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Analysis of the state and possible options for the development of modern humanities gives the grounds to assert the growing importance of the idea of historicity in culture and philosophy during the 20th and early 21st centuries. In this regard, both the disclosure of the concept of historicity and the substantiation of the significance of the principle of historicity, both for the methodology of historical and philosophical knowledge and for humanitarian knowledge in general become relevant. The author of this article carries out historical and philosophical reconstruction of historical issues in the philosophy of M. Heidegger and reveals the process of converting the idea of historicity into the principle of German existentialism. It is concluded that with the help of historicity M. Heidegger was able to present his own version of phenomenology on an existential basis. Seeing an existential achievement in historicity, M. Heidegger understood by it the direction of existence to the source, tradition, on the basis of this, the intentionality of consciousness was revealed as an essential property of existence: the direction of man as a finite being to its source, which allowed the German philosopher to interpret historicity as a tradition, the existential source of man, and how the temporality of human existence. The author of this article concludes that in the philosophy of M. Heidegger historicity was transformed from an idea into a principle on the basis of which the German philosopher revealed not only the historicity of Dasein, building a fundamental ontology and hermeneutics of factuality, but also tried to solve the problem of the history of being, going beyond the existential philosophy.

Using video-recordings from one day of a theater project for young adults, this paper investigates how the meaning of novel verbal expressions is interactionally constituted and elaborated over the interactional history of a series of activities. We examine how the theater director introduces and instructs the group in the Chekhovian technique of acting, which is based on “imagining with the body,” and how the imaginary elements of the technique are “brought into existence” in the language of the instructions. By tracking shifts in the instructor’s use of the key expressions invisible/imaginary/inner body or movement through a series of exercises, we demonstrate how they are increasingly treated as real and perceivable bodily conduct. The analyses focus on the instructor’s attribution of factual and agentive properties to these expressions, and the changes that these properties undergo over the series of instructions. This case demonstrates the significance of longitudinal processes for the establishment of shared meaning in social interaction. The study thereby contributes to the field of interactional semantics and to longitudinal studies of social interaction. Using video-recordings from one day of a theater project for young adults, this paper investigates how the meaning of novel verbal expressions is interactionally constituted and elaborated over the interactional history of a series of activities. We examine how the theater director introduces and instructs the group in the Chekhovian technique of acting, which is based on "imagining with the body," and how the imaginary elements of the technique are "brought into existence" in the language of the instructions. By tracking shifts in the instructor's use of the key expressions invisible/imaginary/inner body or movement through a series of exercises, we demonstrate how they are increasingly treated as real and perceivable bodily conduct. The analyses focus on the instructor's attribution of factual and agentive properties to these expressions, and the changes that these properties undergo over the series of instructions. This case demonstrates the significance of longitudinal processes for the establishment of shared meaning in social interaction. The study thereby contributes to the field of interactional semantics and to longitudinal studies of social interaction.

The fifth edition of the CheckThat! Lab is held as part of the 2022 Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF). The lab evaluates technology supporting various factuality tasks in seven languages: Arabic, Bulgarian, Dutch, English, German, Spanish, and Turkish. Task1 focuses on disinformation related to the ongoing COVID-19 infodemic and politics, and asks to predict whether a tweet is worth fact-checking, contains a verifiable factual claim, is harmful to the society, or is of interest to policy makers and why. Task2 asks to retrieve claims that have been previously fact-checked and that could be useful to verify the claim in a tweet. Task3 is to predict the veracity of a news article. Tasks1 and 3 are classification problems, while Task2 is a ranking one.

