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1. Performance of different water-based resins in the formulation of intumescent coatings for passive fire protection

Author: D. Strassburger, M. R. Silveira, A. F. Baldissera, and C. A. Ferreira
Subjects: Colloid and Surface Chemistry, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Surfaces, Coatings and Films
Published: 2022
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2. Corrosion protection of benzoxazine and cardanol-doped polyaniline coatings

Author: Mauro Ricardo da Silva Silveira, Leila Bonnaud, Nara Regina de Souza Basso, Lucas Weber Dias, Isadora Quinhones Liposki, Carlos Arthur Ferreira, Raiane Valenti Gonçalves, and Alessandra F. Baldissera
Subjects: Cardanol, Materials science, Carbon steel, Substrate (chemistry), Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, engineering.material, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Dielectric spectroscopy, Corrosion, chemistry.chemical_compound, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Coating, Polyaniline, engineering, Dispersion (chemistry)
Abstract: In this work a corrosion protection material formed by commercial benzoxazine and polyaniline (PAni) for coatings applications was developed. PAni doped with a natural phenolic compound, cardanol, was used in the coating preparation, and conventional hydrochloric acid-doped PAni was also used for comparative purposes. Cardanol is a reddish-brown liquid obtained from the by-product of cashew nut processing. The presence of the aliphatic group and the hydroxyl of the cardanol, as well as the amine groups of the PAni, can enhance the corrosion barrier of a benzoxazine coatings. The anticorrosive properties of the coatings were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 3.5% NaCl solution for a total period of 168 h. The coatings of benzoxazine filled with PAni showed better anticorrosion performance and adhesion strength on carbon steel substrate when compared to pristine benzoxazine and PAni doped with 3 wt% cardanol exhibits the best performances. This last result can be explained by both the presence of PAni and the better PAni dispersion within benzoxazine when doped with cardanol. In addition, the incorporation of cardanol-doped PAni in the benzoxazine reduced the cure temperature of the benzoxazine.
Published: 2021
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3. Removal of heavy metals by electrodialysis using polyanilines prepared in hydrochloric acid and ionic liquids

Author: M. R. Silveira, Carlos Arthur Ferreira, El Hadji Dièye, Alessandra F. Baldissera, Modou Fall, and Alioune Dior Fall
Subjects: Materials science, Tetrafluoroborate, Aqueous solution, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, Hydrochloric acid, Electrodialysis, Biomaterials, Thermogravimetry, chemistry.chemical_compound, Membrane, chemistry, Ionic liquid, Polyaniline, Ceramics and Composites, Waste Management and Disposal, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract: Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized in HCl (1 M) and in the presence of two ionic liquids: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMimBF4) and 1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride ([HMMim][Cl]). The resulting polymers (PANI and PANI doped by ionic liquids) were associated to polyvinyl alcohol to prepare cation-exchange membranes. The membranes were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry analysis. After characterization, the membranes were applied to the elimination of heavy metals (copper, lead, and cadmium) in aqueous solutions via electrodialysis. The results showed extraction percentages comprised between 80.63 and 96.04 % (for Cu2+), 87.89 and 99.55 % (for Pb2+), and 68.53 and 88.03 % (for Cd2+).
Published: 2021
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4. Performance of phosphorylated tannin-based intumescent coatings in passive fire protection

Author: J. F. Marques, M. R. Silveira, A. C. Dornelles, Carlos A. Ferreira, and Alessandra F. Baldissera
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Thermogravimetric analysis, Materials science, Chemical modification, 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, chemistry.chemical_compound, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Passive fire protection, Tannin, Graphite, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 0210 nano-technology, Intumescent, Ammonium polyphosphate
Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of intumescent coatings based on chemically modified tannin in passive fire protection. For this purpose, chemical modification of tannins was carried out with phosphorus pentoxide or phytic acid. Following this, a set of paints were formulated, each of which contained one of the tannins in combination with expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate as pigments. The chemical modification of the tannins was evidenced by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, and the thermal protection of mild steel samples coated with the prepared organic coatings was evaluated after the exposure of samples to a Bunsen torch. During the tests, temperature data and thermographic images of the steel surface were collected. The coatings and the chemically modified tannins were also evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis and microscale combustion calorimetry. It was found that all coatings provided good fire protection, and the temperature of the steel substrate after 30 min of the experiment did not exceed 130°C in the formulations where only the chemically modified tannin with the expandable graphite was used.
Published: 2021
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5. Electrosynthesis and electrochemical characterisation of polypyrrole in 1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and 1,2-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate. Application to the detection of copper in aqueous solutions

Author: M. R. Silveira, Carlos Arthur Ferreira, Alioune Dior Fall, El Hadji Dièye, Alessandra F. Baldissera, and Modou Fall
Subjects: Conductive polymer, Aqueous solution, Tetrafluoroborate, Materials science, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, 010401 analytical chemistry, Inorganic chemistry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Soil Science, 010501 environmental sciences, Electrosynthesis, Polypyrrole, Electrochemistry, 01 natural sciences, Pollution, 0104 chemical sciences, Analytical Chemistry, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Ionic liquid, Environmental Chemistry, Waste Management and Disposal, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Water Science and Technology, Pyrrole
Abstract: Electropolymerisation of pyrrole was carried out in the presence of two ionic liquids: 1-hexyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and 1,2-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate. Electrochemical t...
Published: 2020
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6. Assessment of lignin as a carbon source in intumescent coatings containing polyaniline

Author: M. R. Silveira, A. C. Dornelles, Carlos A. Ferreira, and Alessandra F. Baldissera
Subjects: Thermogravimetric analysis, Materials science, Substrate (chemistry), 02 engineering and technology, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Biodegradable polymer, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, chemistry.chemical_compound, Colloid and Surface Chemistry, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Polyaniline, Lignin, Graphite, 0210 nano-technology, Intumescent, Ammonium polyphosphate
Abstract: Lignin, a vegetable compound, is the second most abundant biorenewable and biodegradable polymer in nature. In this study, the addition of this compound to paints containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and expandable graphite as pigments was investigated to improve the fire protection performance of intumescent coatings. The combination of lignin with polyaniline (PANI) in the formulations was also evaluated, as previous studies have shown that PANI-based paints show promising results in intumescent coatings. For this purpose, the thermal protection of mild steel samples coated with these organic coatings was evaluated during a fire resistance test, with the sample exposed to a Bunsen torch. During the test, temperature data and thermography images for the steel surface were collected. The coatings were also evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis and microscale combustion calorimetry. It was found that all coatings formulated provided good fire protection to the steel substrate and the lignin could be a good option to replace nonrenewable sources in intumescent paints, since the sample coated with the paint containing 10 wt% lignin reached 230°C after 30 min of assay. In addition, when this compound was used in combination with PANI, the flame protection was even better. The best performance was observed for the paint formulated with combination of 10 wt% lignin and 10 wt% PANI-ES, whose metal substrate temperature was 170°C after 30 min of assay.
Published: 2020
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7. Polymeric organic coatings based on PANI-ES and PANI-ES/APP for fire protection

