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Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013. A recent publication by Honsanan et al. in 2020 expanded information of families in Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications. In this paper, we provide a refined updated document on orders and familiesincertae sedisof Dothideomycetes. Each family is provided with an updated description, notes, including figures to represent the morphology, a list of accepted genera, and economic and ecological significances. We also provide phylogenetic trees for each order. In this study, 31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as ordersincertae sedisin Dothideomycetes, and 41 families are treated as familiesincertae sedisdue to lack of molecular or morphological evidence. The new order, Catinellales, and four new families,Catinellaceae,Morenoinaceae NeobuelliellaceaeandThyrinulaceaeare introduced. Seven genera (Neobuelliella,Pseudomicrothyrium,Flagellostrigula,Swinscowia,Macroconstrictolumina,Pseudobogoriella, andSchummia) are introduced. Seven new species (Acrospermum urticae,Bogoriella complexoluminata,Dothiorella ostryae,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis,Patellaria microspora, andPseudomicrothyrium thailandicum) are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny, together with two new records/reports and five new collections from different families. Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.

The class Dothideomycetes is the largest and most ecologically diverse class of fungi, comprising endophytes, epiphytes, saprobes, human and plant pathogens, lichens, and lichenicolous, nematode trapping and rock-inhabiting taxa. Members of this class are mainly characterized by bitunicate asci with fissitunicate dehiscence, and occur on broad range of hosts in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Since the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013, numerous novel species, genera, families and orders have been discovered. This has expanded information which has led to the modern classification in Dothideomycetes. In this paper, we provide a refined updated document on families of Dothideomycetes with emphasis on Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae. We accept three orders with 25 families and four orders with 94 families in Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae, respectively. The new family Paralophiostomataceae is introduced in Pleosporales. Each family is provided with an updated description, notes, including figures to represent the morphology, list of accepted genera, and economic and ecological significances. We also provide an overall phylogenetic tree of families in Dothideomycetes based on combined analysis of LSU, SSU, rpb-2 and tefl sequence data, and phylogenetic trees for each order in Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae. Family-level trees are provided for the families which include several genera such as Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae. Two new genera (Ligninsphaeriopsis and Paralophiostoma) are introduced. Five new species (Biatrisopora borsei, Comoclathris galatellae, Ligninsphaeriopsis thailandica, Paralophiostoma hysterioides and Torula thailandica) are introduced based on morphology and phylogeny, together with nine new reports and seven new collections from different families.

Eopyrenula intermedia is a new finding for Eurasia. Fauriea orientochinensis and Hafellia subnexa are reported for the first time for Russia, from Sakhalin Island. A further seventeen species are noteworthy for Sakhalin Island, including two species new to the Russian Far East and five species new to the southern part of the region.

Konoreva, L., Tchabanenko, S., Ezhkin, A., Schumm, F. & Chesnokov, S. 2018. New and noteworthy lichen and allied fungi records from Sakhalin Island, Far East of Russia. – Herzogia 31: 276–292. Lecanora loekoesii and Chrysothrix xanthina are reported for the first time for Russia from the Sakhalin region. Bactrospora brodoi is new for Asia. A further forty-eight species are noteworthy for Sakhalin Island including five species new to the Russian Far East and ten species new to the southern part of the Russian Far East.

Ezhkin, A. K. & Schumm, F. 2017. Heterodermia incana (Physciaceae), a new record for Russia – Herzogia 30: 504–508. We report a new finding of Heterodermia incana, a rare lichen with an otherwise tropical distribution, from Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East. It is the northernmost record for Heterodermia incana to date. We provide illustrations of its morphological features, an occurrence map and results of HPTLC.

