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Thin, rectangular structural plates are used in a wide range of applications, including architectural sheet metal cladding, in which the magnitude of lateral deflection is much larger the material’s thickness. This study compares new experimental data with established algebraic models and assesses the influence of practicalities such as geometric tolerances and partial fixity of connections. Errors and anomalies are identified in existing analytical formulas. It is also shown that standardised test methods measure only part of an imperfectly-flat plate’s lateral movement, and that the actual displacement of plates in real structures can be several times greater than that inferred by a naive application of non-linear plate theory. Findings are presented as set of guidelines to help practising engineers create economical structures that will not deflect excessively when load is applied.

The building skin has evolved enormously over the past decades. The energy performance and environmental quality of both the interior and exterior of buildings are primarily determined by the building envelope. The façade has experienced a change in its role as an adaptive climate control system that leverages the synergies between form, material, mechanical and energy systems towards an architectural integration of energy generation. The PowerSKIN Conference aims to address the role of building skins to accomplish a carbonneutral building stock. The focus of the PowerSKIN issue 2021 deals with the question of whether simplicity and robustness stay in contradiction to good performance of buildings skins or whether they even complement each other: simplicity vs performance? As an international scientific event - usually held at the BAU trade fair in Munich - the PowerSKIN Conference builds a bridge between science and practice, between research and construction, and between the latest developments and innovations for the façade of the future. Topics such as building operation, embodied energy, energy generation and storage in the context of the three conference sessions envelope, energy and environment are considered: – Envelope: The building envelope as an interface for the interaction between indoor and outdoor environment. This topic is focused on function, technical development and material properties. – Energy: New concepts, accomplished projects, and visions for the interaction between building structure, envelope and energy technologies. – Environment: Façades or elements of façades, which aim to provide highly comfortable surroundings where environmental control strategies as well as energy generation and/or storage are an integrated part of an active skin. The Technical University of Munich, TU Darmstadt, and TU Delft are signing responsible for the organisation of the conference. It is the third event of a biennial series: April 9th 2021, architects, engineers, and scientists present their latest developments and research projects for public discussion and reflection. For the first time, the conference will be a virtual event. On the one hand, this is a pity, as conferences are also about meeting people and social interaction; on the other hand, it offers the possibility that we can reach more people who connect from all over the world.

Emerging environmental threats originating from rapid urbanization and the associated energy shortages, negative impacts of climate change, and sick building syndromes have led to government sectors and various construction-based professional bodies recognizing the need for developing effective sustainable building design strategies. As a result, growing interest in the development of effective solutions for enhancement of the sustainable energy performance of buildings has been observed in recent years. Along this line, building envelopes that separate the indoor from the outdoor environments, and in particular building facades, play a substantial role for energy saving in buildings. Nevertheless, this study argues that there is a lack of a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the available literature regarding the energy and thermal performance of building facades based on the various possible design and technical configurations, especially in hot and humid climates. Important decisions should be made by architects and engineers during the early design stages of buildings with viewpoints to the ultimate impacts of building physics on the overall energy performance and indoor comfort conditions of buildings. With such a research gap in existing literature, in these early stages many key facade attributes may be overlooked. Hence, this study attempts to develop a state-of-the-art analysis of the existing literature about the circumstances of optimizing the performance of building facades, particularly in hot and humid climates. Likewise, the study extracts practical lessons learned from AEC industry and demonstrates the current status of utilizing energy efficient building facades in recent construction developments in Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur) and Australia (Darwin). Finally, the study draws attention to the emerging innovative solutions for the design of building facades towards improving the energy efficiency of building sector and contributing to the sustainable development of cities.

Facades represent both a physical barrier between inside and out, and a phenomenological medium to manifest architecture in terms of style, impression, school of thought or personal statement of their designers. With recent advancement in technology, facades are presenting themselves more and more as a canvas to put the idea of integrated design into practice and that is where the idea of Integrated Facade System (IFS), in general, and photovoltaic (PV) integrated shading devices, in particular, are probably born. This paper sets out to review the-state-of-the-art literature on integrated PV shading devices and their application to highly and fully glazed facades with an aim to investigate the influential factors, parameters and strategies as well as assessment methods and indicators for measuring energy performance of buildings where such technologies are used, by means of systems theory approach. 49 papers were found and reviewed for this study and some unexpected outcomes were revealed. The results indicate that most of the research is about how calibration of the parameters influences the performance of the system. It also reveals that there are very few studies on the PV integrated shading devices where a holistic approach has been used for system evaluation which take comprehensive account of all influential factors. Based on the findings of this paper, it is advisable that there is a need for more in-depth study of system configurations under the specific circumstances which are highlighted in this paper.