En els últims anys, la representació i l'anàlisi de la factualitat dels esdeveniments esmentats en un text ha experimentat un creixent interès en l'àmbit de la lingüística de corpus i en el processament del llenguatge natural. En aquest àmbit, el projecte FactBank per a l'anglès (Saurí i Pustejovsky, 2009) és un clar referent, per la qual cosa és a la base de la majoria dels treballs posteriors. La recerca desenvolupada en aquesta tesi pretén contribuir al panorama de l'anotació de la factualitat per a l'espanyol, llengua en la qual s'ha treballat molt poc en aquest camp. L'objectiu és estudiar la factualitat de les oracions adversatives, concessives i condicionals de l'espanyol i formalitzar regles que permetin determinar els valors factuals per a ser implementades en un anotador automàtic basat en coneixement lingüístic. En aquest sentit cal remarcar que el nostre treball s'emmarca dins del projecte TAGFACT (2018), la fi del qual és crear una eina automàtica d'anotació de la factualitat a partir de l'anàlisi de textos periodístics en espanyol. Cal esmentar també que, seguint la tendència en l'anotació de la factualitat, l’entenem com el compromís, per part del parlant, respecte a la veracitat d'una situació. A l'hora d’especificar aquest compromís, ens hem basat en l'anàlisi dels valors expressats pels temps verbals en si mateixos i en els connectors. Segons la bibliografia sobre el tema, els valors factuals dels temps verbals són, en general, bastants estables, o bé perquè alguns s'associen a un únic valor o bé perquè uns altres poden associar-se a més d'un valor, però pot establir-se el més freqüent. Cenyint-nos a les oracions objecte d'estudi, els resultats obtinguts en aquesta recerca ens indiquen que, sobretot en les oracions subordinades (pròtasis), alguns temps varien el valor per defecte, per la qual cosa, en aquests casos, és crucial el paper dels connectors. En aquest sentit, l'anàlisi revela una escala de complexitat en la qual les oracions adversatives són les que menys problemàtica presenten i les condicionals les que més. Això es deu al fet que, en les oracions adversatives, els temps verbals, excepte en un cas, mantenen els valors factuals per defecte. En canvi, en les oracions condicionals s'ha observat una variació interessant tant en les subordinades (o pròtasis) com en les principals (o apòdosis). En el cas de les concessives, la complexitat és mitjana, ja que d'entre tots els temps que presenten les pròtasis, cinc d’aquests temps expressen més d'un valor factual. Aquests resultats ens han permès formular una sèrie de regles específiques per a aquests tres tipus d'oracions susceptibles de ser implementades en l'anotador automàtic de TAGFACT i que previsiblement milloraran la precisió de l'anotació. En los últimos años, la representación y el análisis de la factualidad de los eventos mencionados en un texto ha experimentado un creciente interés en el ámbito de la lingüística de corpus y en el procesamiento del lenguaje natural. En este ámbito, el proyecto FactBank para el inglés (Saurí y Pustejovsky, 2009) es un claro referente, por lo que la mayoría de los trabajos posteriores se basan en su propuesta de anotación. La presente investigación pretende contribuir al panorama de la anotación de la factualidad para el español, lengua en la que se ha trabajado muy poco en este campo. El objetivo es estudiar la factualidad de las oraciones adversativas, concesivas y condicionales del español y formalizar reglas que permitan determinar los valores factuales para ser implementadas en un anotador automático basado en conocimiento lingüístico. En este sentido cabe remarcar que nuestro trabajo se enmarca dentro del proyecto TAGFACT (2018), cuyo fin es crear una herramienta automática de anotación de la factualidad a partir del análisis de textos periodísticos en español. Cabe mencionar también que, siguiendo la tendencia en la anotación de la factualidad, entendemos esta como el compromiso, por parte del hablante, respecto a la veracidad de una situación. A la hora de especificar este compromiso, nos hemos basado en el análisis de los valores expresados por los tiempos verbales en sí mismos y en los conectores. Según la bibliografía sobre el tema, los valores factuales de los tiempos verbales son, en general, bastantes estables, o bien porque algunos se asocian a un único valor o bien porque otros pueden asociarse a más de un valor, pero puede establecerse el más frecuente. Ciñéndonos a las oraciones objeto de estudio, los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación nos indican que, sobre todo en las oraciones subordinadas (prótasis), algunos tiempos varían el valor por defecto, por lo que, en estos casos, es crucial el papel de los conectores. En este sentido, el análisis revela una escala de complejidad en la que las oraciones adversativas son las que menos problemática presentan y las condicionales las que más. Esto se debe a que, en las oraciones adversativas, los tiempos verbales, salvo en un caso, mantienen los valores factuales por defecto. En cambio, en las oraciones condicionales se ha observado una variación interesante tanto en las subordinadas (o prótasis) como en las principales (o apódosis). En el caso de las concesivas, la complejidad es media, ya que de entre todos los tiempos que presentan las prótasis, cinco de estos tiempos expresan más de un valor factual. Estos resultados nos han permitido formular una serie de reglas específicas para estos tres tipos de oraciones susceptibles de ser implementadas en el anotador automático de TAGFACT y que previsiblemente van a mejorar la precisión de la anotación. In recent years, the representation and analysis of the factuality of events mentioned in a text has experienced an increasing interest in the field of corpus linguistics and natural language processing. In this field, the FactBank project for English (Saurí and Pustejovsky, 2009) is a reference, and most of the subsequent works are based on its annotation proposal. The present research aims to contribute to the panorama of factuality annotation for Spanish, a language in which very little work has been done in this field. The aim is to study the factuality of Spanish adversative, concessive and conditional sentences and to formalise rules for determining the factuality values to be implemented in an automatic annotator based on linguistic knowledge. In this sense, it is worth mentioning that our work is part of the TAGFACT project (2018), which aims to create an automatic factuality annotation tool based on the analysis of journalistic texts in Spanish. It is also worth mentioning that, following the trend in factuality annotation, we understand factuality as the speaker's commitment to the veracity of a situation. In determining this commitment, we have based ourselves on the analysis of the values expressed by the verb tenses themselves and by the connectors. According to the literature on the subject, the factual values of verb tenses are, in general, fairly stable, either because some are associated with a single value or because others can be associated with more than one value, but the most frequent one can be established. Sticking to the sentences under study, the results obtained in this research indicate that, especially in subordinate clauses (protasis), some tenses vary the default value, so that, in these cases, the role of connectors is crucial. In this respect, the analysis reveals a scale of complexity in which adversative sentences are the least problematic and conditional sentences the most problematic. This is because, in adversative sentences, the verb tenses, except in one case, maintain the factual values by default. On the other hand, in conditional sentences, an interesting variation has been observed in both subordinate (or protasis) and main (or apodosis) sentences. In the case of the concessive sentences, the complexity is medium, since of all the tenses in the protasis, five of them express more than one factual value. These results have allowed us to formulate a series of specific rules for these three types of sentences which can be implemented in the TAGFACT automatic annotator and which are expected to improve annotation accuracy.