The following 46 new species of Trypetheliaceae are described: Astrothelium aenascens Aptroot from Papua New Guinea, which is similar to A. aenoides but differs by the hamathecium which is not inspersed; A. alboverrucoides Aptroot from Indonesia with globose ascomata with constricted base, internally similar to A. megaspermum; A. clypeatum Aptroot & Gueidan from Vietnam with black conical ascomata in which the pseudostroma is reminiscent of a clypeus, a rimose thallus, and 3-septate ascospores, 85–95×22–25 µm; A. colombiense Aptroot from Colombia with 1 muriform ascospore of 240–300×45–50 µm per ascus, and an inspersed hamathecium; A. condoricum Aptroot from Ecuador with a bright orange thallus and contrasting bright scarlet internal pigment, and muriform ascospores, 38–42×18–21 µm; A. corallinum Aptroot from Guyana, which is most similar to A. ochroleucoides but the thallus is without lichexanthone; A. dicoloratum Aptroot from Venezuela with an orange thallus and more yellowish pseudostromata with usually only 1 ascoma, and 9–11-septate ascospores; A. ecuadoriense Aptroot from Ecuador with ascospores 2 per ascus, muriform, 80–175×25–50 µm, and an inspersed hamathecium; A. flavomaculatum Aptroot from Ecuador, Guyana and Venezuela which is similar to A. graphicum, but with ascospores 50–75×12–25 µm; A. flavomeristosporum Aptroot from the Philippines and Ecuador with mostly simple ascomata with an orange to yellow, inspersed hamathecium and muriform ascospores 140–200×25–30 µm; A. flavostiolatum Aptroot from Ecuador with bright yellow ostioles and a very irregular thallus, and muriform ascospores, 175–230×35–45 µm; A. guianense Aptroot from Guyana with a very irregular thallus, eccentric, fused ostioles and ascospores 4 per ascus, muriform, 70–80×20–25 µm; A. inspersogalbineum Aptroot & Weerakoon from Singapore which is similar to A. macrocarpum but with the hamathecium inspersed; A. komposchii Aptroot from Venezuela with chimney-like ostioles and a very irregular, almost squamulose thallus and muriform ascospores, 130–180×35–45 µm; A. laurerosphaerioides Aptroot from Guyana with aggregated ascomata with internally and partly (when abraded) also superficially orange anthraquinone pigment, ascospores 2 per ascus, muriform, 110–130×30–35 µm; A. lucidomedullatum Aptroot from Ecuador with lichexanthone in the medulla of the thallus, ascospores 4 per ascus, muriform, 80–115×25–35 µm; A. lucidostromum Aptroot from Guyana which is similar to A. eustomuralis but lichexanthone is present in the whole pseudostroma; A. lucidothallinum Aptroot from Guyana with the thallus containing lichexanthone, ascomata in pseudostromata without lichexanthone, ostioles apical, hamathecium not inspersed, ascospores muriform, 70–90×18–20 µm; A. mediocrassum Aptroot from Guyana which resembles A. octosporum but without lichexanthone in the thallus or pseudostromata, muriform ascospores, 70–80×22–25 µm, with median septum strongly thickened; A. megatropicum Aptroot from Guyana with 3-septate ascospores 100–120×33–35 µm, and hemispherical dark brown pseudostromata; A. megochroleucum Aptroot from El Salvador with 3-septate ascospores 60–70×16–18 µm and lichexanthone in the thallus and pseudostromata; A. neoinspersum Aptroot from El Salvador which is similar to A. aenascens but with bright yellow pseudostromata; A. perspersum Aptroot & Ertz from Gabon which is similar to A. scoria but with ascospores 26–38×7–9 µm; A. philippinense Aptroot & Schumm from the Philippines without pseudostromata, ostiole apical, hamathecium inspersed, ascospores