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The evaluation of seafood processing wastes is an important issue in terms of both preventing environmental pollution and adding value to these wastes economically. The most practical method that can convert seafood processing waste into a valuable feed source and plant fertilizer is to make silage. In this study, the ripening times and nutritional components of fish silages prepared with direct addition of lactic acid bacteria culture (Streptococcus thermophilus), acidifying chemicals (formic acid) and yogurt, which is a fermented food, were compared. In the research, sardine fish (Sardina pilchardus) wastes (head, skin, bones, internal organs, etc.) were used in fish silage production. It was observed that all fish silages completed the ripening phase within a maximum of 10 days. It was determined that the moisture, ash, protein and lipid contents of the groups prepared with acid, bacteria and yoghurt ranged between 63-66%, 5.6-5.7%, 11.3-11.8% and 12.18-13.65%, respectively. As a result of the research, it was observed that fish silages made with the addition of yoghurt as an alternative to silages made with direct addition of pure bacterial culture or acid addition met the expectations in terms of both ripening time and nutrient components., Su ürünleri atıklarının değerlendirilmesi hem çevre kirliliğinin önlenmesi hem de bu atıklara ekonomik olarak değer kazandırılması açısından önemli bir konudur. Balık atıklarının değerli bir yem kaynağına ve bitki gübresine dönüşümünü sağlayabilecek en pratik yöntem silaj yapımıdır. Bu çalışmada, laktik asit bakteri kültürü (Streptococcus thermophilus), asitleştirici kimyasallar (formik asit) ve fermente bir gıda olan yoğurdun direkt ilavesi ile hazırlanan balık silajlarının olgunlaşma süreleri ve besin bileşenleri karşılaştırılmıştır. Araştırmada balık silajı üretiminde sardalya balığı (Sardina pilchardus) atıkları (baş, deri, kılçık, iç organları vs) kullanılmıştır. Tüm balık silajlarının maksimum 10 gün içerisinde olgunlaşma evresini tamamladıkları gözlenmiştir. Asit, bakteri ve yoğurt ile hazırlanan grupların nem, kül, protein ve yağ içerikleri sırasıyla % 63-66; % 5,6-5,7; % 11,3-11,8 ve %12.18-13.65 aralığında olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda direkt saf bakteri kültürü ilavesi veya asit ilavesi ile yapılan silajlara alternatif olarak yoğurt ilavesi ile yapılan balık silajlarının hem olgunlaşma süresi hem de besin madde bileşenleri açısından beklentileri karşıladığı görülmüştür.

Strong fishy odor and limited available nutrients have been the common concerns among vegetable farmers which resulted to high refusal and low adoptability of Fish Amino Acid (FAA) in Zamboanga City, Philippines. The reason why the conventional FAA was enriched and deodorized or this is called the EDFAA. Three (3) plant-based materials such as guava (Psidium guajava L.), talisay (Terminalia catappa) and Acapulco (Cassia alata) leaves were selected and singly added in proportion to FAA and each were subjected for sensory evaluation by participating vegetable farmers to determine the level of acceptability. Fish waste for the making of FAA were collected from wet markets and canning factories. Scores were tabulated and analyzed using the Hedonic and descriptive method, where EDFAA with Acapulco leaves extract added with banana extract significantly emerged as the most acceptable EDFAA attributed to its reduced strong-fishy odor. As a final product, EDFAA was tested to determine the growth and yield performance of tomato crop applied in drench. This was carried out using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven (7) treatments replicated three (3) times with six (6) subsamples per replication. Results showed, tomato crop was significantly improved by the periodic drenching of 40% EDFAA in terms of the yield as compared to other treatments. The application of EDFAA can be an alternative low-cost liquid fertilizer in drench application and a good source of nutrients to various vegetable crops in urban agriculture.

