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Determining the binding mechanism of HYP and lipase by multi-spectral techniques, isothermal titration calorimetry, enzyme kinetics and molecular simulations provided a new direction for screening natural lipase inhibitors.

Because of the blood–brain barrier, only a limited fraction of drugs can penetrate the brain. As a result, there is a need to take larger doses of the drug, which may result in numerous undesirable side effects. Over the past few decades, a plethora of research has been conducted to address this issue. In recent years, the field of nanomedicine research has reported promising findings. Currently, numerous types of polylactic-co-glycolic acid-based drug-delivery systems are being studied, and great progress has been made in the modification of their surfaces with a variety of ligands. In this review, the authors highlight the preparation of polylactic-co-glycolic acid-based nanoparticles and single- and dual-targeted peptide modifications for site-specific drug delivery into the brain.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of acid or alkaline treatments on the textural properties of Chinese traditional stewed pig trotter in relation to the degradation of collagen fibers. Pig trotters were subjected to different pHs of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and then stewed at 95°C for 60 min. Textural parameters (springiness, chewiness, hardness and gumminess) of pig trotters and Raman spectroscopy, cross-links, decorin, glycosaminoglycans contents of collagen fibers were assessed. The acid or alkaline treatments at pH 4, 5, 6, and 8 improved the textural properties evidenced by lower chewiness, hardness and gumminess, and promoted the unfolding of the secondary structure evidenced by a loss of α-helix paralleled with an increase of random coil, as well as induced a breakage to the covalent crosslinks evidenced by the reduction of cross-links, decorin and glycosaminoglycans. This study thus concluded positive effects of acid or alkaline treatments on the textural modification of Chinese traditional stewed pig trotter in relation to the induced degradation of the collagen fibers. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The accumulation of lipids in egg yolk during its formation represents a knowledge gap between food science and animal science research to which researchers in either field have not paid sufficient attention. Therefore, the egg yolk samples during different periods of formation (yellow follicle, YF; small hierarchical follicles, SF; and the largest hierarchical follicle, LF) were prepared, and their fatty acid compositions and lipidomes were quantitatively compared.The fatty acid profiles and lipidomes of egg yolks at the three stages of formation were significantly different. The relative content of oleic acid and palmitic acid were increased, but that of the main polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid, linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) was decreased in the SF period to the LF period. Among the 786 lipid molecular species identified, 150 and 46 differentially abundant lipids (DALs) were identified in the pairwise comparison of YF/SF (early stage of egg yolk formation) and SF/LF (late stage of egg yolk formation), respectively. Triglycerides and diglycerides, represented by TG(14:0/18:1/20:1) and DG(18:1/18:1/0:0), were decreased, whereas free fatty acids (especially free unsaturated fatty acids) were greatly increased during yolk formation. The changes in phospholipids were complex; the relative abundance of phosphatidylcholine [represented by PC(18:0/22:5)] decreased, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine [represented by PE(18:0/18:0)] increased. In addition, the relative abundance of lysophosphatidylcholine [represented by LPC(18:1/0:0)] was increased during egg yolk formation.The transport and accumulation of lipids into the egg yolk is dynamically adjusted during its formation, and the transport and timing of different lipid molecular species are different. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Protein-polyphenol-polysaccharide ternary complex particles have better emulsion interfacial stability compared to protein-polysaccharide binary complexes. However, knowledge is scarce when it comes to the fabrication of protein-polyphenol-polysaccharide ternary complexes as interfacial stabilizers and the interactions between the three substances. In the present work, ternary complexes were prepared using gelatin, high methoxyl pectin, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) as raw materials. The effect of different influencing factors on the formation process of ternary complexes was investigated by varying different parameters. physicochemical stability, emulsifying properties, and structural characteristics were analyzed.The ternary complex had a smaller particle size (275 nm) and polydispersity index (0.112) when the mass concentration ratio of gelatin to high methoxyl pectin was 9:1, addition of EGCG was 0.05%, pH value was 3.0, and ionic strength was 10 mmol LThe aforementioned results purposed to provide some theoretical reference and basis for the rational design of stable protein-polyphenol-polysaccharide ternary complexes. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

A meta-analysis was performed to analyze the association between PD-L1 expression and overall survival (OS) in various tumors and to identify potential targets through biological information analysis.the data were collected from PubMed and Cochrane library, the all analysis of our study were conducted by STATA software and online website.Ten articles (including 11 studies) that met all inclusion criteria were obtained. The combined HR showed that high PD-L1 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (HR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.15-2.93). Pathway analysis revealed that the upregulated genes were primarily involed in biological processes, including nucleic acid transcription, biosynthesis and negative regulation of cell metabolism. The downregulated genes were primarily involed in the regulation of cell cycle, including chromosome separation and DNA metabolism. The top ten genes that were identified were hub genes (CDK1, CCNB1, CCNA2, KIF11, CDC20, UBE2C, NCAPG, AURKA, AURKB, CHEK1), which had significant function in cell differentiation and virus infection. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve indicated that CCNB1, KIF11, UBE2C, NCAPG, AURKA and CHEK1 were statistically significant (P0.05).PD-L1 was found to be a latent biomarker for predicting the prognostic value of cancer and also a therapeutic target.