In this study, a methodology for the service life prediction of architectural concrete facades is proposed, following a research line previously developed for other types of claddings, to evaluate their durability. The methodology developed is based on the collection of data in visual inspections. In this study, 174 facades were analysed, during the fieldwork phase, through a survey of the different degradation phenomena. This information is used to define degradation curves, which graphically express the loss of performance of architectural concrete facades over time, evaluating the influence of the degradation agents, allowing estimating a reference service life for this type of coating. The model proposed in this study leads to acceptable and consistent results, adequately translating the degradation observed in reality. However, for some characteristics of architectural concrete facades, it is not possible to obtain unequivocal conclusions, which reveals the high susceptibility of these coatings to the aggressive environmental agents, e.g. sea salts, which act simultaneously on the facade, hindering the determination of the separate influence of these characteristics on the degradation found. This study intends to give a contribution to the service life prediction of exterior facades, allowing defining rational maintenance plans and reducing the costs associated to the buildings refurbishment during their life cycle.

The paper presents the ventilated facades as an intervention for efficient energy upgrade of new and, mainly, existing buildings. It focuses on the requirements that this specific building element should fulfill, with regard to legal, technical, social and financial aspects. More specifically, legal aspects concern mainly the regulations that determine the element's behaviour with respect to the hygrothermal, energy, sound and fire performance, as well as other legal restrictions (i.e. urbanism/planning rules or listed buildings). The technical aspects involve structural issues, architectural concerns and aesthetics, as well as functional matters. Finally, the social aspects refer to the acceptance of the element by building users and architects/engineers, while the financial aspects interrelate the ownership with the economic incentives and the investment feasibility. All the above are presented and discussed in the paper in order to highlight the applicability of ventilated facade systems in residential buildings.

The Adaptive Solar Facade (ASF) is a modular, highly integrated dynamic building facade.The energetic behavior as well as the architectural expression of the facade can be controlled with high spatio-temporal resolution through individually addressable modules. We present the general design process, the current mechanical design, and simulation results on photovoltaic power production and building energy consumption. We introduce the controller concept and show results on solar tracking as well as user interaction. Lastly, we present our current and planned prototypes., Frontiers of Architectural Research, 5 (2), ISSN:2095-2635, ISSN:2095-2643

Architecture of an ancient house in Kampong ’s Surabaya is one of the folk architecture creations in urban areas that grow and follow dynamics of urban development. In some of the city areas, this architecture is still sustainable for living space of city residents, especially for lower and middle class. Kampong as city villages has a high adaptability to development within the city so that it can adjust to future conditions efficiently. Cultures living in kampong require an appropriate strategy in associating with various limitations. However, limitation does not make a typical house in kampong uncomfortable and unlivable. Bioclimatic adaptation can be one of the strategies in development of typical ancient houses in kampong. It seems that typical ancient house in Surabaya City is influenced by tradition and style of Javanese, Colonial and Modern Architecture. Bioclimatic strategy is a design approach that considers the relationship of architecture to climate, biology, technology, in order to obtain comfort and energy efficiency. The form and performance of ancient house architecture in Surabaya City with a bioclimatic approach with occupant spatial interaction is an interesting topic for this study . This study is a descriptive research that using field studies. A method of description to explain the interaction between the building and its occupant that creates architecture of residential houses and its transformation. Bioclimatic adaptation as a design strategy allows a unique form architecture , climate responsive and environmentally friendly . Facade engineering and building envelopes, eco-friendly building materials, vegetation and water elements, saving energy with smart technologies.

Design und Build-Vergaben sind fur Bauherren insbesondere dann interessant, wenn kurze Ausfuhrungsfristen fur die Fertigstellung und Inbetriebnahme von Gebauden realisiert werden mussen und die Bauvorhaben einen erhohten Komplexitatsgrad aufweisen. Unter diesen Voraussetzungen entscheiden sich Bauherren des Ofteren dafur, getrennte Planungs-, Vergabe- und Ausfuhrungsablaufe mit den erforderlichen Schnittstellenkoordinationen aus Effizienzgrunden in einem Paket zu vergeben. Beim Neubau einer dreistockigen Messwarte mit angeschlossenen Laborgebaude fur eine neue Produktionsanlage von Toluoldiisocyanat (TDI) am Standort Ludwigshafen hat die BASF SE daher die HOCHTIEF Building GmbH mit einem Design und Build-Projekt beauftragt. Die Planung wurde dabei federfuhrend durch die Abteilung Consult IKS Energy der HOCHTIEF Engineering GmbH am Standort Frankfurt durchgefuhrt. Die Planung umfasste dabei teilweise die Entwurfs- und Genehmigungsplanung sowie die vollstandige Ausfuhrungsplanung fur alle bautechnisch erforderlichen Planungsgewerke, angefangen von der Objektplanung uber die Tragwerksplanung und Fassadenplanung bis hin zu bauphysikalischen Nachweisen und der TGA- und Laborplanung. Daruber hinaus musste der auf einer Pfahlgrundung in Massivbauweise errichtete Gebaudekomplex druckwellenfest ausgelegt werden. Bei der Gebaudeauslegung und Planung waren fur den Notfall zusatzlich Anforderungen zur Gasdichtheit inklusive einer gebaudeinternen Atemluftversorgung zu berucksichtigen. Design-and-Build Project: Design and construction of a control room with laboratory Design and build contracts are of particular interest for clients if tight schedule requirements for the completion and commissioning of buildings have to be considered and the projects have a high level of complexity. With these preconditions clients rather decide to award separate planning, procurement and construction processes with all necessary interface coordination to one contractor for reasons of efficiency. BASF SE has awarded a design and build contract to HOCHTIEF Building GmbH for a three-storey control room building with laboratory for a new production plant of toluoldiisocyanat (TDI) at the main BASF site in Ludwighafen, Germany. The planning was performed by the department Consult IKS Energy of the HOCHTIEF Engineering GmbH in Frankfurt. The scope of planning included partially the design engineering and the approval planning as well as the full detail planning for all disciplines (architectural planning, structural and facade engineering, building physics, HVAC engineering and laboratory planning). Furthermore, the reinforced concrete structure built on a pile foundation had to be designed blast wave resistant. In addition the requirement for gas tightness had to be considered in the building design, including the execution of an internal air supply in the case of emergency.