Edible films were elaborated from gelatin solutions (4% w/v) of mahi-mahi skin (Coryphaena hippurus) with 2,5; 5; 7,5 and 10% v/v of oregano extract (OE) and its physicochemical, antimicrobial, structural and surface properties were determined. The control and with 2.5% OE films showed the lowest moisture and opacity values ​​and the highest viscosity values. All films with OE inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. Alone films with 10% OE showed antimicrobial activity against all the strains evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the incorporation of oregano extract in the film-forming solutions, FFS, was related to an increase in the presence of oil droplets in the films, showing the lipid fraction of OE. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyzes showed the interaction between gelatin, plasticizer, and oregano extract in all films. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the viability of mahi-mahi skin gelatin edible films with OE incorporated for their application as packaging with antimicrobial action in foods susceptible to spoilage by microorganisms. Se elaboraron películas comestibles a partir de soluciones de gelatina (4% p/v) de piel de mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) con 2,5; 5; 7,5 y 10% v/v de extracto de orégano (EO) y se determinaron sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, antimicrobianas, estructurales y de superficies. Las películas control y con 2,5 % de EO mostraron los valores más bajos de humedad y opacidad y los valores más altos de viscosidad. Todas las películas con EO inhibieron el crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus y Proteus vulgaris. Sólo las películas con 10% de EO mostraron actividad antimicrobiana frente a todas las cepas evaluadas. La microscopía electrónica de barrido mostró que la incorporación del extracto de orégano en las soluciones formadoras de película, SFP, se relacionó con un incremento en la presencia de gotas de aceite en las películas evidenciándose la fracción lipídica del EO. Los análisis de espectroscopía infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) y microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM) mostraron la interacción entre la gelatina, el plastificante y el extracto de orégano en todas las películas. En conclusión, este estudio demostró la viabilidad de las películas comestibles de gelatina de piel de mahi-mahi con EO incorporado para su aplicación como empaque con acción antimicrobiana en alimentos susceptibles al deterioro por microorganismos.

The growing demand for seafood consumption had led to the increase of the seafood production from 134.3 million tonnes in 2004 to 170.9 million tonnes in 2016 leading to an increase of the by-products volume, which can account for 30–70% of whole seafood after industrial processing. Biorefinery concept, based on circular economy model, is developed to recover bio-based fertilizer transforming such by-products into nutrients. Mollusc waste (non-edible products) and fish waste (viscera, heads, bones, etc) are valorized in liming agent (calcium carbonate) for correction soil pH, in protein hydrolysate with biostimulant properties and in biochar for the enhancement of soil fertility and productivity.

The “AnchoisFert” solid residue comprised of milled anchovy leftovers after fish oil extraction with biobased limonene is a powerful organic fertilizer. Employed to promote the growth of Tropea’s red onion (Allium cepa), the fertilizer turns out to largely superior to commonly used organic (manure) and chemical (NPK) fertilizers. Rich in proteins, organic carbon, flavonoids, magnesium, potassium, phosphate and sulphate, and devoid of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes, the new organic fertilizer can replace both conventional organic and inorganic fertilizers. The discovery closes the fishing material cycle for one of the most fished species across the seas opening the route to a new class of organic fertilizers of exceptional performance derived from abundant biowaste via a low-cost, environmentally-friendly circular economy process.

Previous studies on hospital food waste have focused on raising awareness among patients about this problem. The aim of the study was to quantify the food waste in a flexible and inflexible ordering system from a hospital located in the north of Spain in order to implement specific modifications to reduce the waste. The avoidable waste of 15 dishes was determined in the flexible (choice menu) and inflexible (basal diet) ordering system by weighing the avoidable waste from the same dish and diet by conglomerate. Milk, chicken and lunch fish generated more than 25% of plate waste and were classified as critical dishes, with the choice menu being the one that obtained the lowest percentages of waste. The implemented modifications in the case of milk (reducing the serving size) did not decrease the waste percentage. By contrast, the new chicken recipes and the increased fish variety in the inflexible ordering system decreased the plate waste in both dishes from 35.7% to 7.2% and from 29.5% to 12.8%, respectively. Identifying critical dishes, implementing actions to reduce the food waste and monitoring the progress are essential measures to decrease plate waste in hospitals.