Author: Carlos Arthur Ferreira, Carlos H. M. Beraldo, Mauro Ricardo da Silva Silveira, Nicolle Sturzbecher Tocchetto, and Alessandra F. Baldissera
Subjects: lcsh:TN1-997, Thermogravimetric analysis, Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Corrosion, Biomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Coating, 0103 physical sciences, Polyaniline, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, lcsh:Mining engineering. Metallurgy, Ammonium polyphosphate, 010302 applied physics, chemistry.chemical_classification, Metals and Alloys, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Dielectric spectroscopy, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Ceramics and Composites, engineering, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Polyaniline (PANI) is an intrinsic semiconducting polymer with high potential for application in different areas, but its use in coatings for fire protection has been little explored so far. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the use of this polymer in the preparation of organic coatings and their performance in fire protection. For this purpose, paints containing PANI-ES (emeraldine salt), PANI-ES/APP (ammonium polyphosphate) and APP in the formulation were formulated.The synthesized polymers, PANI-ES and PANI-ES/APP, were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, electrical conductivity and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).The thermal protection of mild steel samples coated with organic coatings was evaluated after sample exposure to a Bunsen torch for 30 min. During the test, thermography images and temperature data for the steel surface were collected. The coatings were also evaluated by TGA. Due to the high corrosion protection potential offered by PANI, the corrosion behaviour of samples coated with organic coatings was also investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements taken in a 3.5% NaCl solution.It was found that the best fire protection was provided by the coating containing 10% PANI-ES and 10% APP, whose the steel substrate temperature after 30 min of assay did not exceed 330 °C. The coating containing 5% PANI-ES had the best anticorrosive performance. This behaviour can be attributed to the high porosity of the coatings. Keywords: Polyaniline, Coating, Fire protection, Corrosion, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Published: 2019
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8. Chemical degradation of reinforced epoxy-cement composites under CO2 -rich environments

Author: Sonia Maria Cabral de Menezes, Alessandra F. Baldissera, Felipe Dalla Vecchia, Sandra Einloft, Cristiane Richard de Miranda, Patrícia M. Coteskvisk, and Marta K. Schütz
Subjects: Materials science, Polymers and Plastics, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Talc, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, law, 021105 building & construction, Materials Chemistry, medicine, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Composite material, Curing (chemistry), Aqueous solution, General Chemistry, Epoxy, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Phenolphthalein, Portland cement, Montmorillonite, chemistry, visual_art, Ceramics and Composites, visual_art.visual_art_medium, 0210 nano-technology, medicine.drug
Abstract: Long-term wellbore integrity is crucial to prevent leakage of CO2 and to ensure performance and safety of carbon geologic storage. One of the concerns is the degradation of Portland cement due to its exposure to CO2. In this study, Portland cement paste composed of three reinforced-epoxy resins (talc, agalmatolite, and montmorillonite clay as filler) was compared to unmodified cement paste with respect to CO2 resistance. CO2 degradation experiments were conducted with aqueous CO2 at elevated pressure (50 bar) and temperature (70°C) in order to mimic wellbore conditions. Epoxy cement composites were characterized by phenolphthalein test, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and mechanical compression test. The preparation method of the composites is the parameter likely to affect the CO2 resistance than curing conditions (natural and thermal). Addition of up to 5% of montmorillonite clay reinforced-epoxy resins provides an improvement in CO2 resistance over unmodified Portland cement paste, showing to be a promising alternative to obtain suitable materials for use in wellbores in CO2 sequestration reservoirs. POLYM. COMPOS., 2017. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Published: 2017
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9. Epoxy resin-cement paste composite for wellbores: Evaluation of chemical degradation fostered carbon dioxide

Author: Sandra Einloft, Rosane Angélica Ligabue, Sonia Maria Cabral de Menezes, Alessandra F. Baldissera, Vitaly V. Chaban, Felipe Dalla Vecchia, Eleani Maria da Costa, Leonardo M. dos Santos, Marcus Seferin, and Marta K. Schütz
Subjects: Cement, Thermogravimetric analysis, Environmental Engineering, Materials science, Carbonation, 0211 other engineering and technologies, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Epoxy, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Phenolphthalein, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, visual_art, 021105 building & construction, Forensic engineering, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Environmental Chemistry, Composite material, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 0210 nano-technology, Carbon, Chemical decomposition
Abstract: Excessive carbon dioxide (CO2) environmental emission can be partially solved using carbon geological storage technologies. Up-to-date materials in CO2 injection wells are strongly susceptible to acidic attacks causing their irreversible damage over a long time scale. This study investigates degradation by CO2 of epoxy resin-cement paste composites at elevated pressure (50 bar) and temperature (70°C) to mimic wellbore conditions. The effect of epoxy resins on cement carbonation was evaluated by phenolphthalein test, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and numerical simulations. According to electronic-structure-based molecular dynamics simulations, the epoxy resin forms a separate phase that blocks potential reaction sites between the cement and CO2. Thanks to CO2-phobic behavior, the resin repels CO2 and minimizes cement damage due to degradation process. The optimal content of epoxy resin in the cement paste was up to 30% w/w. The reported results provide clear guidelines for further evolution of reinforced cements for use in CO2 injection wellbores. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: 2017
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10. Epoxy-modified Portland Cement: Effect of the Resin Hardener on the Chemical Degradation by Carbon Dioxide

Author: Sandra Einloft, Rosane Angélica Ligabue, Sonia Maria Cabral de Menezes, Marta K. Schütz, Marcus Seferin, Alessandra F. Baldissera, and Felipe Dalla Vecchia
Subjects: Cement, Chemical resistance, Materials science, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, Epoxy, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, law.invention, Portland cement, law, visual_art, 021105 building & construction, visual_art.visual_art_medium, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Degradation (geology), Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Layer (electronics), Injection well, Chemical decomposition, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Portland cement employed in CO2 injection wells is strongly susceptible to acidic attacks leading to long-term deterioration. This study investigates the chemical degradation of composites based on an epoxy resin blend (with and without a hardener) and cement paste when exposed to CO2, aiming to provide a new polymer-modified cement with better chemical resistance. CO2 degradation experiments were conducted with dissolved CO2 at 70 °C and 50 bar. Results showed that composites containing hardener undergo lower degradation by CO2 when compared to the composites with uncured epoxy resins. Some of these composites present smaller degraded layer than pure Portland cement.
Published: 2017
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11. Fire protection of ultraviolet-aged intumescent coatings containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes

Author: Carlos H. M. Beraldo, Mauro Ricardo da Silva Silveira, Carlos A. Ferreira, and Alessandra F. Baldissera
Subjects: Isothermal microcalorimetry, Thermogravimetric analysis, Materials science, Scanning electron microscope, General Chemical Engineering, Organic Chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, law.invention, Optical microscope, Chemical engineering, law, Materials Chemistry, medicine, Char, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 0210 nano-technology, Intumescent, Ultraviolet
Abstract: Intumescent coatings are alternatives for protecting substrates against fire and can be applied externally, being exposed to inclement weather, such as solar radiation, making it necessary to know the effect of this exposure on their protective properties. This study developed benzoxazine- and epoxy-based intumescent coatings containing different types of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), to evaluate the influence of UV aging on fire resistance properties. The coatings were formulated, applied on metallic substrates, and exposed to UV aging. Coatings without exposure to aging were also evaluated. The coatings were characterized using burning tests, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis, combustion microcalorimetry and visual analysis. The char layers were characterized using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. FTIR results indicated absorption bands related to functional groups typical of degradation for each resin. The burning test revealed that aging exposure decreased the fire protection of all coatings. Coatings containing POSS with nonreactive groups showed better protective properties after UV aging when compared with the ones containing reactive groups.
Published: 2020
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12. In vitro activity of essential oils extracted from condiments against fluconazole-resistant and -sensitive Candida glabrata