Technology driven materials, designs and construction techniques play a major role in state of the art building facades. Textile membranes or foils are used more and more often in facades applications becoming an integral part of modern architecture. Today's diversity in lightweight facade options available is one of the key facts for its worldwide success. Membrane facades offer immeasurable opportunities for architectural expression, with free-form and complex geometries being structurally feasible and economically attractive. The paper evaluates general demands on a facade system that can be used as a fundamental check list for the designer if membranes are a possible option for the facade system. Furthermore the paper presents and discusses material and system options, properties but also limits of membrane facades. The presented case studies show the variety of solutions including the typical material combinations. The examples cover all common materials and methods, including ETFE, Glass-PTFE, PVC Polyester, Glass-PTFE mesh as well as multi-layer insulated systems.

China promotes prefabrication technology in facade industry, which encourages the utilization of prefabricated facade system. Prefabricated facade system needs more integration, which can be achieved through reorganizing the facade development process. Theoretically, integrated principles would be helpful to reorganize the process in achieving integrations. However, in implementation, Chinese facade professionals face barriers, due to current delivery practice and traditional procurement context. The purpose of this paper is to present a case study on the attempt to reorganize facade development process to enjoy the benefits of integration in a traditional Design-Bid-Built (DBB) commercial building project, in China. The scope of the paper covers: i) the current facade development process, and the problems faced by facade subcontractor, ii) the constructive facade development process inspired by integrated delivery principles, and iii) the barriers to implement new delivery process. It was found that the benefits of the integration may not be completed realized on facade subcontractor side due to some task-related barriers, contract-related barriers, and people-related barriers. Suggestions for those who are working or will work in Chinese facade industry are provided.

The aim of this paper is to assess the state of the art of the facade building technology, in order to investigate the possibility of future retrofits achieving nearly ‘Zero-Energy Building' in exi...

This study investigates solutions for facade renovation of general office buildings built between 1960 and 1980 in the Copenhagen Municipality. 44 buildings are used for the study. They share common structural and construction principles like the use of beams and columns and prefabricated elements. The problems that face these buildings are a high number of overheating hours and high heating consumption. Four strategies are tested for the renovation: external re-insulation, double-skin facade (existing inner facade), double-skin facade (new inner facade) and curtain wall. External re-insulation and curtain wall provide the best results for reducing the energy consumption for heating.

The paper describes an innovative dynamic facade system, developed in cooperation between two industrial companies, the Danish Building Research Institute and Aalborg University, Denmark. The system, named Energy Frames, is a newly developed industrially produced facade system based on the experiences of a number of specially designed solutions for significant individual buildings all over the world. Energy Frames is a modular framework-based facade system that snaps on the outside of the window frames. The frames can be moved horizontally or vertically in front of the window and is suitable for both new and existing buildings, solving the fundamental functions of the facade: solar shading, daylighting control, dynamic facade U-value, natural ventilation, and noise reduction. Through the use of thermal building simulation tools as well as full scale measurement of the facade system, the energy saving potential is investigated showing the benefits and the challenges of working with dynamic facades in research and practice.

Nowadays, there are many tools and methodologies designed to measure the sustainability of buildings. Few of them, however, allow for an isolated assessment of the building systems themselves as components of the entire building. A methodology for assessing the sustainability of building systems, considered in relation to the whole building, will allow manufacturers to assess the sustainability of manufactured components in order to improve their performance. Additionally this will help designers to specify construction arrangements in the early stages of the design. This paper presents the systematisation of a comparative analysis of facade building systems and includes the development of a new methodology that can serve as a basis for carrying out quantitative and qualitative comparisons of the sustainability of industrialised building systems in facades. The methodology is associated with a tool that allows for measuring, assessing and rating the levels of sustainability of the industrialised facades employed in residential buildings. The evaluation is based on ensuring that sustainability criteria are met. It involves an approach to sustainable industrialisation of construction with regard to energy conservation and natural resources, the reuse of these resources and life-cycle management of the materials and components.