Reusing organic waste as fertilizer is one method to reduce the use of mineral fertilizers and minimize waste disposal in landfills. Regulations have been enacted for the processing of organic waste and for recycling end products, but the humic content of organic fertilizers has been neglected. We studied seven composts with different organic input materials and technologies. Humic substances (HSs) were detected in all composts. The total organic carbon in the HSs constituted 8.7 ± 0.1% (SD)–27.0 ± 0.2% of the compost dry matter. Spectral differences between the studied samples in FTIR spectroscopy could be observed at 1700–1000 cm−1, indicating differences in compost precursor material. The EEM peak, associated with humic acids (HAs), was high in composts containing animal by-products (e.g., fish waste, horse manure, and kitchen biowaste). Kitchen biowaste, also when processed by Hermetia illucens larvae and vermicompost, exhibited slower organic material transformation with low humic acid/fulvic acid ratios (

Büyüyen gıda endüstrisi, hem ekonomik hem de çevresel olarak önemli etkiye sahiptir. Üretim sonrasında açığa çıkan atıkların güvenli bertarafı veya tekrar kullanımı araştırmalara konu olmaktadır. Ülkemizde gıda endüstrisinde, alanında önde gelen balık fabrikalarından olan Dardanel Önentaş Gıda Sanayidir ve fabrikada balığın işlenmesi sonucu balık atıkları açığa çıkmaktadır. Bölgede önemli bir yere sahip olan zeytinyağı üretimi sonrasında arta kalan katı atık pirina olarak isimlendirilmektedir. Bu çalışmada 2 farklı gıda sanayi atığı olan balık atığı ve pirina kullanılarak yapılan kompostun (BPK) 3 farklı dozunun (%3, %6, %9) kumlu tın bünyeye sahip toprağa uygulanması sonrası toprağın bazı özelliklerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla kompost uygulanan topraklar 2,5 ay inkübatörde bekletilmiştir. İnkübasyon süresi sonunda BPK'nın toprak reaksiyonu (pH), elektriksel iletkenlik (EC), toplam azot (TN), toplam karbon (TK) ve agregat stabilitesi (AS) gibi toprak özellikleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. BPK uygulamasıyla incelenen tüm toprak parametrelerinde ve uygulanan dozlar arasındaki farkların istatistiki olarak önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p

Science & Technology Asia, 26, 3, 142-155

Composting is a sustainable method for recovering nutrients from various organic wastes, including food waste. Every input waste has different nutrient contents, in turn, suggesting that every compost has different fertilizer and/or soil improvement values. The phosphorus (P) concentration and relative distribution of P forms is related to the original organic material. The relative distribution of P forms determines how readily plants can absorb P from the compost-amended soil. The aim of this study was to investigate the content and relative share of P forms in composts made from fish waste, sewage sludge, green waste, and horse manure. Six forms of P (labile, bound to reducible metals, bound to non-reducible metals, bound to easily degradable organic material, and bound to calcium) were determined using sequential extraction method. The results indicated that fish waste compost had relatively high proportion of labile P, suggesting good biological availability. In comparison, sewage sludge compost contained the highest overall P concentration per dry weight unit, while labile P constituted only 6% of summary of P forms. The results indicate that the evaluation of composts as alternative P sources in agriculture should rely on the relative distribution of P forms in the compost in addition to the typically recognized value of the total P.

Freshwater fish skin and bones are usually by-products of the fish processing industry. [...]

Critical land area in Indonesia was recorded 23.25 million ha in 2000, and increased to 77.8 million ha in 2007, efforts are needed to optimize it. However, the existence of agricultural waste, livestock waste and sewage abundant fishery potential to increase soil fertility has not been utilized to the maximum. This study aimed to determine the macro nutrient content available in waste after the fermentation process. This research is an experimental research conducted in a laboratory to find out the content of: N, P, K, C / N ratio. The method for making liquid organic fertilizer is fermentation for one month using EM4 effective microorganisms, then analyzed using Spectrometry and Titrimetry Kjeldahl. The results showed that the highest N content was in bio urine fermentation (0.126%), fish waste (0.035%) and mixed waste (0.028%); The highest P was found in cattle rumen (7.239 mg / L), bio urine (5.234 mg / L), and seaweed (4.689 mg / L), and highest K was found in fruit waste (7, 801 mg / L). The highest C / N ratio was found in seaweed (55,643%) and fruit waste (27,857%). The conclusion is that agricultural waste, livestock waste, and fisheries waste after 1 month of fermentation contain adequate nutrients for optimizing critical land.