Author: Luana Rossato, Érico S. Loreto, Tarcieli Pozzebon Venturini, F. Baldissera, Jânio Morais Santúrio, Débora Alves Nunes Mario, I. H. Soares, and Sydney Hartz Alves
Subjects: Antifungal Agents, food.ingredient, Thymus vulgaris, Candida glabrata, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Rosmarinus, law.invention, food, law, Botany, Oils, Volatile, Humans, Plant Oils, Fluconazole, Essential oil, biology, Traditional medicine, Plant Extracts, Salvia officinalis, Basilicum, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Origanum, biology.organism_classification, Ocimum, food.food, Lippia graveolens, Infectious Diseases, Condiments
Abstract: In the present study, the antifungal activity of essential oils obtained from Origanum vulgare (oregano), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano), Thymus vulgaris (thyme), Salvia officinalis (sage), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Ocimum basilicum (basil) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) were assessed against Candida glabrata isolates. One group contained 30 fluconazole-susceptible C. glabrata isolates, and the second group contained fluconazole-resistant isolates derived from the first group after the in vitro induction of fluconazole-resistance, for a total of 60 tested isolates. The broth microdilution methodology was used. Concentrations of 50μg/mL, 100μg/mL, 200μg/mL, 400μg/mL, 800μg/mL, 1600μg/mL and 3200μg/mL of the essential oils were used, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined. Thyme, sage, rosemary, basil and ginger essential oils showed no antifungal activity at the tested concentrations. Antimicrobial activity less than or equal to 3200μg/mL was observed for oregano, Mexican oregano and cinnamon essential oils. Both the oregano and Mexican oregano essential oils showed high levels of antifungal activity against the fluconazole-susceptible C. glabrata group, whereas the cinnamon essential oil showed the best antifungal activity against the fluconazole-resistant C. glabrata isolates.
Published: 2015
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13. A new benzoxazine-based intumescent coating for passive protection against fire

Author: Carlos H. M. Beraldo, Mauro Ricardo da Silva Silveira, Carlos A. Ferreira, and Alessandra F. Baldissera
Subjects: Thermogravimetric analysis, Materials science, Scanning electron microscope, General Chemical Engineering, Organic Chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, law.invention, Coating, Optical microscope, law, Materials Chemistry, engineering, Graphite, Char, Composite material, 0210 nano-technology, Intumescent, Fire retardant
Abstract: The use of intumescent coatings has proved to be an efficient alternative for the protection of metallic substrates against fire. Benzoxazine is a type of phenolic resin of great interest for aerospace engineering because it inherently exhibits flame retardant properties. However, its use as the main component of an intumescent coating has not been explored yet. The aim of the present work is to develop, for the first time, an efficient benzoxazine-based intumescent coating. The proposed formulations were applied to steel substrates and exposed to fire resistance tests. The coatings were characterised using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and microcolorimetry (MCC). The resulting chars were analysed using MCC, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The intumescent coatings provide efficient fire protection. The substrates coated with the formulations containing expandable graphite showed a decrease of 300 °C when compared to the uncoated substrate. SEM analysis of the char revealed porous structures and MCC showed that benzoxazine coatings have low heat release.
Published: 2019
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14. Evaluation of the expandable graphite/polyaniline combination in intumescent coatings

Author: M. R. Silveira, Carlos H. M. Beraldo, N.S. Tocchetto, Carlos A. Ferreira, and Alessandra F. Baldissera
Subjects: Thermogravimetric analysis, Materials science, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Corrosion, chemistry.chemical_compound, Coating, Polyaniline, Materials Chemistry, Graphite, Composite material, Ammonium polyphosphate, Mechanical Engineering, Metals and Alloys, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Dielectric spectroscopy, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, engineering, 0210 nano-technology, Intumescent
Abstract: In this study, the addition of expandable graphite to paints containing polyaniline (PANI) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as pigments was investigated in order to improve the fire protection performance of the intumescent coatings. The corrosion protection on application to mild steel was also evaluated, since PANI is often applied as an anticorrosion agent in organic coatings. The thermal protection of mild steel samples coated with organic coatings containing PANI-ES (emeraldine salt) or PANI-ES/APP, APP and expandable graphite in the formulation was evaluated after sample exposure to a Bunsen torch for 30 min. During the test, thermography images and temperature data for the steel surface were collected. The coatings were also evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC). The corrosion behaviour of samples coated with organic coatings was investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements taken in a 3.5% NaCl solution. It was found that all coatings provided good fire protection, and the steel substrate temperature after 30 min of experiment did not exceed 200 °C. However, only the coating containing 5% PANI-ES/APP in the formulation showed good protection against corrosion. This behaviour can be attributed to the high porosity of the coatings.
Published: 2019
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15. Clay-Based Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites

Author: Carlos A. Ferreira and Alessandra F. Baldissera
Subjects: Conductive polymer, chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Nanocomposite, Polymer nanocomposite, 02 engineering and technology, Polymer, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Nanomaterials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Montmorillonite, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Polyaniline, In situ polymerization, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: Nanomaterials have been regarded as most gifted materials for large number of scientific and technological applications. In engineering, polymer nanocomposites are a novel class of composite materials, where a clay or filler with nano size dimensions is added in a polymer matrix at a very small ratio or volume. When dispersed in contents less than 5 % in the nanocomposites, clay cause a noteworthy enhancement in various properties, such as mechanical, optical, magnetic barrier, and especially permeability and flammability resistance. In this perspective, the major goal of the present chapter is to give a brief summary about polymeric nanocomposites, their preparation and some nanocomposites based on conducting polymers. At the end, different polymeric nanocomposites obtained from the synthesis of polyaniline (PAni) with different commercial clays (Cloisite Na+, 10A, 15A, 20A and 30B) are described. The synthesis of PAni and montmorillonite (PAni–MMT) nanocomposites was carried out by in situ polymerization of aniline in acidic media (HCl). Electrical conductivity measurements, FT-IR, TGA and X-ray diffraction were some of the tools employed to characterize the nanocomposites. The results confirmed that it is feasible to get PAni–MMT nanocomposites by chemical synthesis method and the X-ray diffraction patterns and photomicrographs confirmed the better exfoliation of the clay by the PAni chains and the development of PAni–MMT nanocomposite.
Published: 2016
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16. Coatings based on electronic conducting polymers for corrosion protection of metals

Author: Carlos Arthur Ferreira and Alessandra F. Baldissera
Subjects: Conductive polymer, Materials science, Zinc chromate, General Chemical Engineering, Organic Chemistry, Zinc phosphate, Epoxy, engineering.material, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Corrosion, Dielectric spectroscopy, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Coating, visual_art, Polyaniline, Materials Chemistry, engineering, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Composite material, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract: In this work, corrosion protection of mild steel by a novel epoxy resin (EP)-based coating system containing polyaniline (PAni) as an anticorrosive agent was studied. The corrosion behavior of mild steel samples coated with an EP/PAni-EB (emeraldine base), EP/PAni-ES (emeraldine salt), EP/SPAN (PAni sulfonated), EP/PAni-fibers, EP/PhoZn (zinc phosphate), EP/ChroZn (zinc chromate) or EP/Charge was investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution. For this purpose, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements were utilized. It was found that the addition of three forms of PAni—undoped, sulfonated and fibers—to the EP resin increased its corrosion protection efficiency.
Published: 2012
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17. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy investigation of chlorinated rubber-based coatings containing polyaniline as anticorrosion agent