The rise of Internet and social media changed not only how we consume information, but it also democratized the process of content creation and dissemination, thus making it easily available to anybody. Despite the hugely positive impact, this situation has the downside that the public was left unprotected against biased, deceptive, and disinformative content, which could now travel online at breaking-news speed and allegedly influence major events such as political elections, or disturb the efforts of governments and health officials to fight the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The research community responded to the issue, proposing a number of inter-connected research directions such as fact-checking, disinformation, misinformation, fake news, propaganda, and media bias detection. Below, we cover the mainstream research, and we also pay attention to less popular, but emerging research directions, such as propaganda detection, check-worthiness estimation, detecting previously fact-checked claims, and multimodality, which are of interest to human fact-checkers and journalists. We further cover relevant topics such as stance detection, source reliability estimation, detection of persuasion techniques in text and memes, and detecting malicious users in social media. Moreover, we discuss large-scale pre-trained language models, and the challenges and opportunities they offer for generating and for defending against neural fake news. Finally, we explore some recent efforts aiming at flattening the curve of the COVID-19 infodemic.

How do fictional tactics operate in what is often simplistically termed the “factual” or referential world of autobiographical discourse? Many narratologists view the rhetorical figure of metalepsis as distinctive to metafictional texts and constitutive of “fictional” narration, which they posit in antithesis to “factual” narration. But regarding autobiographical narrative only within the realm of fact ignores its complexity. While some theorists of autobiographical narrative have read it through the rhetorical figure of prosopopeia, as elaborated by Paul de Man in characterizing its “de-facement” of subjectivity, we argue that the figure of metalepsis operates productively in autobiographical narrative, particularly hybrid and experimental texts. The use of metalepsis shifts levels or layers of narration across temporal and spatial planes in ways that confuse its diegetic and metadiegetic levels. That is, autobiographical narrative, while filtered through the récit factuel, is not consistently fixed in an extratextual, ontologically unified, referential world. We pursue this argument by exploring four cases: the circuit of transfer in incomplete conversion narrative (Rowlandson’s A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson); palimsistic seepage between the Bildungsroman and trauma narrative (Eggers’ A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius); narrative collision of “parallel universes” (Kaysen’s Girl, Interrupted); and unstable witness to collective trauma by a second-generation narrator (Spiegelman’s Maus: A Survivor’s Tale). Recent critical studies of metalepsis also probe how it presses at the limits of referentiality in life narratives by J. M. Coetzee, Javier Marías, and Christine Brooke-Rose. In sum, autobiographical narrative is by no means a referential, “monologic” mode easily differentiated from the dialogism and metadiscursivity of the novel; rather, it is a mode unsettled by figural, discursive, and temporal boundary-crossing.