In recent times, the rate of energy consumption goes on increasing and the world is desperately searching for new sources of fuel. Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters) is an alternative renewable energy resource for the next generation. Biodiesel has several advantages which include its non-toxic nature, it is biodegradable and it reduces greenhouse gas emissions. β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) catalyst was synthesized from fish waste. Fish waste contains calcium phosphate which is converted into β-tricalcium phosphate since it has low crystallinity and hydroxyl (OH) groups which decrease the potential to be a good catalyst for the synthesis of biodiesel through transesterification. This paper explores the synthesis of biodiesel using β-tricalcium phosphate (β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) as a heterogeneous catalyst. Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) oil was extracted from seeds through the solvent extraction process. Intended for the development of easier transesterification process, stable and active heterogeneous β-tricalcium phosphate (β-Ca 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ) catalyst was synthesized and used for the P. pinnata (Karanja) oil transesterification process. The synthesized heterogeneous catalyst was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and EDX to determine its structural and morphological characteristics. The catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity on reuse. Biodiesel yield was greatly dependent on operating parameters such as catalyst concentration, methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time. Effect of co-solvent on biodiesel was studied by using different co-solvents in transestrification reactions. High quality and maximum biodiesel yield (97 %) was obtained under the optimized reaction conditions (methanol to oil molar ratio, 10:1 (tetrahydrofuran (THF):methanol 1:1); reaction time 90 min; catalyst concentration 2.5 wt % and stirrer speed 650 rpm at 65 °C). Reusability of catalyst was examined up to five runs and found the catalyst was reusable up to five times without much loss of catalytic activity.

As one of the most effective biosurfactants reported to date, lipopeptides exhibit attractive surface and biological activities and have the great potential to serve as biocatalysts. Low yield, high cost of production, and purification hinder the large-scale applications of lipopeptides. Utilization of waste materials as low-cost substrates for the growth of biosurfactant producers has emerged as a feasible solution for economical biosurfactant production. In this study, fish peptone was generated through enzyme hydrolyzation of smashed tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis). Biosurfactant (mainly surfactin) production by Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332 was further evaluated and optimized using the generated fish peptone as a comprehensive substrate. The optimized production conduction was continuously assessed in a 7 L batch-scale and 100 L pilot-scale fermenter, exploring the possibility for a large-scale surfactin production. The results showed that Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332 could effectively use the fish waste peptones for surfactin production. The highest surfactin productivity achieved in the pilot-scale experiments was 274 mg/L. The experimental results shed light on the further production of surfactins at scales using fish wastes as an economical substrate.

The disposal of acid whey (Aw), a by-product from fermented products, is a problem for the dairy industry. The fishery industry faces a similar dilemma, disposing of nearly 50% of fish processed for human consumption. Economically feasible and science-based alternatives are needed to overcome this problem. One possible solution is to add value to the remaining nutrients from these by-products. This study focuses on the breakdown of nutrients in controlled fermentations of Aw, fish waste (F), molasses (M), and a lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strain (Lr). The aim was to assess the dynamic variations in microbial diversity and the biochemical changes that occur during fermentation. Four treatments were compared (AwF, AwFM, AwFLr, and AwFMLr), and the fermentation lasted 14 days at 22.5 &deg, C. Samples were taken every other day. Colorimetric tests for peptide concentrations, pH, and microbial ecology by 16S-v4 rRNA amplicon using Illumina MiSeq were conducted. The results of the microbial ecology showed elevated levels of alpha and beta diversity in the samples at day zero. By day 2 of fermentation, pH dropped, and the availability of a different set of nutrients was reflected in the microbial diversity. The fermentation started to stabilize and was driven by the Firmicutes phylum, which dominated the microbial community by day 14. Moreover, there was a significant increase (3.6 times) in peptides when comparing day 0 with day 14, making this treatment practical and feasible for protein hydrolysis. This study valorizes two nutrient-dense by-products and provides an alternative to the current handling of these materials.