Author: D. B. Freitas, C. A. Ferreira, and A. F. Baldissera
Subjects: Conductive polymer, chemistry.chemical_classification, Materials science, Base (chemistry), Mechanical Engineering, Doping, Metals and Alloys, General Medicine, Polymer, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Corrosion, Dielectric spectroscopy, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Natural rubber, Mechanics of Materials, visual_art, Polyaniline, Materials Chemistry, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Environmental Chemistry, Composite material
Abstract: Corrosion protection of mild steel by a newly developed chlorinated rubber (CR)-based coating system containing the inherently conductive polymer polyaniline (PAni) as an anticorrosion agent was studied. The synthesis of PAni and preparation of CR-based paint containing this polymer are described herein. The corrosion behavior of mild steel samples coated with a CR resin, CR/PAni-EB (emeraldine base), CR/PAni-ES (emeraldine salt), and CR/DBSA-doped PAni were investigated in 3.5% NaCl solution. For this purpose, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and corrosion potential versus time measurements were utilized. It was found that the addition of the two forms of PAni, doped and undoped, to the CR resin increased its corrosion protection efficiency.
Published: 2010
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18. Abstract

Author: L. J. Andries, S. U. Sys, A. L. Meulemans, J. A. J. Schuurkes, B. Vanheel, J. Van de Voorde, P. De Smet, J. Li, W. Van Driessche, B. Flamion, S. Foulon, M. Abramow, P. Calders, W. Eechaute, E. Lacroix, I. Weyne, D. Hoeben, C. Burvenich, P. Fransen, D. Van Bedaf, M. Demolder, R. Ouedraogo, P. Lebrun, A. Herchuelz, M. -H. Antoine, S. Vandenput, D. Votion, N. Anciaux, D. H. Duvivier, T. Art, P. Lekeux, Y. Ghafir, M. Geurts, E. Hermans, J. -M. Maloteaux, B. Perrad, B. Noel, F. Lagache, J. L. Bister, R. Paquay, G. Derycke, M. A. Vandermeir, S. de Brouwer, C. -A. Porret, N. Stergiopulos, J. -J. Meister, M. Verbeke, N. Lameire, N. M. De Clerck, J. De Schuytter, J. Tytgato, G. Buyse, J. Eggermont, G. Droogmans, B. Nilius, P. Daenens, S. Salomone, O. Feron, C. Dessy, N. Morel, T. Godfraind, A. M. Aloisi, P. Sacerdote, L. Lodi, G. Carli, C. Carobi, G. Garinei, U. C. Miniaci, P. Scotto, M. Sabatino, P. Sardo, L. Iurato, V. La Grutta, M. A. Bagni, G. Cecchi, E. Cecchini, F. Colomo, P. Garzella, R. Bottinelli, S. D. H. Harridge, M. Canepari, C. Reggiani, Saltin Reggiani, D. Bambagioni, G. Fanò, G, Menchetti, P. Danieli-Betto, A. Esposito, R. Betto, A. Megighian, M. Midrio, D. Danieli Betto, C. Orizio, D. Liberati, C. Locatelli, D. De Grandis, A. Veicsteinas, D. Angoli, D. Delia, E. Wanke, M. Bramucci, A. Miano, L. Quassinti, E. Maccari, O. Murri, D. Amici, G. Cibelli, S. Jüngling, S. Schoch, H. H. Gerdest, G. Thiel, I. Demori, C. Bottazzi, A. Voci, E. Fugassa, A. Barreca, F. Minuto, G. Gallo, S. Fulle, S. Belia, G. Menchetti, M. Cacchio, G. Gastaldi, U. Laforenza, G. Ferrari, G. Rindi, M. G. Doni, E. Padoin, O. Residori, M. Cesaro, L. Toma, A. Rubini, F Mutinelli, L. Paulesu, R. Romagnolie, M. Cintorino, P. Pippia, M. A. Meloni, L. Sciola, A. Spano, M. Cogoli-Greuter, A. Cogoli, A. Sardini, G. M. Mintenig, M. A. Valverde, F. V. Sepùlveda, D. R. Gill, S. C. Hyde, C. F. Higgins, P. A. McNaughton, A. Spena, M. T. Arcuri, S. Bonofiglio, R. Chimenti, C. Covello, T. De Cicco, S. Mazzulla, G. Martino, A. Tottene, A. Moretti, D. Pietrobon, M. C. Baccari, F. Calamai, G. Staderini, E. Cova, R. Marelli, P. Sommi, U. Ventura, A. M. Lombardi, R. Fabris, C. Pagano, G. Federspil, R. Vettor, R. Mancinelli, P. Tonali, S. Servidei, R. Romani, A. Tringali, G. B. Azzena, F. Mulè, R. Serio, A. Postorino, M. Rizzato, M. Granzotto, V. Ricci, M. Romano, K. J. Ivey, G. Vacca, B. Papillo, D. A. S. G. Mary, A. Battaglia, E. Grossini, E. A. Accili, G. Redaelli, D. DiFrancesco, S. Antoniotti, C. Distasi, D. Lovisolo, L. Munaron, F. Bertaso, R. Assandri, M. Mazzanti, L. Bianchi, A. Arcangeli, L. Faravelli, A. Becchetti, M. Coronello, E. Mini, F. Francini, M. Olivotto, A. Bigiani, D. -J. Kim, S. D. Roper, V. Carabelli, M. Lovallo, V. Magnelli, H. Zucker, E. Carbone, E. D’Angelo, P. Rossi, G. De Filippi, V. Taglietti, C. Bencini, R. Squecco, E. Guatteo, A. Bacci, S. Franceschetti, G. Avanzini, A. Ferroni, A. Navangione, V. Vellani, G. Rispoli, A. Peres, E. Centinaio, S. Giovannardi, G. Russo, W. Marcotti, I. Prigioni, C. Trequattrini, A. A. Harper, A. Petris, F. Franciolini, A. Zaza, M. Micheletti, A. Brioschi, G. Antonutto, C. Capelli, M. Girardis, P. Zamparo, P. E. di Prampero, D. Tuniz, G. M. Filippi, D. Troiani, B. Grassi, D. C. Poole, R. S. Richardson, D. R. Knight, B. K. Erickson, P. D. Wagner, B. Aimi, D. Stilli, P. Gallo, A. Sgoifo, C. Lagrasta, G. Olivetti, N. Reali, A. Casti, E. Musso, G. Alloatti, C. Penna, M. P. Gallo, R. C. Levi, I. Fenoglio, G. Appendino, D. Medici, M. Manghi, E. Pasini, C. Ceconi, F. Baldissera, P. Cavallari, M. Locatelli, R. Bartesaghi, T. Gessi, F. Benfenati, F. Valtorta, F. Onofri, M. Poo, P. Greengard, G. Biagini, D. Sala, P. Viani§, A. V. Kozlov, I. Zini, M. Bravin, F. Tempia, P. Strata, G. Brescia, C. Di Benedetto, P. Corsi, G. Cangiano, M. Buttiglione, M. Ambrosini, G. Gennarini, A. Casadio, P. G. Montarolo, P. Cesare, R. Stoughton, G. D’Arcangelo, H. U. Dodt, A. Brancati, W. Zieglgänsberger, P. Errico, A. Ferraresi, N. H. Barmack, V. E. Pettorossi, S. Gasparini, R. D’Ambrosio, D. Janigro, I. Gritti, M. Marintti, R. Calcaterra, R. Freddi, M. Mancia, I. Imeri, S. Bianchi, F. Lui, K. M. Gregory, R. H. I. Blanks, R. A. Giolli, C. Benassi, R. Corazza, P. C. Magherini, R. Bardoni, O. Belluzzi, E. Manni, M. Diana, W. Fratta, D. Manzoni, P. Andre, O. Pompeiano, R. Mazzocchio, A. Rossi, F. Melis, A. Kitura, M. A. Caria, H. Asanuma, M Melone, S De Biasi, A Minelli, F Conti, C Karschin, S DeBiasi, N C Brecha, M. Monda, S. Amaro, A. Sullo, B. De Luca, M. R. Pantò, F. Cicirata, R. Parenti, M. F. Serapide, M. Wassef, M. V. Podda, A. Solinas, G. Chessa, F. Deriu, O. Mameli, E. Tolu, C. A. Porro, M. P. Francescato, V. Cettolo, M. E. Diamond, P. Baraldi, M. Bazzocchi, R. Rivosecchi, A. Konnerth, M. L. Rossi, M. Martini, B. Pelucchi, R. Fesce, L. Santarelli, S. Schacher, R. Santarelli, C. Grassi, A. Valente, S. Nisticò, G. Bagetta, Rossana Scuri, Mercedes Garcia-Gil, Riccardo Mozzachiodi, Marcello Brunelli, G. Stefani, P. Vaccaro, H. B. Nielander, V. Tancredi, M. D’Antuono, A. Siniscalchi, M. Avoli, L. Verzè, A. Buffo, F. Rossi, A. B. Oestreicher, W. H. Gispen, G. Zamboni, R. Amici, C. A. Jones, E. Perez, R. Domeniconi, P. L. Parmeggiani, Michele Zoli, Nicolas Le Novàre, Jean -Pierre Changeux, C. L. Lafortuna, E. Reinach, F. Saibene, L. Zocchi, E. Agostoni, and D. Cremaschi
Subjects: Physiology, Physiology (medical), Clinical Biochemistry
Published: 1996
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19. Afferent excitation of human motor cortex as revealed by enhancement of direct cortico-spinal actions on motoneurones

