIST) is a statistical, model-based image formation technique that smooths speckles and reduces clutter. MIST decomposes the measured covariance of the element signals into modeled contributions from mainlobe, sidelobes, and noise. MIST covariance models are derived from the well-known autocorrelation relationship between transmit apodization and backscatter covariance. During in vivo imaging, the effective transmit aperture often deviates from the applied apodization due to nonlinear propagation and wavefront aberration. Previously, the backscatter correlation length provided a first-order measure of these patient-specific effects. In this work, we generalize and extend this approach by developing data-adaptive covariance estimation, parameterization, and model-formation techniques. We performed MIST imaging using these adaptive models and evaluated the performance gains using 152 tissue-harmonic scans of fetal targets acquired from 15 healthy pregnant subjects. Compared to standard MIST imaging, the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) is improved by a median of 8.3%, and the speckle signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is improved by a median of 9.7%. The median CNR and SNR gains over B-mode are improved from 29.4% to 40.4% and 24.7% to 38.3%, respectively. We present a versatile empirical function that can parameterize an arbitrary speckle covariance and estimate the effective coherent aperture size and higher order coherence loss. We studied the performance of the proposed methods as a function of input parameters. The implications of system-independent MIST implementation are discussed.

With more disease- and symptom-specific measures available and research pointing to increased usefulness, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) can be routinely used in clinical care. PROMs increase efficiency in healthcare, improve the clinician-patient relationship, and increase patient satisfaction with their care. PROMs can be administered before, during, and after clinic visits using paper-and-pencil, mobile phones, tablets, and computers. Herein, we combine available literature with expert views to discuss overcoming barriers and helping dermatologists incorporate PROMs into routine patient-centered care. We believe dermatology patients will benefit from broader PROM implementation and routine clinical use. However, a few major barriers exist: (1) cost to implement the technology, (2) selecting the right PROMs for each disease, and (3) helping both patients and clinicians understand how PROMs add to and complement their current clinical experience. We provide recommendations to assist dermatologists when considering whether to implement PROMs in their practices.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in humans in late 2019 and spread rapidly to become a global pandemic. A zoonotic spillover event from animal to human was identified as the presumed origin. Subsequently, reports began emerging regarding spillback events resulting in SARS-CoV-2 infections in multiple animal species. These events highlighted critical links between animal and human health while also raising concerns about the development of new reservoir hosts and potential viral mutations that could alter virulence and transmission or evade immune responses. Characterizing susceptibility, prevalence, and transmission between animal species became a priority to help protect animal and human health. In this study, we coalesced a large team of investigators and community partners to surveil for SARS-CoV-2 in domestic and free-ranging animals around Ohio between May 2020 and August 2021. We focused on species with known or predicted susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection, highly congregated or medically compromised animals (e.g. shelters, barns, veterinary hospitals), and animals that had frequent contact with humans (e.g. pets, agricultural animals, zoo animals, or animals in wildlife hospitals). This included free-ranging deer (n=76), mink (n=57), multiple species of bats (n=65), and other wildlife in addition to domestic cats (n=275) and pigs (n= 184). In total, we tested 800 animals (34 species) via rRT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was not detected in any of the tested animals despite a major peak in human SARS-CoV-2 cases that occurred in Ohio subsequent to the peak of animal samplings. Importantly, due to lack of validated tests for animals, we did not test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in this study, which limited our ability to assess exposure. While the results of this study were negative, the surveillance effort was critical and remains key to understanding, predicting, and preventing re-emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in humans or animals.