As an alternative use of natural marine resources, processing waste from whitemouth croaker was used as raw material for the production of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH). The biometric characterization of the raw material was determined, and the optimal conditions of the protease established using DH (degree of hydrolysis) as the criterion. Bromatological analyses were performed according to AOAC methods. The DH were determined by the TCA (trichloroacetic acid) method and expressed as a percentage of solubilized protein after hydrolysis compared to the total protein in raw material. The average yields of viscera, heads and carcasses were 7.4, 36.3 and 56.3%, respectively. The optimal conditions for enzyme action on the viscera were: 55°C, hydrolysis time of 90 min, and enzyme concentration of 0.4 mg mL -1 . For the muscle, the conditions established were: 45°C, 90 min, and 0.8 mg mL -1 . The dry matter of hydrolysate from viscera yielded 73.5% supernatant (soluble fraction) and 27.5% precipitate (insoluble fraction), while that from muscle yielded 45.7% and 54.3%, respectively. The hydrolysate from viscera presented 86.0% proteins, 0.4% lipids and 4.4% ashes in the soluble fraction, and 51.0% proteins, 25.8% lipids and 5.1% ashes in the insoluble fraction. The hydrolysate from muscle presented 86.0% proteins, 0.4% lipids and 9.0% ashes in the soluble fraction, and 87.0% proteins, 4.4% lipids and 2.4% ashes in the insoluble fraction. A lower degree of hydrolysis of hydrolysate from muscle than that produced from viscera was observed, demonstrating the different interactions between the enzyme and the residues studied.

In this study two fractions of muscle hydrolysate were tested, soluble and insoluble (FSM and FIM), they were assessed individually and combined with each other (FSM+FIM). Also, two fractions of hydrolyzed viscera: soluble of natural and industrialized viscera (FSVN and FSVI) were tested on the performance and on the intestinal morphology of juvenile catfish ( Rhamdia quelen ). The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments and five replicates. Juveniles were kept in aquariums with density of eight fish per tank and were cultured for 56 days. The results were analyzed using parametric variance analysis (ANOVA) and subjected to the Duncan test (5% significance level). The best results on final weight, weight gain, feed conversion rate, and protein efficiency ratio were obtained with the diet containing FSM+FIM, and the diet containing the FSVI. The latter was also the most consumed by the animals. The diet containing FIM was the one that provided the worst consumption results. The worst feed conversion rate was obtained for the diet containing FSM. Survival and body composition did not differ between treatments. The separation of the soluble and insoluble fractions is not necessary or even recommended when the goal is to use the muscle hydrolysate as the ingredient in feed for silver catfish juveniles. The best performance results obtained were with the combination of soluble and insoluble fractions of muscle hydrolysate, and with the industrial viscera soluble hydrolysate. The degree of hydrolysis has a direct effect on feed consumption.

This work was focused on the study of the bioactive potential of three fish protein hydrolysates, one of them prepared from industrial sardine by-products (heads and viscera) and the others from tuna by-products (heads, and muscle and viscera). These protein hydrolysates exhibited moderate ability to inhibit Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (IC50 between 0.24-1.16 mg dry weight/ml) and Prolyl Oligopeptidase (IC50 between 3.30-9.57 mg/ml), being those obtained from tuna by-products the most effective. Overall, ACE- and PO-inhibiting activities were enhanced by sequential nanofiltration through 3 and 1 kDa MWCO membranes (IC50 between 0.02-0.16 mg/ml (ACE) and 1.10-4.21 mg/ml (PO)). The inhibitory properties of the hydrolysates were greatly improved by in vitro gastric digestion, and were barely affected by further intestinal digestion. The digested tuna hydrolysates proved to be the best source of PO- and ACE- inhibiting molecules (mainly that from heads (IC50 = 0.16 mg/ml (ACE) and 1.04 mg/ml (PO)) and could be potential new ingredients in food with interest in the prevention or treatment of cardiovascular and neurological diseases., This research was financed by EU under the SEAFOODplus European Integrated Programme (Seafoodplus CT-2004-506359), by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project AGL2014-52825-R) and also by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) under project ref. 200970I113.