Author: Letizia Leocani, F. Baldissera, Baldissera, F, and Leocani, ANNUNZIATA MARIA LETIZIA
Subjects: medicine.medical_treatment, Stimulus (physiology), Somatosensory system, H-Reflex, Magnetics, Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory, medicine, Humans, Motor Neurons, Afferent Pathways, Electromyography, Chemistry, musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology, General Neuroscience, Motor Cortex, Electroencephalography, Motor neuron, Transcranial magnetic stimulation, Electrophysiology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Spinal Cord, Somatosensory evoked potential, Neurology (clinical), H-reflex, Neuroscience, Motor cortex
Abstract: Changes in motor cortex excitability induced by somatosensory afferences were evaluated in 5 subjects by testing how the short-latency cortico-spinal effects evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation in flexor carpi radialis (FCR) motoneurones were influenced by volleys in median nerve afferent fibres. Transcranial magnetic stimulation induced two facilitatory peaks on FCR H reflex, the first at a conditioning-test interval of about −3 msec and the second at 0 msec, separated by a phase of inhibition. If an electric shock to the median nerve at the wrist, 0.8-1 × motor threshold (MT) for thenar muscles, preceded the cortical stimulus by 18–25 msec, an increase in size of both facilitatory peaks was observed. The increase was partly due to a direct action of the median nerve volley on motoneurones. When this contribution was subtracted, two peaks of additional facilitation resulted as the effect of combined conditioning. Additional facilitation was present even during the short-lasting phase ascribed to monosynaptic cortico-spinal excitation of motoneurones, i.e., the first millisecond of the earliest facilitatory peak. This result indicates that cortical responsiveness to magnetic stimulation had been enhanced by the peripheral stimulus. The time course of the excitability changes in motor cortex was compared with the cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) induced by the same peripheral stimulus. Additional facilitation was present immediately after the N20 peak of SEPs and lasted 8–10 msec. Additional facilitation had the same threshold as N20 (0.6 × MT) and grew in parallel with it when grading the afferent stimulus up to 1 MT.
Published: 1995
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20. Fourth meeting of the European Neurological Society 25–29 June 1994 Barcelona, Spain