This research article discusses the methods for designing sustainable, high-performance facades, and the necessary steps in ensuring that the environmental factors and energy-efficiency strategies are integrated with the design process. The facade is one of the most significant contributors to the energy budget and the comfort parameters of any building. Control of physical environmental factors must be considered during the design process, as well as design strategies which improve occupants' comfort. High-performance facades need to block adverse external environmental effects and maintain internal comfort conditions with minimum energy consumption, and the location and climate become one of the crucial factors in selecting appropriate design strategies. The article discusses climate-based approaches for designing high-performance facades, characteristics and properties of sustainable facade systems, tools and building performance analysis steps that can assist during the design process, as well as a ca...

Building facades are key elements for indoor illumination, indoor thermal environments, and solar energy utilization and control. In addition to the functions of building facades (rooftops are included in the overall structure of a building facade), solar facades are designed to specifically reject or absorb and reutilize solar heat. The present study reviews the important contents of studies on solar facades that have been published after 2010. Based on the classification of solid and void components of building facades, the solar facades reviewed in this article are divided into two major types: opaque solar facades and transparent or semi-transparent (translucent) facades. In terms of content, we emphasize the introduction of solar facade structures. We hope that this review can be utilized as a reference for academic researchers and will provide architects and related engineering designers with inspiration for building facades or thermal systems.

Im modernen Fassadenbau finden grose Glasflachen immer haufiger Anwendung. Ihre energetischen Kenngrosen sind fur den Warmeeintrag in das Gebaude masgebend. Die Bestimmung kann experimentell oder numerisch erfolgen. In diesem Beitrag werden die spektralen Energieverluste bei der Leistungsdichteverteilung der Sonnenstrahlung beim Durchdringen von Kalk-Natron-Silicatglas analysiert. Dabei werden die Ergebnisse fur Einfach-, Doppel- und Dreifachverglasungen mit unterschiedlichen Beschichtungen dargestellt. Grundlage der Berechnungen ist die VDI 6007 Blatt 2 und die in ihr genannten Regelwerke. Energy dissipation of solar radiation while piercing through various glazing. Large glass surfaces are more and more common in facade engineering. Their energetic indicators are decisive for the building’s temperature profile. Therefore they are defined by means of complex calculations. In this article, there is an analysis of spectral energy dissipation occurring with power density distribution of solar radiation while penetrating through soda lime silica glass. In this context, the results for single, double and triple glazing with various coatings are provided. The calculations are based on the VDI Guideline 6007 Part 2 and its set of rules.

Developing a more energy efficient building stock is the focus of the European energy policies. Much of the required reduction in energy consumption needs to be achieved through the renovation of existing buildings. The External Thermal Insulation Composite System (ETICS) is widely used for the reconstruction of apartment building facades to improve thermal performance. However, the impact of the building technology and the construction process management on the quality of these reconstructed facades has received relatively little attention. In this paper, the defects in facades reconstructed using the ETICS are identified and classified, relating them to the corresponding deficiencies in the on-site technology and management. The focus is on the identification of the factors that influence facade durability in order to outline an assessment methodology for on-site monitoring.

This paper describes fundamental aspects of building facade retrofit practice using field-based research. A major challenge of sustainability is to require buildings to be resilient assets in a life cycle perspective. Building retrofit, a growing research area during the last decade, finds its fundament on the urgency of decreasing the harmful effect of buildings in the environment, and improving them as healthier places for occupants. For these reasons, facade retrofit is rapidly expanding as a research area. Historically, facades have been modified for numerous reasons, such as fixing failures or accommodating aesthetic trends. Currently, the central role of the facade in building energy efficiency is driving an assessment of the potential impact of widespread facade retrofit as a means to improve building sector energy performance. Two online surveys were performed between 2013 and 2014 among building facade professionals. The first survey was intended to identify predominant broad stroke facade retrofit practices. The second survey drilled down to a deeper level of design and construction, as well as motivations and goals. Respondents were highly linked to facade consultancies, facade contractors, and material suppliers. The results included a high percentage of buildings located in the United States. The information is presented in this paper using descriptive statistics to represent facade retrofit demographics, motivations and scopes, and techniques. This aim is to contribute qualified survey data for a better understanding of the fundamental aspects of current facade retrofits practices.

The problem of restoration of architectural monuments and facade of historical buildings is very timely over the world. Accelerated degradation of facades is caused by climatic factors and environmental pollution. The paper discusses the possibilities for use of high performance concrete for restoration and sculptures creating in historical buildings. Elaborated mix composition provides high workability of the mix, self-compacting effect and ability of perfect reproducing small elements during moulding. Laboratory testing of samples proved high mechanical strength, low water absorption and enhanced frost resistance. Created and installed sculptural elements perform perfect surface and shape and promise to be more durable comparing to production technology using traditional cement and lime mortar.