This study focuses on combining different bioprocessing tools in order to develop an in-depth engineering approach for enhancing the biological properties of two valuable food by-products, namely fish waste and yellow onion skins, in a single new bioactive formulation. Bone tissue from phytophagous carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) was used to obtain bioactive peptides through papain-assisted hydrolysis. The peptides with molecular weight lower than 3 kDa were characterized through MALDI-ToF/ToF mass spectrometry and bioinformatics tools. As a prerequisite for microencapsulation, the ability of these peptides to bind the flavonoids extracted from yellow onion skins was further tested through fluorescence quenching measurements. The results obtained demonstrate a considerable binding potency with a binding value of 106 and also the presence of one single or one class of binding site during the interaction process of flavonoids with peptides, in which the main forces involved are hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. In the freeze-drying microencapsulation process, an efficiency for total flavonoids of 88.68 &plusmn, 2.37% was obtained, considering the total flavonoids and total polyphenols from the powder of 75.72 &plusmn, 2.58 quercetin equivalents/g dry weight (DW) and 97.32 &plusmn, 2.80 gallic acid equivalents/g DW, respectively. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test on the L929 cell line cultivated in the presence of different concentrations of microencapsulated samples (0.05&ndash, 1.5 mg/mL) proved no sign of cytotoxicity, the cell viability being over 80% for all the samples.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:50:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-04-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Aquaculture is a fast-growing activity that is generating increasing volumes of organic waste such as fish carcasses, which must be managed. In a study evaluating black soldier fly (BSF) larvae composting of this waste stream, we tested 21 combinations of reclaimed bread waste and aquaculture waste (with replacement increments of 5%). The best treatments were validated in a second experiment. Within 11–12 days of treatment, inclusion of 15% aquaculture waste increased larvae size by 35% and body protein content by 60% (45%DM) compared with larvae fed only bread waste. Bioconversion of materials was favored by the addition of aquaculture waste, reaching 18%DM. However, as revealed by a principal component analysis, 50.5% of the data variance was weighted by the addition of aquaculture waste in the treatments, negatively correlating to larvae survival, which declined as more of this waste stream was added. Nevertheless, the nitrogen content of the final compost increased as more aquaculture waste was added, while nitrogen volatilization varied slightly (max. 33% of total nitrogen). Overall, addition of small amounts (

A pot experiment was conducted to compare the effects of compost from fish waste with mineral and manure fertilization on the yield and chemical composition of the overground parts of maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment comprised two series: I – composts at a dose of 1 g of compost per pot, and II – composts with 0.5 g of urea. The treatments were conducted on the following types of composts: compost 1: fish waste (80% d.m.), sawdust (20% d.m.); compost 2: fish waste (80% d.m.), straw (20% d.m.); compost 3: fish waste (80% d.m.), bark (20% d.m.); compost 4: fish waste (79.3% d.m.), sawdust (19.7% d.m.), lignite (1% d.m.); compost 5: fish waste (79.3% d.m.), straw (19.7% d.m.); lignite (1% d.m.); compost 6: fish waste (79.3% d.m.), bark (19.7% d.m), lignite (1% d.m). The contents of Ni, Zn, Cr, Cu and Cd were determined in an air-acetylene flame using the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. The average crop yield of the overground parts of maize in the series without additional mineral fertilization and with mineral N-fertilization was higher compared to objects without mineral N-fertilization. The highest crop yield was noted in the case of compost containing fish waste and straw with addition of lignite and with bark and lignite. The addition of lignite to the compost mass in the series with mineral N-fertilization had stronger influence on the content of cadmium, chromium, nickel and zinc in the overground parts of maize.