В статье рассматриваются жанровые особенности историографического романа Дж. Барнса «Артур и Джордж», выявляются черты традиционного жанра литературной биографии, философского романа, детектива. Обращается внимание на использованные в романе приемы постмодернистской метапрозы., The paper research genre peculiarities of J. Barnes’s historiographical novel “Arthur and George”. Characteristic features of traditional genres – literary biography, philosophical novel, detective – revealed. The article studies postmodern methods used in the novel.

The author of a text states, either implicitly or explicitly, his/her commitment with respect to the certainty of the situation being narrated (i.e. its factual status according to the author’s stance). In the area of corpus linguistics and natural language processing (NLP), the annotation of factuality has experimented a growing interest since it simplifies complex processes such as information retrieval or fact checking. This article describes the labels used for the annotation scheme of the corpus TAGFACT. It presents some innovative aspects such as the labelling of situations according to their dynamic or non-dynamic nature. Non-dynamic situations are further classified as states, absolute truths and properties of an eventive nature. Even though this scheme has been created for the annotation of a Spanish corpus, it is applicable to many other languages. This project is developed by the research group GRIAL and funded by the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad – FFI2017-84008-P.

This paper reflects on depictions of islands in two novels by the Austrian author Raoul Schrott (born 1964): his first novel, Finis Terrae: Manuscripts, from 1995, and the later Tristan da Cunha or Half of the Earth from 2003. I argue that Schrott’s concepts and explorations of islands strongly influence the presentation and organisation of his texts. Finis Terrae and Tristan da Cunha exhibit distinctly different concepts of the insular. Whereas the earlier text accentuates a frail, fragmented, and almost mythical condition, the later novel Tristan evokes a plethora of Western topoi about islands and heavily relies on dualities. In both cases, island concepts are also reflected in narrative gestures: oppositions are central to interpreting and analysing Tristan da Cunha, and Finis Terrae revolves around fragmentation, vagueness, and loss. Islands are thus not only objects in the texts—they also determine the design and structure of the texts.

El presente artículo recoge la intervención del Presidente del Tribunal Constitucional italiano y Prof. Dr. Dr. H.c. mult. de Historia del derecho de la Universidad de Florencia, con su reflexión sobre la experiencia jurídica posmoderna. This article includes the intervention of the President of the Italian Constitutional Court and Prof. Dr. Dr. H.c. mult. of History of Law of the University of Florence, with a reflection on the postmodern legal experience.

Scientific communities have frequently denied claims that later prove justified: such episodes are used in debates about the conventions that govern decisions about matters of fact. Instructive cases of such decisions and reversals occurred during a serious crisis of facts that erupted in Enlightenment Europe from the 1780s. Establishment of scientific facts relied on appropriate groups to produce and judge them, but during such periods of radical social instability, these systems were in trouble. Notions of popular superstition and of over-sophisticated imagination were then used to manage fact claims. Plebeians were reckoned superstitious and incapable of imagination; genteel elites could seem too prone to imaginative fancy, too skeptical of received doctrine. Examples of the late Enlightenment fact crises especially evident during controversies around animal magnetism, which seemed to dramatize refined vulnerability to imagination, and around aeroliths, the widespread and allegedly vulgar superstition that stones could fall to Earth, illuminate issues of authority and evidence that continue decisively to affect public sciences, traditional customs, and their claims to produce effective factual knowledge.

In her travelogue-memoir, Land Below the Wind (1939), Agnes Keith - the American wife of British colonial officer, Henry Keith - appears as a humorously self-deprecating, physically awkward and sensitive character, painfully stumbling through the rituals and customs of the British colonial community on the one hand, and those of the local Malay and Chinese people on the other. My reading will focus on several dramatic moments of transgression from the essentially patriarchal norms of colonial discourse. These moments are chiefly responsible for the text's warm, liberal sense of humanity, suggesting in turn a nuanced, complex idea of colonialism itself.

