Search

This survey focuses on the application possibilities of using Internet Protocol (version 6) in Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) networking architectures by analyzing existing standards and related papers in this field. The article explains the terminology used in IP-based V2X networks, introduces the considered use cases, and gives an overview of the three standardized options applying IPv6 in vehicular environments: IEEE WAVE provides networking services to applications in vehicular networks through IPv6, IPv6 over 802.11-OCB can be implemented in Wi-Fi-based ad hoc vehicular networks for both V2V and V2I, and the Geo Networking IPv6 adaption sub-layer (GN6ASL) for IPv6 support in the ETSI ITS protocol family. The paper also highlights non-standardized solutions and available techniques designed for IPv6-based V2X infrastructures, summarizes wireless connection requirements, and mobility management needs, together with the newest research efforts aiming at the applications of IPv6 in V2X communications.

Introduction: Deaths due to colorectal cancer are disproportionately higher than either breast or prostate cancers even though the majority of new cases are potentially curable at diagnoses. If only half of the losses is due to metastatic disease at diagnosis, then a share of the remaining deaths must be attributable to tumor recurrence after presumptively curative therapy of early-stage disease. If so, current management of the latter group is suboptimal for a considerable number of subjects, a perception which argues for an assessment of maintenance therapy. Moreover, most recurrences occur within 24 months after standard surgical and (neo)adjuvant therapies. Objective: To assess relapse-free and overall survival among patients with high-risk, resected tumors who did and did not receive maintenance therapy following completion of treatment according to accepted guidelines. Methods: Pertinent clinical details were collected on 85 subjects, 37 who were, and 48 who were not, treated with maintenance therapy. Descriptive statistical analyses related to survival outcomes were performed on accumulated data. Wilcoxon rank test and Fisher’s exact test were used to examine the continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to analyze between-group relapse-free and overall survival. Results: Of the entire cohort, 63 of 85 (74.1%) subjects have no evidence of disease, a median of 5 years from the end of adjuvant therapy. Kaplan-Meier analyses indicated statistically, but not necessarily clinically, non-significant differences in median 5-year relapse-free survival, 79.8% vs 69.2%, and overall survival, 87.8% vs 81.7% in the treated and untreated groups of patients, respectively. A total of 21 subjects died; three of seven (treated group) and all 14 (untreated group) due to cancer. Conclusion: Obscured is the hint that maintenance therapy is clinically more effective than what the p-value intimates. The results of this retrospective data collection and analyses suggest that some patients with early-stage, high-risk disease, will derive survival benefits with maintenance therapy.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an essential gatekeeper for the central nervous system and incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) is higher in infants with a history of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We discovered a rare disease trait in thirteen individuals, including four fetuses, from eight unrelated families associated with homozygous loss-of-function variant alleles of ESAM which encodes an endothelial cell adhesion molecule. The c.115del (p.Arg39Glyfs∗33) variant, identified in six individuals from four independent families of Southeastern Anatolia, severely impaired the in vitro tubulogenic process of endothelial colony-forming cells, recapitulating previous evidence in null mice, and caused lack of ESAM expression in the capillary endothelial cells of damaged brain. Affected individuals with bi-allelic ESAM variants showed profound global developmental delay/unspecified intellectual disability, epilepsy, absent or severely delayed speech, varying degrees of spasticity, ventriculomegaly, and ICH/cerebral calcifications, the latter being also observed in the fetuses. Phenotypic traits observed in individuals with bi-allelic ESAM variants overlap very closely with other known conditions characterized by endothelial dysfunction due to mutation of genes encoding tight junction molecules. Our findings emphasize the role of brain endothelial dysfunction in NDDs and contribute to the expansion of an emerging group of diseases that we propose to rename as “tightjunctionopathies.”

En el texto se expone de forma sintética el estado actual de la investigación centrada en aspectos de ética digital aplicada en educación. También se enfatiza la necesidad de plantear estudios que aborden, desde una perspectiva ética, las problemáticas asociadas a la incorporación de la inteligencia artificial en educación. Se presentan los artículos que se publican en el número especial "Tecnologías digitales en educación: poniendo el foco en la ética".