Fishery processing industries generate large amounts of by-products. The disposal of these wastes represents an increasing environmental and health problem. To avoid wasting these by-products, various disposal methods have been applied including, ensilation, fermentation, hydrolysate and fish oil production. Interestingly, fish by-products provide an excellent nutrient source for microbial growth useful in enzyme production process, which is largely governed by the cost related to the growth media. Fish wastes (heads, viscera, chitinous material, wastewater, etc.) were prepared and tested as growth substrates for microbial enzymes production such as protease, lipase, chitinolytic and ligninolytic enzymes. This new approach described in this review can reduce environmental problems associated with waste disposal and, simultaneously, lower the cost of microbial enzyme production.

13 páginas, 7 tablas, 5 figuras, The seasonal variability of the physiological components of the Scope for Growth (SFG) of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis was investigated in a raft adjacent (170 m) to fish net-pens and compared with a raft 550 m distant from the cages in Ría Ares-Betanzos (Galicia, Spain). Chlorophyll and phytoplankton size-classes were determined in the field, simultaneously with SFG. Average chlorophyll-a was 0.65 ± 0.24 μg l− 1, while nanophytoplankton (2–20 μm) was the most abundant size-class, ranging from 50 to 70% of the total chlorophyll. The temporal pattern found for chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton size-classes reflected the upwelling–downwelling events and were correlated with the feeding, digestive and metabolic rates. Nanophytoplankton and microphytoplankton were preferentially cleared and ingested by mussels. There were no significant differences between the chlorophyll and phytoplankton size-classes among rafts. The lack of any enhancement in food availability resulted in no significant increase in the SFG of mussels beside the fish cages. Maximum SFG corresponded with the autumn (16.60 ± 7.90 J h− 1) and spring (12.72 ± 9.32 J h− 1) chlorophyll maximums. An abnormally hot summer and reduced chlorophyll levels resulted in lower energy intake, significantly higher metabolic expenditure and a negative SFG (− 34.57 ± 12.55 J h− 1). Any particulate wastes and potential fish-derived chlorophyll enhancement would be rapidly diluted by the currents, while the placement of bivalves too distant from the fish farm in an environment with high supplies of natural seston may explain the lack of an augmented SFG of the co-cultured mussels, This study was sponsored by the project Ecological Sustainability of Suspended Mussel Aquaculture (ESSMA) (ACI2008-0780) and the PROINSA-CSIC contract project (CSIC 0704101100001). Jade Irisarri is supported by JAE-Predoc CSIC-FSE 2012–2015 scholarship.

Cada vez es más común el uso de compost en la elaboración de sustratos de cultivo, pero uno de los inconvenientes más frecuentes que presentan este tipo de materiales para ser utilizados como sustrato es su elevada salinidad. Este problema puede ser tratado de distintas maneras. En este trabajo se evalúan dos de las técnicas disponibles: el lavado rápido (15 h) con agua previo al cultivo y el lavado gradual (60 días) mediante un riego con solución nutritiva (SN). Se comparan ambos métodos, tanto desde el punto de vista de la eficiencia como desde el punto de vista de la liberación de nutrientes, como técnica más adecuada para el manejo de la salinidad de un compost con alta C.E. (18,7 dS m-1 en extracto de saturación). En ambos ensayos se produjo un rápido e importante descenso de la C.E., y fue suficiente el aporte de 3 veces el volumen de su capacidad de contenedor (CC) para llegar a valores de C.E. en los lixiviados por debajo de 4 dS m-1. El riego con solución nutritiva produjo un lavado más eficiente, especialmente, en el caso de los iones más perjudiciales como son el sodio, los cloruros y los sulfatos. La liberación de iones mediante la lixiviación siguió patrones similares en ambos ensayos, excepto para los fosfatos, el calcio y el magnesio The use of compost as substrate in soilless systems is increasing quickly, but its high salinity is one of the most common problems of these materials for this use. This problem can be easily treated in different ways. In this paper we evaluate two of these techniques: one is a quick washing (15 h) with tap water prior to cultivation, and the other consist in a gradual washing (60 days) by watering with nutrient solution (NS). The aim of this paper is to compare the two methods, in terms of effectiveness and assess the dynamics of nutrient release, as most appropriate technique for managing salinity of compost with high E.C. (18,7 dS m-1 in saturation extract). In both trials there was a rapid and significant decrease in E.C. Three times the volume of its container capacity (CC) was sufficient to reach values of E.C. in leachate below to 4 dS m-1. The leaching efficiency was higher in the case of watering with SN especially more harmful ions such as Na+, Cl- and SO4 2-. Ion release by leaching followed similar patterns in both cases except for phosphate, calcium and magnesium Los autores quieren agradecer a la Xunta de Galicia la financiación de este trabajo (Proyectos PGIDT05TAM097E y 09MRU016291PR) así como la beca predoctoral concedida a Marta Illera Vives. A la empresa Pescados Rubén, por el suministro de los subproductos con los que se realizó el compost SI

