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BackgroundThe incidence and mortality of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) rank first among malignant tumors worldwide. Cisplatin (CDDP) is currently the first-line chemotherapy drug used in clinical practice. However, the underlying mechanism that NSCLC cells are resistant to CDDP has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the exact function of chemotherapy resistance and improve the anti-tumor effect of CDDP treatment.MethodWe investigated the surviving fraction of H1299 and A549 cells treated with different High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and various CDDP concentrations. HIFU (400W/cm2) and CDDP (10 μM) were selected to probe the further function in H1299 and A549 cells. Flow cytometry, MTT, and colony formation assays were performed to evaluate the apoptosis and proliferative effect of HIFU and CDDP on NSCLC cells. Transwell assays were used to analyze the migration and invasion abilities of NSCLC cells with HIFU and CDDP treatments. Platinum (Pt) accumulation was further measured in H1299 and A549 cells with different treatments. Finally, An NSCLC patient-derived xenograft model was used to explore the effect of HIFU and CDDP on NSCLC tumor growth.ResultsHIFU combined with CDDP can markedly reduce the surviving rate and promote the apoptosis of NSCLC cells. Furthermore, co-treatment with HIFU and CDDP significantly inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cells compared to that with any single treatment. Moreover, the combined therapy can effectively promote Pt accumulation in NSCLC cells. Further functional analysis suggested that HIFU combined with CDDP can inhibit tumor growth in an NSCLC patient-derived xenograft model. Finally, the CDDP method effectively upregulated the expression level of apoptosis-related protein, cleaved-PARP, which could be further enhanced by the HIFU treatment.ConclusionOur results revealed that HIFU enhances the anti-NSCLC effect of CDDP both in vitro and in vivo, providing a promising combination therapy for clinical NSCLC treatment.

In this paper, we discuss the relations between various pairings appearing in FJRW theory and in the Frobenius manifold theory of singularities. These pairings include the intersection pairing, the Witten index, the Poincare dual and the residue pairing.

In this paper the different results of estimated air-sea heat fluxes by different computational schemes of bulk formula are researched. The varying results may bring another source of the uncertainties of flux climatology.

This is the first of a series of papers to construct the deformation theory of the form Schr��dinger equation, which is related to a section-bundle system $(M,g,f)$, where $(M,g)$ is a noncompact complete K��hler manifold with bounded geometry and $f$ is a holomorphic function defined on $M$. This work is also the first step attempting to understand the whole Landau-Ginzburg B-model including the higher genus invariants. Our work is mainly based on the pioneer work of Cecotti, Cecotti and Vafa \cite{Ce1,Ce2,CV}., Deformation theory, Landau-Ginzburg B model, 114 pages

We prove that the total descendant potential functions of the theory of Fan-Jarvis-Ruan-Witten for D_4 with symmetry group and D_4^T with symmetry group G_{max}, respectively, are both tau-functions of the D_4 Kac-Wakimoto/Drinfeld-Sokolov hierarchy. This completes the proof, begun in [FJR], of the Witten Integrable Hierarchies Conjecture for all simple (ADE) singularities., Comment: Corrected several errors and added more details in proofs and exposition

This paper analyzed the variations of latent heat flux (LHF) over the tropical Pacific in the period 1978-1988 by using COADS (Comprehensive Ocean and Atmospheric Data Set). It has been founded that the interannual variability of LHF exhibits strong ENSO signal, with the significant increasing LHF during the recent two warm events, i.e., 1982 / 83 and 1986 / 87 and decreasing LHF in the cold episodes. However the longitudinal distribution of the LHF departures varies from event to event. In the eastern Pacific, the specific humidity difference at air-sea interface(q s - q a ) makes a dominant contribution to the interannual variability of LHF ( r = 0.73 ), while in the western Pacific the surface wind speed,W and theq s - q a make nearly equal contribution to that of LHF.

In this paper, we will prove that the quantum ring of the quasi-homogeneous polynomial $X^{p}+XY^{q}(p\ge 2,q>1)$ with some admissible symmetry group $G$ defined by Fan-Jarvis-Ruan-Witten theory is isomorphic to the Milnor ring of its mirror dual polynomial $X^{p}Y+Y^{q}$. We will construct an concrete isomorphism between them. The construction is a little bit different in case $(p-1,q)=1$ and case $(p-1,q)=d>1$. Some other problems including the correspondence between the pairings of both Frobenius algebras has also been discussed., 20 pages

We study a system of nonlinear elliptic PDEs associated with a quasi-homogeneous polynomial. These equations were proposed by Witten as the replacement for the Cauchy-Riemann equation in the singularity (Landau-Ginzburg) setting. We introduce a perturbation to the equation and construct a virtual cycle for the moduli space of its solutions. Then, we study the wall-crossing of the deformation of the virtual cycle under perturbation and match it to classical Picard-Lefschetz theory. An extended virtual cycle is obtained for the original equation. Finally, we prove that the extended virtual cycle satisfies a set of axioms similar to those of Gromov-Witten theory and r-spin theory., Comment: Major revision. Additional axioms proved and additional details provided over previous version