This paper analyses the effect that the fulfilment of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) has got among engineers in the information and communication technologies (ICT) sector. The focus is on Spain, and the comparison of the technical and managerial knowledge and skills most demanded by the sector in 2008 and 2018, coinciding with the first decade of the EHEA. The study also examines whether the professional skills acquired by university students are consistent with those required in the job market. The following question is answered: Are ICT students adequately trained a decade after the introduction of the EHEA? An empirical study was carried out on the basis of a cross-section of Spanish ICT sector enterprises. The results reveal a gap between employer expectations and the skills acquired by students. Policy and practice performance is also discussed

Esophageal reconstruction is a very complex surgical procedure, burdened by significant morbidity. Gastroplasty and coloplasty have classically been used. Free jejunal plasty has shown to be a very good option in the treatment of cervical esophagus pathology, but the role of supercharged jejunoplasty in thoracic esophagus reconstruction is still controversial.A retrospective study of esophageal reconstructions with jejunoplasties performed in our unit between January 2011 and December 2019. Epidemiological data, indications, surgical technique, and morbidity and mortality were analyzed.67 procedures of esophageal reconstruction were performed, 10 of which were jejunoplasties: 5 free jejunums and 5 supercharged. Morbidity, mortality, mean stay and withdrawal time from enteral feeding were lower in free than in supercharged jejunums.Supercharged jejunoplasty was the last option for reconstruction of the thoracic esophagus. Median sternotomy access provides an excellent approach to the anterior mediastinum and the internal mammary vessels. The free jejunum would be the first choice, with the indemnity of the rest of the esophagus, in the reconstruction of the cervical esophagus.

A systematic review was conducted to investigate prevalence, management and outcomes of atrial fibrillation (AF) in people with Serious Mental Illnesses (SMI) versus the general population.MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO were searched for primary research written in English and published between 2004 and 2022.A total of 1459 studies were identified in the initial search of which 16 met the inclusion criteria. Studies (n = 4) reporting on ischaemic stroke and major bleeding events were included in the meta-analysis.Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Discrepancies were resolved by consulting a third reviewer.Low rates of AF were reported among people with SMI suggesting under-recognition or recording gaps. People with SMI and AF were less likely to receive oral anticoagulation therapy compared to the general population. When receiving warfarin, those with bipolar disorder experienced poor anticoagulation control as measured by time in INR therapeutic range. Pooled analysis of risk estimates showed that in patients with identified AF, SMI was not significantly associated with an increased risk of stroke (HR: 1.09; 95%CI: 0.85 to 1.40; IMore research is needed to examine the prevalence, management and outcomes of AF in this population, and to evaluate the effect of the introduction of the novel anti-coagulants on these metrics over time.

Resumen Introduccion La reconstruccion esofagica es un proceso quirurgico tecnicamente muy complejo, gravado por una importante morbilidad. Clasicamente se han utilizado la gastroplastia y la coloplastia, aunque la yeyunoplastia ya fue descrita por Roux en 1907. Parece demostrado que la plastia de yeyuno libre es una muy buena opcion en el tratamiento de la enfermedad del esofago cervical, pero no esta tan claro el papel de la yeyunoplastia supercharged en la reconstruccion del esofago toracico. El objetivo de este estudio es el analisis de las reconstrucciones esofagicas realizadas en nuestra unidad y que precisaron de un injerto de yeyuno. Metodos Estudio retrospectivo de las reconstrucciones esofagicas realizadas con yeyunoplastias en nuestra unidad entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2019. Se analizan datos epidemiologicos, indicaciones, tecnica quirurgica y morbimortalidad. Resultados Se realizaron 67 procedimientos quirurgicos de reconstruccion esofagica compleja de los que 10 fueron yeyunoplastias: 5 yeyunos libres en esofago cervical y 5 supercharged en esofago toracico con abordaje transesternal. La morbilidad, mortalidad, estancia media y tiempo de retirada de la alimentacion enteral fueron menores en los yeyunos libres que en los supercharged. Conclusiones En nuestro grupo la yeyunoplastia supercharged es la ultima opcion para la reconstruccion del esofago toracico; el acceso por esternotomia media nos permite un excelente abordaje del mediastino anterior y los vasos mamarios internos. El yeyuno libre seria la primera eleccion —con indemnidad del resto de esofago— en la reconstruccion del esofago cervical.

Spondyloarthropathies, also known as spondyloarthritis, encompasses a spectrum of diseases classified by it's axial and peripheral musculoskeletal manifestations. Extra-articular features are common in SpA making these systemic rheumatologic diseases involve the skin, eye, gut, and other organ systems.Research has identified risk factors for the development of spondyloarthritis, particularly regarding genetic susceptibility and the strong association with HLA-B27. Multiple studies have elucidated clinical risk factors associated with SpA disease activity and severity. In this review, we aim to explore the environmental risk factors for spondyloarthritis.

Rectal prolapse procidentia is an intussusception of the whole rectal wall through the anal canal, resulting in a portion of the rectum staying periodically or occasionally permanently distal to the anus. Full-thickness prolapse and partial-thickness prolapse are the two kinds of rectal prolapse. Rectal prolapse procidentia is an intussusception of the whole rectal wall through the anal canal, resulting in a portion of the rectum staying periodically or occasionally permanently distal to the anus. It is more frequent in older females. Rectal prolapse was first recorded on papyrus circa 1500 BC. Hippocrates described rectal prolapse therapy as hanging patient’s upside down from a tree, putting sodium hydroxide to the mucosa, and fixing for three days. Today, is mostly treated surgically. Perineal surgical repairs are typically well tolerated; however, they are linked with a greater incidence of recurrence. Abdominal repairs, however, have the lowest recurrence rates. The goal of therapy is to remove the prolapse, cure any related incontinence or constipation issues, and avoid de novo bowel dysfunction. When compared to laparotomy, laparoscopic rectopexy offers fewer side effects, a shorter hospital stays, faster healing, and quicker return to work. This review aims to assess recent updates on different surgical approaches for management of rectal prolapse.