Resumen del póster presentado al "EFFOST Annual Meeting 2011" celebrado en Berlín del 9 al 11 de noviembre., Seafood processing by-products account for approx. 75% of the total weight of the catch, and 30% of the waste is in the form of bones, skins and fins, waste that is either discarded in the sea or is processed into animal feed of low added value. Nonetheless, this raw material has a potential as a food ingredient, since constitutes an important source of biologically active molecules possessing peculiar properties and promising practical applications. Enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the methods for recovery of valuable components from fish by-products. However, to our knowledge, there is no information in the literature about the effect of enzymatic proteolysis on the antigenicity of fish proteins, which is of interest for the use of the fish protein hydrolysed as a food ingredient. Allergies to seafood are estimated to affect 1 to 2 percent of the adult population. Parvalbumins are responsible for IgE-mediated reactions in fish, while Tropomyosins are major allergens in the shrimp and the squid. In the current study, heads of seabream (Sparus aurata), muscle and tunic of giant squid (Dosidicus gigas) were hydrolysed by Pepsine, Alcalase and Esperase. These hydrolysis were carried out at 37ºC for 5 h for pepsine and at 60ºC for 3 h for the other enzymes. The cleaved peptide bonds (5) and an ELISA test using pools of sera from patient allergic to hake, shrimp, and anisaki were determined to evaluate the residual antigenicity. The enzymatic treatments enhances the fish protein hydrolysis, and, very low immunoreactivity was detected in the hydrolysates by using hake and schrimp sera. In contrast, no activity was shown against anisaki sera by either untreated/treated samples. The results suggest that proteolysis of fish waste by either of these enzymes has the potential to produce hypoallergenic hydrolysates.

We evaluated the volumes of waste from fish processing plants in Chubut Province, Argentina, and discuss its potential consequences for Kelp Gull (Larus dominicanus) population dynamics and coastal management. Mean volume of waste produced between 1989 and 2001 in three coastal cities was 49.8± 10.9 thousand tonsy -1. The amount of waste varied between years and cities, being larger at Puerto Madryn and Comodoro Rivadavia than at Rawson (24.1, 19.3 and 6.4 thousand tons y -1, respectively). Waste was disposed at the three cities during all months of the sampled years. Large numbers of Kelp Gulls have been recorded taking advantage of fish waste disposed at these waste sites throughout the year. Considering its energetic content, waste generated at processing plants may support a population of between 101000 and 209000 Kelp Gulls. Fish waste could be contributing to their population expansion through increased survival and breeding success. Conflicts due to the use of waste and derived effects on other coastal species and human populations could be minimized by adequate fish waste management. Fil: Yorio, Pablo Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Nacional Patagónico; Argentina. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados Unidos Fil: Caille, Guillermo. Fundación Patagonia Natural; Argentina