미디어파사드는 건물 외벽을 스크린으로 삼아 영상을 투사하는 것이다. 미디어파사드는 도시 공간에서 고도의 시장 경쟁 상황에 지쳐있는 수용자의 문화적 감성을 회복하며, 도시미학으로 발전하였다. 그래서 도시가 주제가 되기도 하고 투사 대상이 되기도 하면서 영상디자인으로 재해석 될 수 있다. 문화적인 면에서의 미디어파사드는 예술적 가능성과 공공성의 강화가 논의되고 있다. 가장 고려해야 할 부분 중의 하나는 건물 또는 투사 대상 주변과 소통되는 미디어가 되어야 한다는 것이다. 2014 광화문 미디어파사드, 2014 세종문화회관 미디어파사드, 2013 남산 미디어파사드 등의 도시경관 미디어파사드를 비교분석 결과 모티브, 컨셉, 스토리, 투사형태 등 네 가지 영상디자인 구성요소를 도출할 수 있었다. 캔버스와 극장 스크린을 박차고 나아가 새로운 기술적 장르로 자리매김 하고 있는 미디어파사드는 앞으로도 한 차원 높은 도시의 상징적 예술행위로서 메시지와 테마 그리고 기술적 진보를 담아내야 한다. 본 논문은 상징적인 도시경관 미디어파사드의 비교분석을 통하여 영상디자인의 구성요소를 도출하고자 하였다. 【Media facades project images on the external walls of a building as a screen. Such facades can recover the cultural emotions of users tired of a high level of market competition in urban spaces and develop into urban aesthetics and be reinterpreted as an image design as the city becomes a topic as well as the target projected. From a cultural perspective, the artistic possibility and strengthening of publicness of media facades are discussed. One of the considerations is that it should be the medium communicating with the building or surrounding of the projected target. Urban landscape media facades, such as 2014 Gwanghwamun media facade, 2014 Sejong Center for the Performing Arts media facade and 2013 Namsan media facade were compared and analyzed. As a result, four types of image design components could be derived such as motifs, concepts, stories and projection types. Media facade, which is establishing itself as a new technological genre beyond canvas and theater screens, should contain messages, themes and technological advances as a higher level of the urban symbolic art form in the future. This paper derived the components of image design through the comparative analysis of symbolic urban landscape media facade.】

Die Design-Zielsetzung von besonderer, grosflachiger Identitat des Modehauses Louis Vuitton fuhrte zu einer neuartigen Fassadenlosung, welche aus hochfestem Ductal-LaFarge-Beton (UHPC = ultra-high performing concrete) offen vergossene Gussplattenlemente verwendet, die als rain-screen over-clad der bereits vorhandenen Gebaudehulle eine vollig neue Erscheinungsform geben. Mittels feinjustierbarer Unterkonstruktion fur Hinterschnittanker und einer vorangegangenen Laser-3D-Vermessung und der Modellierung der einzelnen Fassadenschichten in Solidworks Software konnte eine praktisch fugenfreie flachige Oberflache erzielt werden, die optisch auf den blumenartigen LV Mode-Emblem-Kreisen beruht und das Gebaude vollstandig neu einhullt. Der folgende Artikel beschreibt die Vorgehensweise zur Planung dieser zweiten Haut aus Sicht des Ingenieurs und Fassadenplaners, welche auch auf der Basis hoher Orkan-Windlasten bemessen ist und das noch nicht genormte Ductal-Material mittels Kleinteilversuchen und FEM-Berechnungen rechnerisch nachweist. Ductal Facade Louis Vuitton in Aventura/Florida – currently largest molded Ductal UHPC building envelope in the US The design objective to create a unique, large surface identity for fashion company Louis Vuitton lead to an innovative facade solution which uses high-strength Ductal LaFarge concrete (UHPC = ultra- high performing concrete) as open-molded panel elements in a rain-screen over-clad application, which give the existing facade an entirely new appearance. Designing a finely adjustable sub-structure for under-cut anchors following 3D laser scans on site combined with Solidworks Software modeling of all envelope layers, a practically joint-free facade surface was created, which is based on the flower-like Louis Vuitton emblem circles wrapping the existing building in a completely new fashion. The following article describes the planning procedure for this second skin from a structural and facade engineering perspective, which is also designed based on high hurricane wind cladding loading and small-scale 1:1 anchor testing data in combination with finite element modeling for the not-yet fully standardized Ductal material.

Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings offer one way to reduce energy use in the built environment and thus contribute to mitigating global climate change. This paper is focused on analyzing the reasons for degradation of External Insulation Composite system facades in order to develop sustainable and cost-effective solutions for dwelling stock renovation. While several reasons for degradation of the facades have been studied in depth, the impact of building technology and site management have received undeservedly little attention. This paper systemizes the factors affecting facade quality and proposes a research plan for on-site surveillance in order to measure the weight of different degradation factors.

The building envelope is known to be an important aspect of design and engineering of ultra-low energy buildings. The facade (building skin) could have the potential to redirect and filter daylight, influence frontal external wind intensity, provide natural ventilation, manage heat transfer, enhance occupant well-being, and create visual and physical connections between the inside and outside. The advances in facade technologies have been triggered in part by higher energy prices, stricter building codes, and higher occupant and owner expectations regarding the quality of the finished construction. This paper provides a comparative assessment of the effect of redesigning an existing building facade and other building improvements. It assesses the impact on external environmental conditions (wind speed and pressure) by employing computational fluid dynamics. The impact of these changes on occupant satisfaction was also gauged. It is hoped that this analysis will provide a framework for assessing benefits of improved facades in other buildings and applications

There is a group of building structures having facade rendering as surface finishing, except for a large family of glazing facades and facing facades. This group of structures puts the finishing touches to our everyday space in architectural terms considering not only the colours, but also various facade rendering finishes structure. On the contrary, in practice there are different kinds of facade rendering disorders. In terms of generation of facade rendering disorders, facades rendering sloughing as well as cracks formation within the facade rendering or in blocks and fittings joint areas, which can cause extensive defects, are the biggest problematic issues.

Renovation of the building stock is an acknowledged issue in the building industry. Constructional and technical requirements on residential buildings have significantly changed, as well as demands on flats equipment and aesthetic quality of the building and surrounding urban space. Several years "boom" of large-scale housing renovation in Slovakia has resulted in colour, shape and material diversity of residential buildings facade. The paper presents selected aspects of residential buildings renovation, related to their facade components. An important part of the renovation design should be prevention of defects, particularly of insulation systems. Several years after buildings insulation first colonies of microorganisms form on the surface of insulated facades and results in the formation of “green skin” on building façades. It has been observed that up to 80 % of insulated buildings are affected by this greening. This microbial colonization of buildings causes aesthetic problems and can lead to degradation and spalling of the coating [1].

Spatial, low-resolution media facades integrated into buildings pose specific design challenges. We provide a conceptual framework for addressing how content for a media façade may be designed taking into account the specific qualities of the display of media façade interfaces: scale, shape, pixel configuration, pixel shape, and light quality. We address how these qualities of the interface may be investigated using a repertoire of design tools in different modalities ranging form physical models over mixed reality models to virtual representations. As the main case we present and discuss five design tools used in the design of the media façade of a 300 metres long low-resolution curvilinear media façade part of the Danish pavilion at the Expo 2010 in Shanghai.

Modern cities and their architectural structures undergo significant functional and physical changes. In recent years, the interventions on building envelopes have increased. Therefore, it is necessary to analyse potential remodeling of glass facades, along with applying the concept of smart technologies, in order to increase energy efficiency of the existing buildings. This paper analyses the modernization process of devastated glass fagade of the tall Slavija hotel, built in 1960s in Belgrade, Serbia, taking into consideration some positive examples of transformation and reskinning of buildings, where the aspect of medialization is an active part of urban renewal. The subject of this paper is the analysis of research findings about the improved thermal comfort of this building, after performing the replacement of its glass fagade and converting the hotel building into an office building. Special attention was paid to the implementation of media technologies and final effects on energy balance of the newly designed facade. The proposed solution is supposed to evaluate the improved thermal comfort that was achieved by a radical renovation of the facade and by replacing the existing facade with a new single facade (double and triple glazed units), with media elements as well as without them. The research results are presented as proposals for improving EE public buildings by implementing the latest system of curtain walls in order to increase the value of the buildings. One of the most important criteria included in the process of energy refurbishment is technological improvement of the existing buildings, along with the presentation of media facades. The case study is based on EnergyPlus simulations. This is the peer-reviewed version of the article: Tovarović, Jasna Čikić, Jelena Ivanović-Šekularac, and Nenad Šekularac. 2017. ‘Renovation of Existing Glass Facade in Order to Implement Energy Efficiency and Media Facade’. Energy and Buildings 152 (October): 653–66. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.07.049]

With its grade II* English Heritage listing, the University of Sheffield's Arts Tower posed a refurbishment challenge. The adopted retrofit solution provides owners of similar properties with a template for an appropriate and sustainable alternative to the customary refurbishment options. This paper demonstrates that a need to preserve the original architectural intentions and functions that characterise these historically important structures does not automatically preclude solutions that accommodate the requirements and expectations of modern building users and operators An understanding of the existing structure, early engagement with conservation officers and sound façade engineering advice were all important in the selection and approval of a strip and re-clad option. This met the strict planning conditions and client objectives, extended the service life of the building by 30 years and was delivered on time and within budget.