Author: H. Hattig, C. Delli Pizzi, M. C. Addonizio, Michelle Davis, A. R. Giovagnoli, L. Florensa, M. Roth, J. de Kruijk, Francisco Lacruz, Ph. Dewailly, A. Toygar, C. Avendano, P.P. De Deyn, J. F. Hurtevent, F. Lomeila, T. W. Wong, Gordon T. Plant, M. Bud, H. J. Willison, DH Miller, D. W. Langdon, R. Cioni, J. Servan, A. Kaygisiz, E. Racadot, D. B. Schens, E. Picciola, L. Falip, C. Bouchard, J. Jotova, A. Jorge-Santamaria, P. Misra, A. Dufour, C. P. Panagopoulos, A. Venneri, B. Sredni, B. Angelard, M. Janelidze, M. Carreno, J. Obenberger, J. Pouget, H. W. Moser, R. Kaufmann, J. A. Molina, D. Linden, A. Martin Urda, E. Uvestad, A. Krone, J. P. Cochin, J. Mallecourt, A. Cambon-Thomsen, K. Violleau, P. Osschmann, A. M. Durocher, E. Bussaglia, D. M. Danielle, H. Efendi, C. Van Broeckhoven, K. G. Jordan, W. Rautenberg, C. Iniguez, J. M. Delgado, Graham Watson, M. Lawden, Gareth J. Barker, K. Stiasny, James T. Becker, G. Campanella, E. Peghi, A. Poli, A. Haddad, T. Yamawaki, Giacomo P. Comi, S. Sotgiu, B. Ersmark, A. Pomes, M. Ziegler, P. Ferrante, P. Ruppi, H. KuÇukoglu, R. Bouton, U. K. Rinne, P. Vieregge, M. Dary, P. Giunti, Peter J. Goadsby, S. Jung, E. Secor, A. Steinberg, N. Vila, M. A. Hernandez, M. Cursi, A. Enqelhardt, A. Engelhardt, J. Veitch, F. Di Silverio, F. Arnaud, B. Neundörfer, R. Brucher, Dominique Caparros-Lefebvre, B. Meyer, Marianne Dieterich, M. H. Snidaro, R. Gomez, R. Cerbo, M. Ragno, J. M. Vance, S. Nemni, A. Caliskan, F. Barros, I. Velcheva, D. Ceballos-Baumann, V. Barak, A. Avila, N. Antonova, F. Resche, S. Pappata, L. Varela, S. R. Silveira Santos, A. Cammarota, L. Naccache, Y. Nara, E. Tournier-Lasserves, R. Mobner, T. Chase, A. Ensenyat, J. Ulrich, G. Giegerich, M. Rother, M. Revilla, N. Nitschke, K. Honczarenko, E. Basart Tarrats, J. Blin, B. Jacob, J. Santamaria, S. Knezevic, J. L. Castillo, M. Antem, J. Colomer, O. Busse, Didier Hannequin, S. Carrier, J. B. Ruidavets, C. Rozman, J. Bogoussslavsky, J. Pascual Calvet, E. Monros, J. M. Polo, M. Zucconl, Javier Muruzabal, R. R. Allen, R. Rivolta, K. Haugaard, A. Nespolo, K. Hoang-Xuang, G. Bussone, T. Avramidis, E. Corsini, Christiana Franke, T. Vinogradova, H. Boot, K. Vestergaard, G. H. Jansen, N. Argentino, M. Raltzig, W. Linssen, Mark B. Pepys, P. Roblot, L. Lauritzen, E. Fainardi, D. Morin, T. X. Arbizu Urdiain, J. Wollenhaupt, S. Bostantjopoulou, G. Pavesi, A. D. Forman, Giovanni Fabbrini, D. Jean, J. J. Archelos, M. I. Blanchs, M. Del Gobbo, Anna Carla Turconi, Ch. Derouesné, Elio Scarpini, A. Visbeck, P. Castejon, J. P. Renou, F. Mounier-Vehier, G. Potagas, Ch. Duyckaerts, A. Filla, R. Schneider, G. Ronen, K. Nagata, J. P. Vedel, A. Henneberg, G. van Melle, C. Baratti, H. Knott, M. C. Prevett, A. Bes, B. Metin, Jos V. Reempts, L. Martorell, Mefkure Eraksoy, H. O. Handwerker, D. S. Younger, O. Oktem, D. Frongillo, C. Soriano-Soriano, L. Niehaus, F. Zipp, A. Tartaro, S Newman, R. H. Browne, P. Davous, R. Sanchez, M. Muros, M. E. Kornhuber, A. Lavarone, M. Mohr, M. R. Garcia, S. Russell, H. Kellar-Wood, M. R. Tola, B. Ostermeyer, Ch. Tzekov, K. Sartor, E. B. Ringelstein, P. P. Gazzaniga, Paul Krack, H. Fidaner, H. Rico, T. Dbaiss, F. Alameda, E. Torchiana, L. Rumbach, I. Charques, J. M. Bogaard, C. D. Frith, L. J. Rappelle, R. Brenner, A. Joutel, K. Fuxe, G. HÄcker, M. J. Blaser, J. Valls-SolÇ, G. Ulm, M. Alberdi, A. Bock, F. W. Bertelsmann, U. Wieshmann, J. Visa, J. R. Lupski, D. D'Amico, L. M. P. Ramos, A. A. Vanderbark, R. Horn, M. Warmuth, Dietmar Kühne, Mark S. Palmer, C. Ehrenheim, E. Canga, S. Viola, O. Scarpino, P. Naldi, R. Almeida, A. A. Raymond, J. Gamez, Stephan Arnold, A. DiGiovanni, J. Dalmau, C. C. Chari, H. F. Beer, J. C. Koetsier, J. Iriarte, E. Yunis, J. Casadevall, E. Le Guern, E. Stenager, S. R. Benbadis, J. M. Warter, F. Burklin, I. Theodorou, L. Johannesen, G. A. Graveland, X. Leclerc, I. Vecchio, L. Ozelius, G. Nicoletti, R. K. Gherardi, E. Esperet, M. L. Delodovici, F. Cattin, F. Paiau, Giorgio Sacilotto, C. A. 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Santoro, J. Roda, A. Bordoni, D. J. Taylor, S. Ertas, H. H. Emmen, J. Vichez, V. BesanÇon, R. E. Passingham, M. L. Malosio, A. Vérier, M. Bamberg, A. W. Hansen, E. Mostacero, G. Gaudriault, Marie Vidailhet, B. Birebent, K. Strijckmans, F. Giannini, T. Kammer, I. Araujo, J. Nowicki, E. Nikolov, A. Hutzelmann, R. Gherardi, J. Verroust, L. Austoni, A. Scheller, A. Vazquez, S. Matheron, H. Holthausen, J. M. Gerard, M. Bataillard, S. Dethy, V. H. Patterson, V. Ivanez, N. P. Hirsch, F. Ozer, M. Sutter, C. Jacomet, M. Mora, Bruno Colombo, A. Sarropoulos, T. H. Papapetropoulos, M. Schwarz, D. S. Dinner, N. Acarin, B. Iandolo, J. O. Riis, P. R. J. Barnes, F. Taroni, J. Kazenwadel, L. Torre, A. Lugaresi, I. L. Henriques, S. Pauli, S. Alfonso, Pedro Quesada, A. S. T. Planting, J. M. Castilla, Thomas Gasser, M. Van der Linden, A. Alfaro, E. Nobile-Orazio, G. Popova, W. Vaalburg, F. G. A. van der Mech, L. Williams, F. Medina, J. P. Vernant, J. Yaouanq, B. Storch-Hagenlocher, A. Potemkowski, R. Riva, M. H. Mahagne, M. Ozturk, Ve. Drory, N. Konic, C. Jungreis, A. Pou Serradell, J. L. Gauvrit, G. J. Chelune, S. Hermandez, T. Dingus, L. Hewer, Ch. Koch, M. N. Metz-Lutz, G. Parlato, M. Sinaki, Charles Pierrot-Deseilligny, H. C. Diener, J. Broeckx, J. Weill-Fulazza, M. L. Villar, M. Rizzo, O. Ganslandt, C. Duran, N. A. Fletcher, G. Di Giovacchino, Susan T. Iannaccone, C. Kolig, N. Fabre, H. A. Crockard, Rita Bella, M. Tazir, E. Papagiannuli, K. Overgaard, Emma Ciafaloni, I. Lorenzetti, F. Viader, P. A. H. Millac, I. Montiel, L. H. Visser, M. Palomar, P. L. Murgia, H. Pedersen, Rafael Blesa, S. Seddigh, W. O. Renier, I. Lemahieu, H. M. L. Jansen, L. Rosin, J. Galofre, K. Mattos, M. Pondal, G. M. Hadjigeorgiou, D. Francis, L. Cantin, D. Stegeman, M. Rango, A. B. M. F. Karim, S. Schraff, B. Castellotti, I. Iriarte, E. Laborde, T. J. Tjan, R. Mutani, D. Toni, B. Bergaasco, J. G. Young, C. Klotzsch, A. Zincone, X. Ducrocq, M. Uchuya, O. J. Kolar, A. Quattrone, T. Bauermann, Nereo Bresolin, J. Vallée, B. C. Jacobs, A. Campos, Werner Poewe, J. A. Villanueva, A. W. Kornhuber, A. Malafosse, E. Diez-Tejedor, G. Jungreia, M. J. A. Puchner, A. Komiyama, O. Saribas, V. Volpini, L. Geremia, S. Bressi, A. Nibbio, Timothy E. Bates, T. z. Tzonev, E. Ideman, G. A. Damlacik, G. Martino, G. Crepaldi, T. Martino, Kjell Någren, E. Idiman, D. Samuel, J. M. Perez Trullen, Y. van der Graaf, J. O. Thorell, M. J. M. Dupuis, E. Sieber, R. D'Alessandro, C. Cazzaniga, J. Faiss, A. Tanguy, A. Schick, I. Hoksergen, A. Cardozo, R. Shakarishvili, G. K. Wennlng, J. L. Marti-Vilalta, J. Weissenbach, I. L. Simone, Amalia C. Bruni, Darius J. Adams, C. Weiller, A. Pietrangeli, F. Croria, C. Vigo-Pelfrey, Patricia Limousin, A. Ducros, G. Conti, O. Lindvall, E. Richter, M. Zuffi, A. Nappo, T. Riise, J. Wijdenes, M. J. Fernandez, J. Rosell, P. Vermersh, S. Servidei, M. S. C. Verdugo, F. Gouttiere, W. Solbach, M. Malbezin, I. S. Watanabe, A. Tumac, W. I. McDonald, D. A. Butterfield, P. P. Costa, F. deRino, F. Bamonti, J. M. Cesar, C. H. Lahoz, I. Mosely, M. Starck, M. H. Lemaitre, K. M. Stephan, S. Tex, R. Bokonjic, I. Mollee, L. Pastena, M. Gutierrez, F. Boiler, M. C. Martinez-Para, M. Velicogna, O. Obuz, A. Grinspan, M. Guarino, L. M. Cartier, E. Ruiz, D. Gambi, S. Messina, M. Villa, Michael G. Hanna, J. Valk, Leone Pascual, M. Clanet, Z. Argov, B. Ryniewicz, E. Magni, B. Berlanga, K. S. Wong, C. Gellera, C. Prevost, F. Gonzalez-Huix, R. Petraroli, J. E. G. Benedikz, I. Kojder, C. Bommelaer, L. Perusse, M. R. Bangioanni, Guy M. McKhann, A. Molina, C. Fresquet, E. Sindern, Florence Pasquier, M. J. Rosas, M. Altieri, O. Simoncini, M. Koutroumanidis, C. A. F. Tulleken, M. Dary-Auriol, S. Oueslati, H. Kruyer, I. Nishisho, C. R. Horning, A. Vital, G. V. Czettritz, J. Ph. Neau, B. Mihout, A. Ameri, M. Francis, S. Quasthoff, D. Taussig, S. Blunt, P. Valentin, C. Y. Gao, O. Heinzlef, H. d'Allens, C. Coudero, M. Erfas, G. Borghero, P. J. Modrego Pardo, M. C. Patrosso, N. L. Gershfeld, P. A. J. M. Boon, O. Sabouraud, M. Lara, J. Svennevig, G. L. Lenzi, A. Barrio, H. Villaroya, JosÇ M. Manubens, O. Boespflug-Tanguy, M. Carreras, D. A. Costiga, J. P. Breux, S. Lynn, C. Oliveras Ley, A. G. Herbaut, J. Nos, C. Tornali, Y. A. Hekster, J. L. Chopard, J. M. Manubens, P. Chemouilli, A. Jovicic, F. Dworzak, S. Smirne, S. E. Soudain, B. Gallano, D. Lubach, G. Masullo, G. Izquierdo, A. Pascual Leone Pascual, A. Sessa, V. Freitas, O. Crambes, L. Ouss, G. W. Van Dijk, P. Marchettini, P. Confalonieri, M. Donaghy, A. Munnich, M. Corbo, and M. E. L. van der Burg
Subjects: Neurology, business.industry, Media studies, Library science, Medicine, Neurology (clinical), business
Published: 1994
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21. Compensation of the low-pass filter characteristics of muscle by the motoneurone dynamic sensitivity