muriform, 125–170×30–35 µm, 4 per ascus; A. pseudannulare Aptroot & Etayo from Ecuador with the appearance of the A. puiggarii-group, but differing from all other species of it by the 3-septate ascospores 80–88×32–36 µm, which are 2–4 per ascus; A. pseudodissimulum Aptroot from Papua New Guinea with K+ red crystals in the ascoma wall and 5-septate ascospores of 25–33×9–11 µm; A. pseudoferrugineum Aptroot from Indonesia, of the A. conicum-group with an orange thallus and pseudostroma pruina, differing from A. ferrugineum by the ascospores 28–31×9–11 µm and the more glossy thallus; A. pseudomegalophthalmum Aptroot from Colombia, similar to A. megaspermum but differing by the 7-septate ascospores 152–166×32–37 µm; A. rimosum Aptroot from Guyana and Colombia with 7–11-septate ascospores 110–150×30–37 µm and a rimose thallus with yellow medulla; A. sanguineoxanthum Aptroot from Brazil with the thallus containing lichexanthone and pseudostromata with numerous immersed round ascomata, the whole inside of which is full of red, K+ green pigment; A. septemseptatum Aptroot from Guyana and Venezuela with the thallus and pseudostromata UV+ yellow and 7–9-septate ascospores 50–55×12–17 µm; A. sexloculatum Aptroot from Guyana and Papua New Guinea with 5-septate ascospores 25–27×7–11 µm and lichexanthone in the thallus and pseudostromata; A. sipmanii Aptroot from Guyana with simple ascomata with 5-septate ascospores 100–150×35–40 µm and an inspersed hamathecium; A. trypethelioides Aptroot from Venezuela with fused ostioles, an inspersed hamathecium and 7–9-septate ascospores 49–52×13–16 µm; A. ultralucens Aptroot from Venezuela with lichexanthone in the thallus and pseudostromata, fused ostioles and 3-septate ascospores over 105–130×35–42 µm; A. vulcanum from Guyana, of the A. nitidiusculum-group with simple ascomata, an inspersed hamathecium and lichexanthone; A. zebrinum Aptroot from Guyana with fused ostioles and 7-septate ascospores 60–70 µm long, without lichexanthone, anthraquinones and inspersion; Polymeridium rhodopruinosum Aptroot from Puerto Rico with red pruina on the ascomata and 3-septate ascospores 17–19×3·5–5·0 µm; Pseudopyrenula americana Aptroot from Guyana with 3-septate ascospores 26–32×7–10 µm, without inspersion and without lichexanthone; P. guianensis Aptroot from French Guiana and Surinam with a hyaline hamathecium with inspersion, a thallus with lichexanthone and 3-septate ascospores 21–25×6–9 µm; P. hexamera Aptroot from Venezuela with 5-septate ascospores 16–21×6–7 µm, lumina clearly diamond-shaped; P. thallina Lücking & Aptroot from Costa Rica with a greenish corticate thallus and 3-septate ascospores, 21–25×6–9 µm; Trypethelium infraeluteriae Aptroot & Gueidan from Vietnam which is similar to T. subeluteriae but with lower pseudostromata and ascospores 7–9-septate, 37–42×9–11 µm; Viridothelium inspersum Aptroot from Papua New Guinea with solitary, immersed ascomata, an inspersed hamathecium, and 12–14-septate ascospores, 60–75×12–17 µm; V. kinabaluense Aptroot from Sabah which is similar to V. indutum with emergent black ascomata, but with 17–25-septate ascospores 100–150×18–23 µm; and V. solomonense Aptroot from the Solomon Islands having ascomata with lateral, partly fused ostioles and black clypeus, and ascospores 15–19-septate, 75–98×17–20 µm. The new species are known from Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Gabon, Guyana, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Sabah, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Surinam, Venezuela and/or Vietnam.