Although narrative journalism has a long history in the Netherlands, it is in recent years being promoted as a ‘new’ genre. This study examines the motives underlying this promotional tactic. To that end, we analyze how narrative journalism is framed in (1) public expressions of the initiatives aimed at professionalization of the genre and (2) interviews with journalists and lecturers in journalism programs. Results indicate that in public discourse on narrative journalism, the genre is framed as moving, essential, and as high quality journalism. These frames indicate that the current promotion of narrative journalism as ‘new’ can be seen as a strategy that journalists apply to withstand the pressures they are facing in the competition with new media. These frames are deepened in the interviews with lecturers and practitioners, who frame narrative journalism as a dangerous game, a paradigm shift, and as the Holy Grail. These frames indicate that narrative journalism is regarded as the highest achievable goal for journalists, but that its practice comes with dangers and risks: it tempts journalists to abandon the traditional principles of objectivity and factuality, which can ultimately cause journalism to lose its credibility and authority. We discuss these findings in terms of boundary work and reflect on implications for narrative journalism’s societal function.

As new technologies continue to emerge, students and lecturers are provided with new educational tools. One such tool, which is increasingly used in higher education, is digital storytelling, i.e. multi-media digital narratives. Despite the increasing attention that education and media scholars have paid to digital storytelling, there is scant research examining digital narratives from a discourseanalytic perspective. This paper addresses this gap in the literature and, in line with the belief that individuals make meaning through a range of semiotic devices, including, among others, language, sound, graphics and text, it aims to examine discourse strategies of factuality and subjectivity in historical-cultural digital narratives and their multimodal realisations. To carry out this study a corpus of 16 digital stories was compiled and analysed from a multidisciplinary framework which draws from studies on digital storytelling, computer-mediated communication, media studies, and multimodal discourse analysis. Results show that students/digital story tellers resort to a number of varied multimodal discursive strategies which are constitutive of their identity as capable students in an educational setting., Las nuevas tecnologías ofrecen a estudiantes y profesores nuevas herramientas educativas. Entre éstas destaca el relato digital, una herramienta que se emplea cada vez más en educación superior. Pese a la gran atención que el relato digital ha recibido por parte de expertos en educación y en medios, existen escasos estudios de relatos digitales desde la perspectiva del análisis del discurso. Este trabajo se hace eco de esta escasez y, partiendo de la premisa de que los individuos construimos el significado a través de variados medios semióticos que incluyen, entre otros, lenguaje, sonido, gráficos y textos, examina las estrategias discursivas, factuales y subjetivas, en narrativas histórico-culturales y su realización multimodal. Para desarrollar este estudio se recogió un corpus de 16 relatos digitales que se analizó desde un enfoque multidisciplinar que se apoya en estudios previos de relato digital, de comunicación por ordenador, estudios de medios de comunicación y análisis del discurso multimodal. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes/narradores digitales recurren a una gran variedad de estrategias discursivas multimodales que contribuyen a formar su identidad de estudiantes capaces en el entorno educativo.