Author: F. Baldissera and P. Cavallari
Subjects: Motor unit, Frequency response, Materials science, nervous system, Control theory, Frequency domain, Low-pass filter, medicine, Filter (signal processing), medicine.symptom, Sensitivity (electronics), Cutoff frequency, Muscle contraction
Abstract: A special sensitivity of spinal motoneurones to the rate of rise of input currents develops in the same range of the frequency domain (i.e. above 1 Hz) where the mechanical response of the muscle is cut off. The upper limit of the frequency response was found to be about ten times higher in the motor unit (motoneurone plus the innervated muscle fibers) than in the isolated muscle. It is concluded that the dynamic sensitivity of motoneurone compensates for the low-pass filter properties of muscle contraction and improves the motor unit response by elevating the cutoff frequency by around ten times. >
Published: 2003
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22. Modulation of spinal excitability during observation of hand actions in humans

Author: F, Baldissera, P, Cavallari, L, Craighero, and L, Fadiga
Subjects: Adult, Fingers, H-Reflex, Male, Hand Strength, Spinal Cord, Movement, Visual Perception, Humans, Videotape Recording, Female, Middle Aged, Hand
Abstract: There is growing evidence that observation of actions performed by other individuals activates observer's cortical motor areas. This matching of observed actions on the observer's motor repertoire could be at the basis of action recognition. Here we investigated if action observation, in addition to cortical motor areas, involves also low level motor structures mimicking the observed actions as if they were performed by the observer. Spinal cord excitability was tested by eliciting the H-reflex in a finger flexor muscle (flexor digitorum superficialis) in humans looking at goal-directed hand actions presented on a TV screen. We found that, in the absence of any detectable muscle activity, there was in the observers a significant modulation of the monosynaptic reflex size, specifically related to the different phases of the observed movement. The recorded H-reflex rapidly increased in size during hand opening, it was depressed during hand closing and quickly recovered during object lifting. This modulation pattern is, however, opposite to that occurring when the recorded muscles are actually executing the observed action [Lemon et al. (1995) J. Neurosci., 15, 6145-56]. Considering that, when investigated at cortical level the modulation pattern of corticospinal excitability replicates the observed movements [Fadiga et al. (1995) J. Neurophysiol., 73, 2608-2611], this spinal 'inverted mirror' behaviour might be finalised to prevent the overt replica of the seen action.
Published: 2001

23. Short-latency excitation of hindlimb motoneurons induced by electrical stimulation of the pontomesencephalic tegmentum in the rat

Author: S. Di Loreto, Eugenio Scarnati, T. Florio, and F. Baldissera
Subjects: Superior Colliculi, Tegmentum Mesencephali, Hindlimb, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Stereotaxic Techniques, Nerve Fibers, Pons, Neural Pathways, medicine, Tegmentum, Animals, Medulla, Motor Neurons, Chemistry, Reflex, Monosynaptic, General Neuroscience, Superior colliculus, Anatomy, Motor neuron, Spinal cord, Electric Stimulation, Rats, medicine.anatomical_structure, Reflex, Brainstem, Neuroscience, Brain Stem
Abstract: The monosynaptic reflex response evoked by stimulating the dorsal root L 6 was greatly facilitated when a low intensity conditioning stimulus was applied to the pontomesencephalic tegmentum (PT) 1–2 ms in advance. When increasing the stimulus strength or the number of stimuli, motor discharges were recorded in the ventral roots and in nerves innervating hindlimb muscles. The lowest threshold site for reflex facilitation was found in a region just ventral to the superior colliculus. A descending volley was recorded from the medulla midline, in the region of the medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) and from the spinal cord surface at thoracic and lumbar level. The latency of the descending volley and of the motor responses indicates that excitation of hindlimb motoneurons was due to activation of a disynaptic pathway having a relay in the lower brainstem. All spinal and peripheral responses evoked by PT stimulation disappeared when a small electrolytic lesion was placed in the MLF 1–2 mm rostral to the obex. The results show that in the rat the PT region may exert a powerful facilitatory action on hindlimb motoneurons.
Published: 1994