The non-lichenized, monospecific genus Papilionovela Aptroot, originally described from rain forest in Papua New Guinea, is reported here from several locations in Caatinga vegetation in Sergipe, Brazil. Phylogenetic analysis of the nuLSU marker within a three-locus phylogeny, as well as separate analysis of the fungal ITS barcoding marker, place Papilionovela in the Graphidaceae, subfamily Graphidoideae, with strong support. Within that subfamily, the genus clusters within tribe Wirthiotremateae, close to the Acanthothecis peplophora group and Carbacanthographis, albeit without support. We also reanalyzed the phylogenetic placement of two other, non-lichenized fungi previously associated with Graphidaceae, namely Furcaspora eucalypti and Rubikia evansii, and found them to form a separate, early diverging lineage in the family, here formally described as a new subfamily, Rubikioideae. Papilionovela is thus the first non-lichenized, saprobic lineage within the core Graphidaceae (subfamily Graphidoideae), providing a further independent, unequivocal case of delichenization within the order Ostropales.

Dothideomycetes comprise a highly diverse range of fungi characterized mainly by asci with two wall layers (bitunicate asci) and often with fissitunicate dehiscence. Many species are saprobes, with many asexual states comprising important plant pathogens. They are also endophytes, epiphytes, fungicolous, lichenized, or lichenicolous fungi. They occur in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats in almost every part of the world. We accept 105 families in Dothideomycetes with the new families Anteagloniaceae, Bambusicolaceae, Biatriosporaceae, Lichenoconiaceae, Muyocopronaceae, Paranectriellaceae, Roussoellaceae, Salsugineaceae, Seynesiopeltidaceae and Thyridariaceae introduced in this paper. Each family is provided with a description and notes, including asexual and asexual states, and if more than one genus is included, the type genus is also characterized. Each family is provided with at least one figure-plate, usually illustrating the type genus, a list of accepted genera, including asexual genera, and a key to these genera. A phylogenetic tree based on four gene combined analysis add support for 64 of the families and 22 orders, including the novel orders, Dyfrolomycetales, Lichenoconiales, Lichenotheliales, Monoblastiales, Natipusillales, Phaeotrichales and Strigulales. The paper is expected to provide a working document on Dothideomycetes which can be modified as new data comes to light. It is hoped that by illustrating types we provide stimulation and interest so that more work is carried out in this remarkable group of fungi.

Six new species of the genus Pyrenula are described as new to science from various countries in the tropics. Pyrenula borneensis is described from Borneo, P. endocrocea from the Philippines, P. hawaiiensis from Hawaii, P. rinodinospora from Papua New Guinea, P. rubrojavanica from Java, and P. thailandica from Papua New Guinea, India and Thailand.

The species described in or referred to the genus Melanophloea, traditionally referred to the Thelocarpaceae, are discussed. Detailed observations on two species, including the type species, show that they have not much more in common than their polysporous ascus. Melanophloea is reduced to the type species, M. pacifica. It shows a close resemblance to Aptrootia in the Trypetheliaceae, and it is therefore tentatively referred to this family. Melanophloea americana is shown to be close to Thelenella in the Thelenellaceae. The latter species and the related M. montana are newly combined into this genus as Thelenella americana and T. montana. Thelocarpon nigrum, which was recently compared to Melanophloea, is retained in Thelocarpon in the Thelocarpaceae. Polyspory is suggested to facilitate dispersion, especially when compared to parent taxa that produce large muriform ascospores. Based on the current classification, polyspory originated at least 57 times within the lichenized ascomycetes, a clear example of convergent evolution.

Trapeliopsis gymnidiata, a terricolous species from the Canary Islands, is described as new to science. It has previously been confused with T. wallrothii, but differs by the soft, partly decorticate isidia, or rather gymnidia, that leave inconspicuous scars after falling off. Trapeliopsis wallrothii is known only from high mountains in Macaronesia, while T. gymnidiata is a lowland species. Trapelia rubra from Madeira is also described as new to science. It grows in similar places and resembles some morphs of Trapelia coarctata, but differs by the nearly squamulose areoles, the crenulate, seemingly sorediate, apothecium margin that does not become excluded, and especially by the patchy red colour (skyrin) in the medulla.

John, V., de Bruyn, U., Dolnik, C., Schumm, F., Spier, L., Stapper, N. J. & Brackel, W. v. 2011. Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Pfalzerwald (BLAM Meeting 2010). — Herzogia 24: 297–313. A list of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from twelve visited sites during the BLAM-excursion in 2010 to the Pfalzerwald (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany) is presented. The results are briefly discussed using the Red Data Book and ecological indicator values.

The new species Parmeliella borbonica is described. It belongs in a small group of species, which, unlike all other Parmeliella species except those of the Parmeliella mariana group, have thalline squamulose margins of the apothecia, and are thus superficially reminiscent of Pannaria. The group is mainly Indo-pacific. A key to the species is given. Parmeliella borbonica appears to be an addition to the many remarkable endemic members of the Pannariaceae found in Réunion which has retained old Gondwana elements, as its lowland forests have not been destroyed as much as those in the neighbouring region. The very rare Coccocarpia imbricascens Nyl. was found as new to the island, and the rare endemic Pannaria multifida P. M. Jørg close to its type locality.