The main purpose of this paper is to contrast the Chinese and Japanese mood type systems and their realizations following the network developed within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics. It is found that: Chinese and Japanese show similarity in the delicacy of the mood type systems, but Chinese has established a more prominent status for unbiased polarity seeker and the choice of content than Japanese does; the two languages display shared features in the use of Mood particles, qualitative and quantitative groups, the alternation of word orders, and the use of certain structures for Mood realization, and they differ in basic word orders, the preferences for certain grammatical patterns, and the prominence in depending on vocabularies and morphological changes. The findings are rooted in the functional and typological prominences of the two languages, which may further shed light on interpersonal communication patterns in the two societies.

The plant polyphenols are normally presented as natural functional antioxidants, which also possess the potential ability to improve the physicochemical stability of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-enriched emulsions by interface engineering. This review discussed the potential effects of polyphenols on the stability of PUFA-enriched emulsions from the perspective of the molecular thermodynamic antioxidative analysis, the kinetic of interfacial partitioning, and the covalent and non-covalent interactions with emulsifiers. Recently, research studies have proven that the interfacial structure of emulsions can be concurrently optimized via promoting interfacial partitioning of polyphenols and further increasing interfacial thickness and strength. Moreover, the applied limitations of polyphenols in PUFA-enriched emulsions were summarized, and then some valuable and constructive viewpoints were put forward in this review to provide guidance for the use of polyphenols in constructing PUFA-enriched emulsions.

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) based intracellular chemical reactions to produce highly cytotoxic reactive oxygen species has received wide attention. However, low efficiency of single CDT in weakly acidic pH and glutathione (GSH) overexpressed tumor cells has limited its clinical application. For this study were prepared two-dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF) to improve CDT efficiency based on the combined action of bimetallic CDT, consumption of overexpressed glutathione (GSH) in cells, folic acid (FA) induced tumor targeting and triphenylphosphine (TPP) induced mitochondrial targeting. With the use of Cu(II) as the central ion and tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) as the ligand, two-dimensional Cu-MOF nanosheets were prepared, which were surface modified by manganese dioxide based on the

Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is responsible for respiratory gas exchange, eggshell calcium transport, embryonic acid-base equilibrium, allantoic ion, and water reabsorption during avian embryonic development. To further understand the timing of CAM gene expression during chick embryonic development, especially the calcium absorption mechanism, transcriptome quantitative comparative analysis was conducted on chick CAM during the embryonic period (E) of 9, 13, 17, and 20 days. A total of 6378 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Functional enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that CAM DEGs were mainly involved in biological processes such as “ion transport regulation”, “immune response” and “cell cycle”. Time series analysis of the differential genes showed that the functional cells of CAM began to proliferate and differentiate at E9 and the calcium content of egg embryo increased significantly at E13. Simultaneously, the observation of the ultrastructure of the eggshell showed that the interstice of the fiber layer was enlarged at E13, and the mastoid layer was partly exposed. Therefore, it is preliminarily inferred that CAM calcium transport starts at E13, and genes such as TRPV6, S100A10, and RANKL cooperate to regulate calcium release and transport.