Objective: People with serious mental illnesses (SMI) have an increased risk of stroke compared to the general population. This study aims to evaluate oral anticoagulation prescription trends in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with and without a comorbid SMI.Methods: An open-source retrieval system for clinical data (CogStack) was used to identify a cohort of AF patients with SMI who ever had an inpatient admission to King's College Hospital from 2011 to 2020. A Natural Language Processing pipeline was used to calculate CHA2DS2-VASc and HASBLED risk scores from Electronic Health Records free text. Antithrombotic prescriptions of warfarin and Direct acting oral anti-coagulants (DOACs) (apixaban, rivaroxaban, dabigatran, edoxaban) were extracted from discharge summaries.Results: Among patients included in the study (n = 16 916), 2.7% had a recorded co-morbid SMI diagnosis. Compared to non-SMI patients, those with SMI had significantly higher CHA2DS2-VASc (mean (SD): 5.3 (1.96) vs 4.7 (2.08), p < 0.001) and HASBLED scores (mean (SD): 3.2 (1.27) vs 2.5 (1.29), p < 0.001). Among AF patients having a CHA2DS2-VASc ≥2, those with co-morbid SMI were less likely than non-SMI patients to be prescribed an OAC (44% vs 54%, p < 0.001). However, there was no evidence of a significant difference between the two groups since 2019.Conclusion: Over recent years, DOAC prescription rates have increased among AF patients with SMI in acute hospitals. More research is needed to confirm whether the introduction of DOACs has reduced OAC treatment gaps in people with serious mental illness and to assess whether the use of DOACs has improved health outcomes in this population.

The block design task (BDT) is a visuospatial measure that individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) perform poorly on. However, it is unclear what underlies their impaired performance. This study investigated whether poorer performance is a result of visuospatial difficulties, executive function (EF) difficulties, atypical looking strategies, or a combination of these. Eleven individuals with WS participated alongside mental age (MA)- and chronological age (CA)-matched control groups. Eye movements were recorded while they took the BDT. Dwell times and visits to areas of interest in WS differed from CA, but not MA, groups. Findings suggest that BDT abilities of individuals with WS are delayed, but not atypical. Delays result from visuospatial and attention-switching difficulties rather than atypical looking strategies.

Addressing global warming by reducing carbon emissions is recognised as a necessary step to try and ensure the survival of the planet. Integral to this it is essential that those who have contributed most to global warming undertake fundamental changes in the way their economies and societies operate. Among the numerous solutions proposed is a reduction in fossil fuels, especially in transport systems. This includes moving away from vehicles dependent on diesel and petrol to electric vehicles. This apparently ‘green’ solution may come at a grave environmental cost however, especially in those parts of the world already vulnerable to climate change. This is because the metals required to make electric vehicle batteries – and to store renewable energy supplies, can be found in the deep seas. Mining them presents a solution to a current need but risks future environmental disaster especially for island states adjacent to these seas. One such area under threat is the Pacific.

Resumen Objetivo Describir la experiencia del abordaje robotico en la cirugia de la acalasia en un centro de tercer nivel. Material y metodos Se analizaron los pacientes con acalasia intervenidos mediante cirugia robotica entre mayo de 2010 y abril de 2019. Las variables a estudio se recogieron en una base de datos prospectiva y se realizo un analisis descriptivo. Resultados Se incluyeron 45 pacientes (55,6% varones) con edad media de 44 anos. El sintoma principal al diagnostico fue la disfagia. Diecinueve pacientes (42,2%) habian recibido tratamiento endoscopico previo a la cirugia, mayoritariamente dilatacion neumatica (84,2%). La tecnica quirurgica empleada fue la miotomia de Heller asociada a funduplicatura tipo Toupet, con un tiempo operatorio medio de 211 minutos. La estancia media fue 5 dias. Se produjeron 2 perforaciones postoperatorias (4,4%). La mortalidad peroperatoria fue del 0%. El seguimiento medio fue de 64 meses. A 3 y 5 anos se evidencio una importante disminucion del Eckardt score y el estudio manometrico mostro una disminucion de la presion del esfinter esofagico inferior en reposo media del 58% y del 70%, respectivamente, con persistencia de hipomotilidad del cuerpo esofagico. En dos pacientes (5,4%) se diagnostico reflujo gastroesofagico patologico y 4 (10,8%) presentaron recurrencia de los sintomas, requiriendo dilataciones neumaticas endoscopicas. En 2 casos las dilataciones no fueron efectivas por lo que se planteo la realizacion de una miotomia endoscopica. Conclusiones Segun nuestra experiencia, la cirugia robotica constituye un procedimiento seguro y efectivo para el tratamiento de la acalasia.