Chimeras with green algae are reported for the first time from a lichen outside the Peltigerales, viz. the cyanophilous Lichinomycete Phyllopeltula corticola. The species is reported here to be pantropical, based on additional collections from Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Thailand and the Philippines.

A revision of 245 Heterodermia s.lat. collections from Thailand preserved in RAMK, herb. F. Schumm and herb. K. Kalb is presented. The 39 species found in this material are assigned to the genera Heterodermia Trevis. s.str. with a lower cortex and Pachysporaria -type ascospores (without sporoblastidia), Leucodermia Kalb, gen. nov ., with foliose to subfruticose, linear-elongate, ribbon-like, dichotomously branched lobes, loosely attached to the substrate, without a lower cortex, apothecia often with pruinose discs and Polyblastidium -type ascospores (with sporoblastidia) and Polyblastidium Kalb, gen. nov. distinguished by a foliose thallus attached to the substrate, no lower cortex and mostly Polyblastidium -type ascospores. The remaining species are assigned to groups without a formal generic name, awaiting further results from molecular phylogenies. The Heterodermia comosa group contains species which are similar to Leucodermia , but differ in having a subfruticose or rosulate thallus with ascending, spathulate or paddle-shaped lobes and the Heterodermia obscurata group which contains species with a fluffy cottony woolly lower surface which is totally or at least partly impregnated by anthraquinones. Standardized descriptions are provided for all the better known Heterodermia species s.str. worldwide and all other species found in the material studied or reported for Thailand in the literature, as well as species which might be expected to occur in the country. The new species, Leucodermia borphyllidiata Kalb & Meesim, similar to L. boryi , but differing in having a phyllidiate thallus is described, and the new combinations, Leucodermia appalachensis (Kurok.) Kalb, L. arsenii (Kurok.) Kalb, L. boryi (Fee) Kalb , L. ciliatomarginata (Linder) Kalb, L. circinalis (Zahlbr.) Kalb, L. fertilis (Moberg) Kalb, L. leucomelos (L.) Kalb, L. lutescens (Kurok.) Kalb, L. vulgaris (Vain.) Kalb, Polyblastidium appendiculatum (Kurok.) Kalb, P. casarettianum (A. Massal.) Kalb, P. corallophorum (Taylor) Kalb, P. dendriticum (Pers.) Kalb, P. fragilissimum (Kurok.) Kalb, P. hypocaesium (Yasuda) Kalb , P. hypoleucum (Ach.) Kalb, P. japonicum (M. Sato) Kalb, P. magellanicum (Zahlbr.) Kalb, P. microphyllum (Kurok.) Kalb, P. neglectum (Lendemer, R.C. Harris & Tripp) Kalb, comb. nov. [Mycobank MB 813853; Basionym: Heterodermia neglecta Lendemer, R.C. Harris & Tripp, The Bryologist 110(3): 490 (2007)], P. propaguliferum (Vain.) Kalb, P. queenslandicum (Elix) Kalb, P. subneglectum (Elix) Kalb and P. violostriatum (Elix) Kalb, are made. Chaudhuria Zahlbr. is a synonym of Heterodermia s.str. and Chaudhuria indica Zahlbr. is an older synonym for Heterodermia verdonii Elix, but as the name Heterodermia indica (H. Magn.) D.D. Awasthi already exists for another species, the correct name for this taxon reverts to H. verdonii . Chemical analyses revealed that Heterodermia reagens (Kurok.) Elix must be placed into synonymy with Polyblastidium propaguliferum (Vain.) Kalb. Dichotomous keys for the identification of all species are provided. Characteristic TLC profiles for selected species are presented and R f values for the most important terpenes and pigments are given for the first time in the standard solvents A, B' and C. Photographs showing the species as well as characteristic structures in the genera and groups are also provided. A new epitype for H. comosa from Reunion is designated.