Drynariae Rhizoma (Kunze ex Mett.) J. Sm. has been extensively used in China, Japan, and Korea to treat osteoporosis and tonify kidneys. A rapid and validated UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of the seven analytes including neoeriocitrin, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, astragalin, naringin, eriodictyol, naringenin, and kaempferol in rats’ various tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, brain, uterus, ovary, and small intestine) using quercetin as the internal standard (IS) was developed after oral administration of TFDR to rats. Tissues samples were retreated by protein precipitation with methanol. The chromatographic separation was performed using an ACQUITY UPLC™ BEH C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm; 1.7 μm) at 35°C. The mobile phase consisted of 1% acetic acid in water as the aqueous phase (A) and 100% acetonitrile as the organic phase (B). All analytes and IS were quantified through electrospray ionization in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. MS transitions were m/z 597.5 ⟶ 289.2 for neoeriocitrin, m/z 449.1 ⟶ 287.1 for luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, m/z 449.1 ⟶ 287.1 for astragalin, m/z 581.5 ⟶ 273.2 for naringin, m/z 289.2 ⟶ 153.1 for eriodictyol, m/z 273.2 ⟶ 153.1 for naringenin, m/z 287.1 ⟶ 153.1 for kaempferol, and m/z 303.2 ⟶ 153.1 for quercetin (IS). The mean extraction recovery of the seven analytes and IS in tissue samples at three levels of quality control (QC) samples ranged from 82.72% to 118.57%, and the RSD was ≤14.98%. The intraday and interday precision (RSD) were all less than 14.98%, and the accuracy (RE) ranged from −13.96% to 14.96%, which indicated that the present method was not an issue. Tissues distribution showed neoeriocitrin, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, astragalin, naringin, and naringenin could transfer across the blood-brain barrier, which may form the basis of TFDR entering the brain to play an anti-AD role. Compared with the 8-month-old rats, a higher concentration of naringin was found in the ovaries of the 18-month-old rats; this result indicated that it may regulate the autonomic nervous dysfunction of the cerebrospinal system through the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis, thus playing an anti-AD role, but further research is needed. Naringenin, eriodictyol, and kaempferol have a higher concentration in the liver and kidney; this phenomenon may be related to the traditional Chinese medicine theory that there is a definite relationship between the liver and kidney meridian. These results provide reliable data support for further study of the pharmacological mechanism of TFDR, formulation of drug delivery schemes, and development of new Chinese medicines in the treatment of AD.

A novel polysaccharide (SMSP2) was extracted and purified fromSenegalia macrostachyaseeds. SMSP2 promoted RAW264.7 macrophage activation leading to pro- and anti-inflammatory mediator release. SMSP2-induced macrophage activation occursviaactivation of the MAPK signaling pathway.

Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal tract symptoms. In this study, prebiotic sesame sugar (PSC) was prepared from isomalto-oligosaccharide, konjac glucomannan and sesame, and the relieving effect of PSC on constipation induced by loperamide was explored. The results showed that PSC treatment profoundly improved the defecation function and boosted intestinal motility. Moreover, PSC repaired gastrointestinal tissue injury and inflammation induced by constipation, which confirmed the effectiveness of PSC intervention in the treatment of constipation. The mechanism of PSC improving constipation might be that PSC improved the imbalance of gastrointestinal neurotransmitters and increased the content of short-chain fatty acids in feces. In conclusion, PSC dietotherapy could effectively alleviate the symptoms and lay a theoretical foundation for the development of an anti-constipation diet.

Human gut microbiota played a key role in maintaining and regulating host health. Gut microbiota composition could be altered by daily diet and related nutrients. Diet polysaccharide, an important dietary nutrient, was one kind of biological macromolecules linked by the glycosidic bonds. Galactans were widely used in foods due to their gelling, thickening and stabilizing properties. Recently, effects of different galactans on gut microbiota have attracted much attention. This review described the structural characteristics of 4 kinds of galactans, including porphyran, agarose, carrageenan, and arabinogalactan, along with the effects of different galactans on gut microbiota and production of short-chain fatty acids. The ability of gut microbiota to utilize galactans with different structural characteristics and related degradation mechanism were also summarized. All these four galactans could be used by gut

It is desirable to develop highly efficient and sustainable catalytic systems for CO2 photoreduction using efficient heterogeneous photosensitizers (PSs); however, this remains a great challenge. In this study, we doped [Ru(bpy)3]2+ into UiO-metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to facilitate the separation and reuse of noble metal PS. By simply adjusting the loading amount, a series of heterogeneous photoactive MOFs, namely, UiO-Ru-1, UiO-Ru-2, and UiO-Ru-3, were constructed to act as heterogeneous PSs to drive the efficient CO2 photoreduction under visible-light irradiation. Remarkably, UiO-Ru-2 exhibited the best photosensitizing ability among the prepared MOFs in sensitizing the iron quarterpyridine catalyst (C-1), and the CO yield reached as high as 171 mmol/g with ca. 100% selectivity, which is a record value among all the MOF-based photocatalysts. This photoactive MOF can be recycled and reused three times without any obvious activity loss, signifying its good photochemical stability. Experimental investigations confirmed that the strong visible absorption, long-lived excited state, appropriate redox potential, good photocatalytic stability, and excellent collaboration with C-1 were attributable to the superior catalytic activity. This work highlights an avenue for constructing heterogeneous PSs with excellent recyclability using MOF as the platform for efficient CO2 reduction.