Decision-making in the facade design process has a significant influence on several aspects of indoor environment, thereby making it a complex and multi-objective optimisation process. There are two principal barriers in the process of indentifying an optimal facade solution. Firstly, most existing indoor environmental evaluation methods do not account for all the indoor environmental quality (IEQ) aspects relevant to facade design. Secondly, the relationship between the physical properties of a particular facade design option and the resulting economic benefits accrued during its service-life is unknown. In this paper, we introduce the bases for establishing relationships between occupant productivity and the combinatorial effects of four key facade-related IEQ aspects, namely, thermal comfort, aural comfort, visual comfort and air quality, on occupant productivity. The proposed framework's potential is tested against seven existing experimental investigations and its applicability is illustrated by a simple facade design example. The proposed approach ultimately aims to provide a quantitative economic measure of alternative facade design options that would be applicable to early design stage. Aspects of the work that require further experimental validation are identified.

In today’s China, with the development of economy, the urban construction is also very rapid. However, the high speed development has also created many problems. For example, the urban public building layout is unreasonable, the quality of public building is not high. Therefore, many public buildings will be a state of being removed. In order to lengthen the building’s life, Renovation of the building became the topic which the society pays attention together. The renovation of the building has many ways, Transform the building’s facade can change effectively the building’s image and the cost is low. Therefore this article sets up urban public building’s facade transformation to take the research aim, and put the focus to the architectural style.

A good building needs the perfect functions and construction techniques besides beautiful exterior view. The facade opening is the main means for building daylighting and ventilation. The quantity, size and configuration of facade openings can change the figure of buildings. Facade opening must be designed with architectural designing simultaneously. This way is beneficial for the unification of building function and aesthetics.

Building facades serve mainly to protect occupants and contents from the elements. Failure of the building envelope (i.e. walls, roof and windows) to function as intended usually has a significant impact on the serviceability of the building. Roofs and windows periodically fail and are replaced; however, the building facade is expected to endure the forces of nature for the service life of the building. The increasing complexity of modern buildings, combined with decreasing tolerance for undesirable performance of building systems, has resulted in an ever increasing frequency of building facade failures. This paper addresses common serviceability and performance problems associated with various types of building facades. Methods and tools useful for investigation of facade failures are discussed. The paper is not intended to be a comprehensive guide for the forensic investigator, but is offered as an aid to help recognise symptoms and evaluate conditions that underlie common building facade failures. The types of building facades and investigation methods discussed in this paper are primarily based on the author’s experience within the USA.

For various reasons, sustainability today is producing an important and interesting approach between architecture and the environment. This is taking place in forms and with different degrees of intensity. Within the challenges of energy crisis and climatic changes architects started to develop new approaches to address the quest of energy demands in buildings. One of these approaches is facade greening which started to take an important place in the last 10 years, it's not considered a new innovation, where applying green facade is not a new concept; however it has not been approved as an energy saving method for the built environment. Vertical greening can provide a cooling potential on the building surface, which is very important during summer periods in hot climates. The cooling effect of green facades has also an impact on the inner climate in the building by preventing warming up the facade. Within this quest, this paper is focused on the analysis of the effect of green facades systems on the building temperature and addressing different types of green facades systems and their thermal effect.

The construction of double-skin glass facades in Hungary has mainly design or acoustic motivations. The potential energy savings or risks of double-skin facades are, however, not commonly evident. This fact is not surprising if we notice that there is no widely excepted classification of these constructions. In the following article different facade typologies are compared (Pottgiesser, BBRI, Széll) and an attempt to develop a transparent classification system is made. Subsequently a few chosen facade types, which are expected to perform well in the Hungarian climate, are evaluated through computer simulation programs to serve as a guideline for the design on climates similar to the domestic one.

Glass is remarkable material and its functionality is significantly enhanced when it is processed or altered to provide added intrinsic capabilities. The overall performance of glass elements in a building can be further enhanced when they are designed to be part of a complete façade system. Finally, the façade system delivers greater performance to both the owner and the occupants of the building. A limited number of facade technologies or combinations of technologies can be evaluated in a field test program, for the reason of both resource constraint and the practical use. The specific method can be used to determine what technologies are to be selected for the research. It based on technical and market objectives, surveys of commercially-available technologies, manufacturers, architects and engineers, utilities, and other stakeholders.

The use of intelligent double-skin facades, sometimes referred to as "double facades", is attracting increasing amounts of interests from the architects throughout the world, due to the characteristics such as ecology, durability, use of natural resources, etc. This paper is written from the architectural history point of view, and gives a brief description about the development of the intelligent double-skin façade systems, from the old storm windows to modern double-skin systems, and suggests further research possibilities in this field.