This study aimed to describe the feasibility of the online adaptive radiation therapy (oART) method developed at the Hospital Quirónsalud Barcelona for prostate cancer, using a standard C-arm linear accelerator (linac) and without the support of artificial intelligence.The first 18 patients treated at the Hospital Quirónsalud Barcelona with the developed oART method were included. An ultrahypofractionated radiation therapy scheme consisting of 7 × 6.1 Gy was used. Patients were treated on 2 conventional Varian C-arm linacs. For each patient, a reference plan based on a planning computed tomography (pCT) scan was generated using the Eclipse system. On each treatment session, the pCT scan was rigidly registered with the daily cone beam computed tomography (CT) scan. The pCT-based target (prostate) and organs at risk were mapped onto the cone beam CT images and manually adapted to take into account the anatomy of the day. The reference plan was then copied to the cone beam CT scan, and a full reoptimization was done for the current anatomy (adapted plan). For each treatment session, the unaltered reference plan was recomputed on the daily cone beam CT scan by mimicking the soft-tissue alignment performed per our standard procedure (nonadapted plan). Over the 126 adapted sessions from the 18 patients, a dosimetric comparison of adapted against nonadapted plans was done.A significant difference in the target coverage was found between the adapted and nonadapted plans (97.1 vs 90.4; P.001) in favor of adapting. Without online adaptation, the optimal coverage of the prostate was not attained in 35% of fractions. Adapting allows for the improvement of the target coverage with compliance of all organ-at-risk dose constraints in all treatment fractions.The oART technique described in this study is technically feasible with a C-arm linac. To our knowledge, this is the first clinical experience with oART for prostate cancer including full replanning and delivered with a C-arm linac without artificial intelligence capability.

As state-funded pre-kindergarten (pre-K) programs expand, it is critical to investigate their short- and long-term effects. This article presents the results through sixth grade of a longitudinal randomized control study of the effects of a scaled-up, state-supported pre-K program. The analytic sample includes 2,990 children from low-income families who applied to oversubscribed pre-K program sites across the state and were randomly assigned to offers of admission or a wait list control. Data through sixth grade from state education records showed that the children randomly assigned to attend pre-K had lower state achievement test scores in third through sixth grades than control children, with the strongest negative effects in sixth grade. A negative effect was also found for disciplinary infractions, attendance, and receipt of special education services, with null effects on retention. The implications of these findings for pre-K policies and practices are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Water production often has a big impact on limiting oil production from prolific wells, especially those supported by aquifers. When it comes to deep High Pressure, High Temperature (HPHT) wells, managing water production becomes even more complicated due to the challenges that limit downhole tool functionality, made even more complex when the source of water is from a channel behind the casing. A limited number of solutions are available for scenarios such as these. The subject well is located offshore in the Gulf of Suez and was drilled in 2010 to a depth of 14000 ft with a downhole temperature of 320°F and a reservoir pressure of 5700 psi. Due to complicated hole stability issues after drilling the 6 in hole, a 5 in liner could not be run to the well Total Depth (TD), so a 3 ½ in liner was run for over 1500 ft of the 6 in open hole section. This situation was far from ideal for a good cementing job, with the result being that the 3 ½ in liner was mostly uncemented, free pipe. Despite the selective perforating being carried out a long way from the Oil-Water Contact (OWC), water production kept increasing until it reached 95% in 2022. Saturation and production logs run in 2011 & 2017 showed that most water was coming from high-quality zones through cement channels behind the liner. Isolating the water source was considered; however, there would have been a high risk of damaging oil-bearing zones if conventional techniques were used. With emerging technologies and evolving chemistries gaining more reliability in the field, a team started to evaluate the various options to shut off the water production from behind the liner and rank them in terms of water isolation likelihood, operational risk & risk of damaging oil-bearing zones. The study focused on three possible solutions; shallow penetration polymer sealants, relative permeability modifiers (RPMs), and remedial cement operations. Coiled Tubing (CT) was chosen as the conveyance method to deliver the solution. The result of the study concluded that a specific design and procedure using shallow penetration modified, organically crosslinked polymer (m-OCP) system with a high content of properly sized Loss Circulation Material (LCM) would succeed in blocking water zones and bridge the oil-bearing zones for later recovery with selective re-perforation. The operation was carried out in September 2022 and successfully isolated 3000 BWPD while increasing well production by 2500 BOPD. In addition, the well started to flow naturally, saving the need for lift gas to use on other wells and decreasing the scaling risk in the well. A cost saving of approximately $1M was achieved in remediating this well. The alternative of efficiently drilling a new well to recover oil from the top low permeability zone would be estimated at $16M. Shallow penetration polymer sealants can be a cost-effective option to treat flow behind casing in challenging conditions. Expanding to an entire field could significantly increase production and maximize zonal recovery.