Camellia reticulata (Lindl.) is an important ornamental plant in China. Long-term natural or artificial selections have resulted in diverse phenotypes, especially for flower colors. Modulating flower colors can enhance the visual appeal and economic value in ornamental plants. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying flower color differentiation in C. reticulata. We performed a combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis of the petals of a popular variety C. reticulata (HHYC) (red), and its two cultivars “Xuejiao” (XJ) (pink) and “Tongzimian” (TZM) (white). Targeted metabolome profiling identified 310 flavonoid compounds of which 18 anthocyanins were differentially accumulated among the three samples with an accumulation pattern of HHYC > XJ > TZM. Likewise, transcriptome analysis showed that carotenoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic structural genes were mostly expressed in order of HHYC > XJ > TZM. Two genes (gene-LOC114287745765 and gene-LOC114289234) encoding for anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase are predicted to be responsible for red coloration in HHYC and XJ. We also detected 42 MYB and 29 bHLH transcription factors as key regulators of anthocyanin-structural genes. Overall, this work showed that flavonoids, particularly anthocyanins contents are the major determinants of flower color differentiation among the 3 C. reticulata samples. In addition, the main regulatory and structural genes modulating anthocyanin contents in C. reticulata have been unveiled. Our results will help in the development of Camellia varieties with specific flower color and quality.

Sprouts are recognized as nutritional and functional vegetables. In this study, 17 selected seeds were germinated simultaneously. The antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content (TPC) were determined for seeds and sprouts of all species. Both seed and sprout of white radish, with the highest antioxidant capacity, and TPC among all the 17 species, were further determined for phenolic metabolomics. Four phenolic classes with 316 phenolic metabolites were identified. 198 significantly different metabolites with 146 up-regulated and 52 down-regulated were confirmed, and high amounts of phenolic acids and flavonoids were found to be accumulated in the sprout. Several metabolism and biosynthesis, including phenylpropanoid, favone and flavonol, phenylalanine, and various secondary metabolites, were significantly activated. Significant correlations were found among FRAP, DPPH, ABTS, TPC, and phenolic profiles. Therefore, white radish sprout could be served as antioxidant and could be a good source of dietary polyphenols.

Whole flaxseed (flour) as a good source of omega-3 fatty acid and phytochemicals with excellent nutritional and functional attributes has been used to enrich foods for health promotion and disease prevention. However, several limitations and contemporary challenges still impact the development of whole flaxseed (flour)-enriched products on the global market, such as naturally occurring antinutritional factors and entrapment of nutrients within food matrix. Whole flaxseed (flour) with different existing forms could variably alter the techno-functional performance of food matrix, and ultimately affect the edible qualities of fortified food products. The potential interaction mechanism between the subject and object components in fortified products has not been elucidated yet. Hence, in this paper, the physical structure and component changes of flaxseed (flour) by pretreatments coupled with their potential influences on the edible qualities of multiple fortified food products were summarized and analyzed. In addition, several typical food products, including baked, noodle, and dairy products were preferentially selected to investigate the potential influencing mechanisms of flaxseed (flour) on different substrate components. In particular, the altered balance between water absorption of flaxseed protein/gum polysaccharides and the interruption of gluten network, lipid lubrication, lipid-amylose complexes, syneresis, and so forth, were thoroughly elucidated. The overall impact of incorporating whole flaxseed (flour) on the quality and nutritional attributes of fortified food products, coupled with the possible solutions against negative influences are aimed. This paper could provide useful information for expanding the application of whole flaxseed (flour) based on the optimal edible and nutritional properties of fortified food products.

Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are essential to maintain intestinal epithelial regeneration and barrier function. Our previous work showed that glucomannan from Aloe vera gel (AGP) alleviated epithelial damage, but the mechanism was still elusive. Herein, RNA-sequencing analysis showed that proliferation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells as well as the canonical Wnt pathway were involved in this process. Further experiments exhibited that AGP promoted nuclear translocation of β-catenin and expression of transcription factor 7, increased the number of Lgr5+ ISCs, and differentiated epithelial cells in mice colon. Intriguingly, AGP reversed the inhibition of IEC-6 cells proliferation induced by an inhibitor of the canonical Wnt pathway. Hence, this study implied that AGP promoted proliferation and differentiation of colon stem cells via Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which subsequently facilitated the regeneration of epithelial cells and alleviated colitis in mice. It may provide new insights into the role of polysaccharides in regulating intestinal homeostasis and relieving intestinal injury.