Joseph Ratzinger uważa, że przyjęcie wiary przez człowieka jest dziełem współpracy rozumu z łaską Bożą. Współpracę tę uzupełnia swoją chrystologią Logosu, według której Logos nie jest tylko sensem czy myślą istniejącą w rzeczach (rozumienie greckie), lecz przez Wcielenie znajduje on swoją pełnię i staje się Logos incarnatus (rozumienie chrześcijańskie). Dlatego wiara w ten Logos daje człowiekowi nowe, wieczne życie w Bogu. Stąd wiara nie jest ślepą teorią ani przestarzałą ideą, lecz jest „znajdowaniem drogi do mądrości, rozumności, rzeczowości”. Wiara jest drogą do komunii człowieka z Bogiem. Jest ona kategorią osobową, a nie rzeczową. Wiara jest więc relacją osobowej miłości, gdyż Bóg jest Miłością (1 J 4,8). Joseph Ratzinger believes that accepting faith is an act of cooperation between human reason and God’s grace. Ratzinger’s concept of man-God cooperation is complemented with his Logos Christology, under which Logos is not only a sense or a thought that manifests itself in objects (Greek conception), but through Incarnation, Logos reaches its fullness and becomes Logos incarnatus (Christian conception). Hence, believing in Logos gives man new, eternal life in God. And hence, faith is not a blind theory, or an out-dated idea. Instead, it is “seeking a path towards wisdom, reason and reality.” In this way, faith is a path towards man’s communion with God. Faith is a personal, and not a material category. Faith is, thus, a relationship of personal love, since God is Love (1 Jn 4:8).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-27T11:55:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013Bitstream added on 2015-04-27T12:09:00Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ISSN1413-0939-2013-42-01-366-375.pdf: 393023 bytes, checksum: 86140ce5b3e097d198e0ec0678660f9b (MD5) Este trabalho aborda, como temática mais ampla, a polissemia atestada em todas as línguas românicas entre pronomes interrogativos e marcadores de subordinação em senten- ças complexas. Investiga-se aqui, especificamente, o comportamento de orações completivas objetivas introduzidas por “como” que, nas construções em que aparecem, exibem significado equivalente ao de uma completiva declarativa prototípica, iniciada pela conjunção “que”. Analisam-se dados de completivas, tanto com “como” quanto com “que”, ocorrentes em textos representativos do português dos séculos XIII a XX. Os resultados da análise comparativa entre as duas formas de complemento oracional revelam que, no português arcaico, “como” era empregado preferencialmente para introduzir completivas declarativas de verbos factivos. Ao ser introduzido por “como”, alternativamente à conjunção “que”, o complemento oracional, cujo conteúdo é pressuposto verdadeiro por força do significado do verbo matriz, tem essa sua factualidade reforçada. Na passagem do período arcaico ao período moderno, observa-se queda drástica na frequência de ocorrências de oração completiva com “como” que, no contexto de construções factuais, é substituída pela forma de completiva introduzida pela conjunção “que”. No português contemporâneo, essa substituição mostra-se completamente implantada, permanecendo rara a forma de completiva com “como”, limitada a contextos específicos nos quais esse elemento introdutor mantém sua função de reforço de significado factual. As a more extensive issue, this paper deals with the polysemy attested in all Romance languages between interrogative pronouns and subordination markers in complex sentences. It investigates, specifically, the behavior of objective complement clauses introduced by “como” (“how”) in constructions in which they occur as equivalent to the meaning of prototypical declarative complement clause introduced by the conjunction “que” (“that”). It analyzes complement clauses introduced by “como” and “que” occurring in representative Portuguese texts from the thirteenth to the twentieth centuries. The results of the comparative analysis between the two forms of clausal complement show that in archaic Portuguese “como” was used primarily to introduce complement clauses of factive verbs. When the complement clause is introduced by “como”, the content that is presupposed as true due to the meaning of matrix verb has reinforced this factuality. In the passage from the archaic to the modern period, there was a drastic decrease in the frequency of occurrences of complement clauses with “como”, which are replaced by the form of completive introduced by the conjunction “que” in the context of factual constructions. In contemporary Portuguese, this replacement is fully established. Complement clauses with “como” remain rare and limited to specific contexts in which “como” maintains its reinforcement function of factual meaning. Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Departamento de Estudos Lingüísticos e Literários, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, CEP 15045000, SP, Brasil Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Departamento de Estudos Lingüísticos e Literários, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, CEP 15045000, SP, Brasil

The fifth edition of the CheckThat! Lab is held as part of the 2022 Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum (CLEF). The lab evaluates technology supporting various factuality tasks in seven languages: Arabic, Bulgarian, Dutch, English, German, Spanish, and Turkish. Task 1 focuses on disinformation related to the ongoing COVID-19 infodemic and politics, and asks to predict whether a tweet is worth fact-checking, contains a verifiable factual claim, is harmful to the society, or is of interest to policy makers and why. Task 2 asks to retrieve claims that have been previously fact-checked and that could be useful to verify the claim in a tweet. Task 3 is to predict the veracity of a news article. Tasks 1 and 3 are classification problems, while Task 2 is a ranking one.

We present an overview of the CLEF-2018 CheckThat! Lab on Automatic Identification and Verification of Political Claims, with focus on Task 2: Factuality. The task asked to assess whether a given check-worthy claim made by a politician in the context of a debate/speech is factually true, half-true, or false. In terms of data, we focused on debates from the 2016 US Presidential Campaign, as well as on some speeches during and after the campaign (we also provided translations in Arabic), and we relied on comments and factuality judgments from factcheck.org and snopes.com, which we further refined manually. A total of 30 teams registered to participate in the lab, and five of them actually submitted runs. The most successful approaches used by the participants relied on the automatic retrieval of evidence from the Web. Similarities and other relationships between the claim and the retrieved documents were used as input to classifiers in order to make a decision. The best-performing official submissions achieved mean absolute error of .705 and .658 for the English and for the Arabic test sets, respectively. This leaves plenty of room for further improvement, and thus we release all datasets and the scoring scripts, which should enable further research in fact-checking.