Well intervention in highly deviated sour oil wells operating with Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) completions have always been challenging for well intervention operations due to the restrictions in the wellbore. Workover operations in such harsh environments involve several operational risks and high related costs. Electrical Coiled Tubing (E-CT) equipped with tubing encapsulated mono-conductor cable was used to gather accurate intervention data with real-time logging capabilities. The system used didn't require the temporary installation of a test ESP completion string after pulling the failed ESP pump, saving cost, overall intervention time, optimizing zonal isolation for the water producing intervals, and increasing well recovery in these oil wells. This case study presents a challenging workover for a mature field where E-CT was used to convey a combination of Pulsed Neutron Logging (PNLT) and Production Logging Tools (PLT) while pumping Nitrogen (N2) to lift the well. This enabled maximizing the reservoir production potential while monitoring the dynamic drawdown being applied to overcome the masking potential for the PNLT due to killing operations during workover. Real-time readings from the PNLT, PLT continuous spinners, gamma-ray, pressure, and temperature sensors accurately identified the well's water contributing intervals and flow profile. This accurate interpretation of the water saturation profile across the reservoir was then used for optimum reservoir management and selective zonal isolation. Dynamic wellbore modeling software was used to design the lifting and logging operations for optimal operational efficiency and to increase oil production and reduce water production. Deployment of E-CT in such a harsh environment was challenging in terms of operational execution to ensure safe conveyance of the real-time logging tools while performing the conventional lifting of the well. Intervention time was optimized through two runs to evaluate the formation performance and water saturation profile before isolating the water-producing intervals. Such utilization of E-CT allowed accurate formation evaluation, water saturation profiling, and nitrogen lifting of the well resulting in an optimal intervention. Results showed a 50% reduction in water production and an increasing well potential from the upper intervals. Total workover and intervention costs were reduced dramatically compared to other treatment options for water production problems with potential workover complications and deferred production.

Purpose: Adolescent multilingual learners are at high risk for reading difficulties as evidenced by persistent achievement gaps. This article calls for a paradigm shift and aims to elucidate what constitutes promising second-language literacy instruction for multilingual adolescents, comprising effective literacy practices grounded in research, combined with an emphasis on individual learners and their sociocultural development. Cast in ecological systems and functionalist perspectives, this article provides a model for language and literacy instruction that is grounded in basic tenets of reading science within a sociocultural context. We outline strategies that focus on language as a basis for reading development followed by examples of authentic learning experiences designed to motivate students and nurture their love of reading. Conclusions: A solution to existing achievement gaps may be a promising approach that emphasizes both the science and love of reading, which entails targeted instruction rooted in the research evidence integrated into engaging and meaningful learning experiences, central to which is the acknowledgement of multilingual learners as individuals. The authors call for an intentional focus on accelerating the development of language through frequent use of and a genuine love for both the science of reading and the science of teaching reading.

Background: Bariatric surgeries are a common practice in society. The most common bariatric surgeries are laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. This study reveals a significant correlation with the formation of kidney stones after bariatric surgeries. Objective: To measure the prevalence of renal calculi formations among patients who underwent bariatric surgery in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2020-2021 and consider it a serious complication in the long run. Methodology: The study used a quantitative correlation design with a random selection sample out of 302 participants (>18 years) who underwent bariatric surgery. The chi-squared test was used to test the statistical significance between the categories. The continuous variables of pre-and post-surgery BMI are mentioned as mean, SD, 95% confidence interval, and the parametric t-test and paired t-test of pre- and post-surgery BMI as it followed normal distribution. Results: Overall, 33/302 (10.9%) participants were found to have postbariatric renal calculi after a 6-month period due to significant rapid weight loss [19 (57.6%)]. Additionally, 2/33 (6.1%) patients had leakage postoperatively, especially with gastric bypass [5 patients (19.2%)]. Overall, 20 (60.6%) patients having postbariatric renal calculi were found to have a family history of renal calculi, with a significant p-value of 0.0126. A history of DM, HTN, anti-HTN medication, gout, recurrent UTI, vitamin D intake, high oxalate intake, and dehydration were all found to significantly increase the risk of renal calculi. The awareness of postoperative lifestyle modification was significant. Finally, significant weight loss regarding BMI in gastric sleeve surgery from pre-surgery (44.8 ± 10.2) to post-surgery (31.6 ± 9.4) and in gastric bypass from 44.3 ± 5.3 to 30.8 ± 6.3 was observed. Conclusion: The majority of 33 patients who had postbariatric renal calculus showed a relationship with rapid and significant weight loss 6 months post-surgery as seen with gallbladder stones. Besides, it was found that the renal calculi risk has a significant relationship to postoperative leakage. In addition, there were significant risk factors to escalate the calculus formation. Although these patients had numerous symptoms, the most common were urgency, dysuria, hematuria, and passing small amount of urine in each voiding. The most significant risks for renal calculi included a history of kidney stones, diabetes, hypertension, and antihypertensive medication. The awareness of life modifications was excellent in these patients; however, the patients generally ignored such modifications. Lifestyle modification after weight reduction surgery is an important factor to prevent kidney stones.

The Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology and protocols are the main cornerstones for advanced transportation and autonomous vehicle applications. V2X has several subsets, including Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication contexts. The main benefit of applying V2X technologies is increased safety by facilitating predicted warnings supporting automated driving and traffic applications. Wirelessly transmitted messages are the information sources; therefore, security is critical in V2X systems. The V2X exchanged messages are sent wirelessly and must fulfill the security requirements, such as integrity, authenticity, and privacy support. The messaging between vehicles and networks must be trusted. Lately, promising and proliferating blockchain/hash chain technologies have been introduced in V2X communications and cope with the cooperative vehicular applications security and related efficiency aspects. This paper provides a comprehensive survey about the V2X use-cases based blockchain/hash chain and introduces the available solutions and methods in this domain.

Aims Highly polished stems with force-closed design have shown satisfactory clinical results despite being related to relatively high early migration. It has been suggested that the minimal thickness of cement mantles surrounding the femoral stem should be 2 mm to 4 mm to avoid aseptic loosening. The line-to-line cementing technique of the femoral stem, designed to achieve stem press-fit, challenges this opinion. We compared the migration of a highly polished stem with force-closed design by standard and line-to-line cementing to investigate whether differences in early migration of the stems occur in a clinical study. Methods In this single-blind, randomized controlled, clinical radiostereometric analysis (RSA) study, the migration pattern of the cemented Corail hip stem was compared between line-to-line and standard cementing in 48 arthroplasties. The primary outcome measure was femoral stem migration in terms of rotation and translation around and along with the X-, Y-, and Z- axes measured using model-based RSA at three, 12, and 24 months. A linear mixed-effects model was used for statistical analysis. Results Results from mixed model analyses revealed a lower mean retroversion for line-to-line (0.72° (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38° to 1.07°; p < 0.001), but no significant differences in subsidence between the techniques (-0.15 mm (95% CI -0.53 to 0.227; p = 0.429) at 24 months. Radiolucent lines measuring < 2 mm wide were found in three and five arthroplasties cemented by the standard and line-to-line method, respectively. Conclusion The cemented Corail stem with a force-closed design seems to settle earlier and better with the line-to-line cementing method, although for subsidence the difference was not significant. However, the lower rate of migration into retroversion may reduce the wear and cement deformation, contributing to good long-term fixation and implant survival. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):19–26.

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is caused by germline mutations in the NF1 gene and manifests as proliferation of various tissues, including plexiform neurofibromas. The plexiform neurofibroma phenotype varies from indolent to locally aggressive, suggesting contributions of other modifiers in addition to somatic loss of NF1. In this study, we investigated a life-threatening plexiform neurofibroma in a 9-month-old female infant with NF1. Germline mutations in two RASopathy-associated genes were identified using whole-exome sequencing-a de novo pathogenic variant in the NF1 gene, and a known pathogenic variant in the LZTR1 gene. Somatic analysis of the plexiform neurofibroma revealed NF1 loss of heterozygosity and a variant in GNAZ, a gene encoding a G protein-coupled receptor. Cells expressing mutant GNAZ exhibited increased ERK 1/2 activation compared to those expressing wild-type GNAZ. Taken together, we suggest the variants in NF1, LZRT1 and GNAZ act synergistically in our patient, leading to MAPK pathway activation and contributing to the severity of the patient's plexiform neurofibromatosis. After treatment with the MEK inhibitor, trametinib, a prominent clinical improvement was observed in this patient. This case study contributes to the knowledge of germline and somatic non-NF1 variants affecting the NF1 clinical phenotype and supports use of personalized, targeted therapy.