Der innovative Verbundwerkstoff textilbewehrter Beton (kurz: Textilbeton) erschliest neue Anwendungsgebiete im Betonbau und bietet im Fassadenbau zahlreiche Vorteile. Durch die Verwendung nicht-korrodierender technischer Textilien aus alkaliresistentem Glas oder Carbon konnen die Betondeckungen minimiert werden, und es entstehen extrem schlanke Betonbauteile. Durch die Verwendung eines sogenannten Feinbetons mit Korngrosen bis zu 8 mm in Kombination mit speziellen Nachbehandlungstechniken entstehen architektonisch anspruchsvolle und hochwertige Sichtbetonoberflachen. Anhand mehrerer kurzlich abgeschlossener Anwendungsprojekte wird in dem Artikel das Potential hinterlufteter Textilbetonfassaden aufgezeigt, die Elementflachen von uber 12 m2 bei nur 30 mm dicken Plattenspiegeln aufweisen. Ventilated facade structures made of textile reinforced concrete — structural behavior and construction. The innovative composite material textile reinforced concrete (TRC) opens up new application areas in structural concrete engineering and has advantages especially in the field of facade engineering. By using non-corrosive technical textiles made of alkali-resistant glass or carbon, the concrete covers can be minimized resulting in extreme slender concrete members. The used fine-grained concrete with maximum grain-sizes of 8 mm in combination with special curing techniques en ables high-quality fair faced concrete surfaces. The potential of TRC facades has been demonstrated by several projects employing TRC panels with areas over 12 m2 and a thickness of only 30 mm.

Cast-iron facades hold a unique place in the history of North American buildings. Their introduction in the 1840s marked the first systematic replacement of traditional masonry facade materials, and the first large-scale use of an industrial product in construction. Cast iron therefore marks the beginning of modern structures even though its use predates modern structural analysis and construction techniques. For instance, the peak of cast-iron facade use in North America—1860 to 1875—predates the development of skeleton frames and most of the analytic techniques used for skeleton structures. A lack of analytical data means the preservation of buildings with cast-iron facades requires a holistic understanding of how these facades function.

The use of glass-aluminum facades as building envelopes is very common in modern construction. In fact, the advantages of their use have rendered them an optimal choice for building designers. However, glass-aluminum facades are commonly designed using rules of thumb having as a result either their over-dimensioning or an unsafe dimensioning leading to possible damages. The present research study aims to contribute to a pilot methodology that would provide engineers aiming to design glass-aluminum facades with the appropriate technique regarding the modeling and the performance of the aforementioned structures subjected to the imposed critical design loadings (cf. e.g. wind and earthquake). The proposed advanced approach is illustrated by means of a numerical application.

The Rosewood experiment examined building information modeling (BIM) and product data exchange in the design and fabrication of architectural precast facades. The facade panels of a 16 story office building were designed and fabricated using traditional CAD, while a parallel workflow was performed independently using BIM tools. No limitations were encountered in designing and detailing of precast facade pieces with current software. Production of the same set of drawings showed a productivity gain of 57% over the CAD process. However, the data exchanges between architectural and precast engineering systems were incomplete and inconsistent, confirming the need for BIM exchange standards. The existing Industry Foundation Classes schema (IFC version 2x3) lacks precast-specific entities and property sets. The majority of the difficulties can be traced to a loss in translation of semantic meaning for the objects exchanged.

Der folgende Aufsatz aus dem Bereich der Fassadenplanung beschreibt, welche Moglichkeiten sich fur die Glaseindeckung gekrummter Gebaudehullen ergeben. Insbesondere viereckige Isolierglasscheiben bieten dazu Vorteile aus Sicht der Bauphysik und der Baukosten. Fur Trockenfugen sollten Flachglaselemente auch nach Einbau vollstandig eben gehalten werden, um Gebrauchstauglichkeit der Primarversiegelung sicherzustellen, wahrend fur nassversiegelte Glasfugen eine gewisse Glasverwindung durchaus moglich ist, sofern Detaillierung und 3D-Geometrie sinnvoll zusammenspielen. Wird die Glasverwindung (“twist”) zu gros, kann eine geschuppte Stufenverglasung angestrebt werden. In allen Fallen bieten der Ansatz von Building Information Modeling (BIM) und digitaler Fabrikation wesentliche Vorteile fur Planung und Realisierung solcher komplexer verglaster Oberflachen. Clad curved building surfaces – Interaction of geometry and glass detailing. The following article addresses the field of facade engineering, describing different options how to clad curved building surfaces. Especially insulated glazing unit quadrangles offer advantages related to building physics and cost. For dry joints, flat glazing units should remain flat also after installation, to achieve long-term serviceability of the primary edge spacer seal, while for wet joints a certain amount of glazing twist is well possible to panelise curved surfaces, given that their detailing and 3D geometry set-up work well together. If the glazing twist exceeds certain limits, a scaled and stepped glazing facade can be aimed for. In all cases the Building Information Modeling (BIM) and digital fabrication approach offer substantial advantages for the planning and realisation process of such complex curved building skin surfaces.