Introduction: Preoperative gastric ischemic conditioning (IC) improves the outcome of esophageal replacement gastroplasty and is associated with low morbidity. However, when the stomach cannot be used for esophageal replacement, a colonic replacement is required. The study aim was to assess the viability of right colon and terminal ileum IC in a rat model and the histological damage/recovery sequence and determine if neovascularization is a potential adaptive mechanism. Methods: The study was conducted in Rattus norvegicus with ileocolic vascular ligation. Seven groups of animals were established (6 rats per group) with groups defined by the date of their post-IC euthanasia (+1, +3, +6, +10, +15, and +21 days). Comparisons were made with a sham group. Viability of the model was defined as Results: Transmural colon necrosis occurred in 1/36 animals (2.78%) with no animal demonstrating transmural ileal necrosis. The maximum damage was observed in the colon on +1 day post-IC (average Chiu score 1.67, p = 0.015), whereas in the ileum, it was on days +1, +3, and +6 (average Chiu score 1.5, 1.3, and 1.17; p = 0.015, 0.002, and 0.015, respectively). In the +21-day group, histological recovery was complete in the colon in 4 (66.7%) of the 6 animals and in the ileum in 5 (83.3%) of 6 animals. There were no significant differences in quantitative neovascularization in any of the groups when compared with the sham group or when comparisons were made between groups. Conclusions: The tested animal model for IC of the colon and terminal ileum appeared to be feasible. Histological damage was maximal between the 1st and 3rd day following IC, but by day 21, recovery was complete in two-thirds of the rats. There was no evidence in this preliminary IC model that would suggest neovascularization as an adaptive mechanism.

The object of this paper is to simulate and optimize small scale concentrating solar power tower (CSP) built and operationalized at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, through analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique. The aim is to facilitate cost effective integration of solar power coupled with energy generation technologies subjected to challenging climatic conditions; and also to present the effects of changing in parameters such as receiver, heliostats, storage tanks or power generation subsystem on the cost and system performance. This study adopts the AHP technique to obtain the most appropriate receiver shape out of three possible shapes; spherical, cubic, and cylindrical. The used criteria in this in this optimization are reliability, manufacturing in the vicinity, manufacturing cost, service and maintain cost, lower operation risks, and high performance. Based on the results of AHP analysis, square shape is selected. A finite element analysis via ANSYS is performed to compute the through analytic division of temperature in the receiver. The highest temperature from the simulation is 503°C. The thermal power, dispensed by the molten is 12.52 kW during the heat exchanger. However, 13 kW is the design thermal power; while about 3.7% is the percentage error in the thermal power. The findings of this research will provide the needed knowledge and scientific background to assist the authorities concerned in the energy sector in establishing a commercial-scale plant. At the end, Artificial Neural Network algorithms/Fuzzy system is modeled to optimize the process.

Mental imagery (MI) is the ability to generate visual phenomena in the absence of sensory input. MI is often likened to visual working memory (VWM): the ability to maintain and manipulate visual representations. How MI is recruited during VWM is yet to be established. In a modified orientation change-discrimination task, we examined how behavioural (proportion correct) and neural (contralateral delay activity; CDA) correlates of precision and capacity map onto subjective ratings of vividness and number of items in MI within a VWM task. During the maintenance period, seventeen participants estimated the vividness of their MI or the number of items held in MI while they were instructed to focus on either precision or capacity of their representation and to retain stimuli at varying set sizes (1, 2 and 4). Vividness and number ratings varied over set sizes; however, subjective ratings and behavioral performance correlated only for vividness rating at set size 1. While CDA responded to set-size as was expected, CDA did not reflect subjective reports on high and low vividness and on non-divergent (reported the probed number of items in mind) or divergent (reported number of items diverged from probed) rating trials. Participants were more accurate in low set sizes compared to higher set sizes and in fine (15º) orientation changes compared to coarse (35º) orientation changes. This evidence indicates that the subjective sensory experience of precision and capacity in MI may be distinct from the precision and capacity of VWM.

Chromatin regulators are frequently mutated in human cancer and are attractive drug targets. They include diverse proteins that share functional domains and assemble into related multi-subunit complexes. To investigate functional relationships among these regulators, here we apply combinatorial CRISPR knockouts (KOs) to test over 35,000 gene-gene pairings in leukemia cells, using a library of over 300,000 constructs. Top pairs that demonstrate either compensatory non-lethal interactions or synergistic lethality enrich for paralogs and targets that occupy the same protein complex. The screen highlights protein complex dependencies not apparent in single KO screens, for example MCM histone exchange, the nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase (NuRD) complex, and HBO1 (KAT7) complex. We explore two approaches to NuRD complex inactivation. Paralog and non-paralog combinations of the KAT7 complex emerge as synergistic lethal and specifically nominate the ING5 PHD domain as a potential therapeutic target when paired with other KAT7 complex member losses. These findings highlight the power of combinatorial screening to provide mechanistic insight and identify therapeutic targets within redundant networks.

Studies show that spatial interventions lead to improvements in mathematics. However, outcomes vary based on whether physical manipulatives (embodied action) are used during training. This study compares the effects of embodied and non-embodied spatial interventions on spatial and mathematics outcomes. The study has a randomised, controlled, pre-post, follow-up, training design (N=182; mean age 8years; 49%female; 83.5% White). We show that both embodied and non-embodied spatial training approaches improve spatial skills compared to control. However, we conclude that embodied spatial training using physical manipulatives leads to larger, more consistent gains in mathematics and greater depth of spatial processing than non-embodied training. These findings highlight the potential of spatial activities, particularly those that use physical materials, for improving children’s mathematics skills.

Research shows that children’s block construction skills are positively associated with their concurrent and later mathematics performance (e.g., Nath & Szucs, 2014; Verdine et al., 2014). Furthermore, there is evidence that block construction training is particularly beneficial for improving early mathematics skills in children from low-Socio Economic Status (SES) groups who are known to have lower maths performance than their peers (Bower et al. 2020a; Dickerson & Popli, 2016). This study investigates the association between block construction and mathematics in children who are approaching the age of formal education in the UK (4 years). It also investigates whether the relation between block construction and mathematics differs between children from more compared to less affluent families. Participants included 116 children (M = 3 years 11 months, SD = 3 months). All participants completed numeracy, block construction, and receptive vocabulary tasks. Socio-economic status and demographic information (child age, gender, ethnicity) were also obtained from parents. Regression analysis showed block construction accuracy explained 5.3% of the variation in numeracy after controlling for covariates. When separated by SES group, for children from less affluent families, block construction explained 14.9% of the variation in numeracy after covariates. For children from more affluent families, block construction explained no additional variation in numeracy. These findings highlight one possible intervention target for promoting maths-readiness in children of this age. More specifically, interventions involving block construction skills may help to reduce attainment gaps in UK children’s mathematics achievement.

Examining whether there are differences in the impact of either a digital or physical LEGO training intervention on spatial and maths abilities in children from different socioeconomic status groups.

FASD profile analysis of neurocognitive assessments using national FASD database, exploring strengths and weaknesses in profiles across general intelligence and executive functioning objective and subjective assessments. The aim of the research is to develop an understanding of strengths and weaknesses in the FASD cognitive profile, supporting health professionals, individuals and families.

This prospective longitudinal study aims to determine the windows (or age range) when children with Williams Syndrome (WS) achieve early motor milestones. Parents/carers of children with WS, aged from 0 to 60 months, will be asked to provide quarterly updates in an online survey for the duration of 24 months. In addition, parents will complete the Vineland-3 every 6 months, which will allow us to determine the pattern of strengths and difficulties of children with WS in the domains of communication, socialisation and motor skills.

Investigating the effects of socioeconomic differences on spatial and mathematics abilities in children.

Comparing implicit and explicit false-belief reasoning in Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome and autism. The implicit false-belief reasoning eye-tracking task uses a multi-trial anticipatory looking paradigm adapted from Southgate and colleagues (2009). Participants are also told a series of ‘Strange Stories’ (White et al., 2009; Happé, 1994) and they are then asked questions about what the protagonist thinks, as a measure of explicit false-belief reasoning.

*PLEASE NOTE: WE HAVE ALREADY COLLECTED SOME DATA BUT EXPLAIN IN QUESTION 8 WHY READERS MAY CONSIDER THIS A VALID PRE-REGISTRATION* Responses to directional gaze cues (human, cartoon, ball) will be compared across Down syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome and autism, using an adapted version of a passive-viewing eye-tracking paradigm by Senju and Csibra (2008).

This study will explore neurodivergent (ND) and predominant neurotype (PNT) peoples’ experiences of selective attention in everyday life. There is a considerable body of work using methods from cognitive sciences which have highlighted differences in how autistic people (e.g. Christ et al, 2007; O'Riordan et al, 2001) and people with ADHD (Broedeur et al, 2001; Tsal, Shalev & Mevorach, 2005) selectively attend to stimuli in comparison with those in the PNT. Although these studies have been valuable in characterising aspects of selective attention in neurodivergent samples, they have tended to use tightly controlled experimental paradigms developed for the PNT in order to identify deviations from predominant performance. To date, there is little to no formal research looking at neurodivergent selective attention as experienced in everyday life. In the present study we will use a mixed-methods survey asking autistic adults, adults with ADHD and PNT adults about their experiences of distraction and focus. This study will allow us to capture a profile of selective attention for autistics, people with ADHD and the predominant neurotype. This will help us to understand the commonalities and differences in attention between neurotypes. Importantly, this study will shed light on the experiences of selective attention in daily life, working within a neurodiversity paradigm considering the positive aspects as well as the negative. We expect that this more nuanced understanding of selective attention can help to tailor environmental changes to support the challenges and harness the strengths associated with neurodivergent selective attention.

This article considers the extent to which judges in cases involving children in the island states of the Pacific, act consistently with, or are influenced by, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (uncrc). All Pacific island states have ratified the uncrc but giving effect to children’s rights faces challenges not least for judges. Drawing on the case-law of the region this article presents a quantitative and qualitative review of judicial engagement with the Convention, revealing that there are examples of good practice which could be shared, but also continuing difficulties which need to be met.