24. Proposal of an experimental model for the study of polycystic ovaries

Author: S F, Baldissera, L D, Motta, M C, Almeida, and J, Antunes-Rodrigues
Subjects: Disease Models, Animal, Time Factors, Estrus, Light, Ovary, Animals, Female, Rats, Inbred Strains, Organ Size, Circadian Rhythm, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Rats
Abstract: In view of the correlation of the circadian system with the estrous cycle in the rat, some investigators have proposed the induction of polycystic ovaries by exposing rats to continuous light. However, there is divergence with respect to time of exposure and light intensity. In the present paper we propose a simple and efficient experimental model for the study of polycystic ovarian physiopathology in rats. Twenty female Wistar rats weighing 200-220 g were initially submitted to a 14-h light/10-h dark cycle. Of the animals with regular estrous cycles, 9 were exposed to continuous light (600 lux) for 74 days (group 1) and 6 remained under the initial lighting conditions. A daily vaginal smear was used as indirect evidence for the changes in the estrous cycle. Plasma gonadotropin measurement and histological ovarian analysis showed that 90% of the animals in group 1 developed cystic follicles with the absence of the corpus luteum, despite the lack of reduction in ovarian weight commonly observed under 24-h lighting. This observation may be explained by the reduced time of stress to which the animals were submitted, since polycystic ovarian development occurred within less than 75 days of continuous exposure to 600-lux light, a time relatively shorter than commonly reported in the literature.
Published: 1991

25. Effect of clonidine on growth and plasma somatomedin C levels of young rats

Author: H, Almeida-Andrade, A R, Gagliardi, L A, Motta, S F, Baldissera, A L, Favaretto, J, Antunes-Rodrigues, and L S, Phillips
Subjects: Male, Animals, Rats, Inbred Strains, Feeding Behavior, Growth, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Energy Metabolism, Weight Gain, Clonidine, Rats
Abstract: To study the effects of clonidine on growth and plasma somatomedin C (SmC) levels, 42 male Wistar rats aged 28 days and weighing 75 to 105 g were given clonidine (1.5 micrograms/ml in drinking water), or filtered water alone and were weighed weekly. After 0, 4 and 8 weeks, the animals were sacrificed under ether anesthesia, their length was measured and blood was collected by cardiac puncture for measurement of SmC concentration. Growth and the weight/length ratio were lower, and plasma SmC levels (mean +/- SEM) were greater in the treated groups after 4 (616 +/- 44.7 vs 433.2 +/- 39.38 ng/ml, P less than 0.01) and 8 (595.2 +/- 28.3 vs 412.66 +/- 39.01 ng/ml, P less than 0.01) weeks of treatment, suggesting that clonidine treatment increased growth hormone secretion. In other experiments, treated animals showed increased food intake only during the first week of treatment and decreased epididymal fat weight after 3 weeks (1.412 +/- 0.0536 vs 1.6 +/- 0.1336 mg/100 g body weight, P less than 0.01). The results suggest that clonidine acts at the level of the central nervous system involving transitory modulation of food intake, as well as on the regulation of energy metabolism.
Published: 1990

26. A model for refractoriness accumulation and secondary range firing in spinal motoneurones

Author: F. Parmiggiani, F. Baldissera, and B. Gustafsson
Subjects: Range (particle radiation), Steady state (electronics), General Computer Science, Rectangular pulse, Bistability, Analytical expressions, Refractory period, Chemistry, Kinetics, Biophysics, Afterhyperpolarization, Neuroscience, Biotechnology
Abstract: A model is presented in which the potassium conductance (G K ) changes responsible for the afterhyperpolarization (AHP) in motoneurones are postulated to follow a kinetics coherent with Hodgkin-Huxley membrane model. Such G K kinetics, which operates as a bistable system switched from one state to the other by the action potential, can be expressed by simple analytical expressions if the spike is approximated to a rectangular pulse. Accumulation of G K by repetitive activation of the model accurately describes the different features of AHP summation in motoneurones; moreover, this accumulation process enables a model for repetitive firing of motoneurones to display “secondary range” firing at steady state.
Published: 1976
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27. Time course and potential dependence of the membrane conductance change during the afterhyperpolarization in the cat's α-motoneurones

Author: F. Baldissera and B. Gustafsson
Subjects: Motor Neurons, Time Factors, Chemistry, General Neuroscience, Cell Membrane, Neural Conduction, Afterhyperpolarization, Electric Stimulation, Membrane Potentials, Time course, Cats, Potentiometry, Biophysics, Animals, Membrane conductance, Neurology (clinical), Molecular Biology, Developmental Biology
Published: 1970
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28. Rubrospinal monosynaptic connexion with last-order interneurones of polysynaptic reflex paths

Author: F. Baldissera, A. Lundberg, and G. ten Bruggencate
Subjects: Motor Neurons, Reflex, Monosynaptic, General Neuroscience, Biology, Electric Stimulation, Polysynaptic reflex, Spinal Cord, Interneurons, Order (business), Conditioning, Psychological, Reflex, Cats, Animals, Peripheral Nerves, Neurology (clinical), Evoked Potentials, Molecular Biology, Neuroscience, Red Nucleus, Developmental Biology
Published: 1971
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29. Supraspinal control of the discharge evoked by constant current in the alpha-motoneurones

Author: B. Gustafsson and F. Baldissera
Subjects: Chemistry, General Neuroscience, Cats, Biophysics, Animals, Alpha (ethology), Constant current, Neurology (clinical), Molecular Biology, Developmental Biology
Published: 1971
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30. Saturating summation of the afterhyperpolarization conductance in spinal motoneurones: a mechanism for 'secondary range' repetitive firing

Author: B. Gustafsson, F. Parmiggiani, and F. Baldissera
Subjects: Recruitment, Neurophysiological, Models, Neurological, Neural Conduction, Action Potentials, Model parameters, Animals, Exponential decay, Potassium conductance, Molecular Biology, Motor Neurons, Range (particle radiation), Quantitative Biology::Neurons and Cognition, Chemistry, musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology, General Neuroscience, Conductance, Afterhyperpolarization, Constant rate, nervous system, Spinal Cord, Repetitive firing, Biophysics, Cats, Potassium, Neurology (clinical), Neuroscience, Developmental Biology
Abstract: Summation of the potassium conductance (GK) changes underlying the spike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) has been studied in cat spinal motoneurones. Cells were directly activated by one to five short current pulses at constant rate, each evoking an action potential. The analysis was restricted to cells displaying an approximately exponential decay of the AHP conductance. In these neurones the AHP conductances given by successive spikes were found to summate in a non-linear manner. This non-linear summation seemed well described by a neurone model based on modified Hodgkin-Huxley equations. From the model equations the total AHP conductance in motoneurones could be calculated from values of GK measured experimentally at different times during the summation process. Adaptation and steady-state firing in motoneurones are assumed to be governed by summation of AHP conductance. The same model was then utilized for simulating neuronal repetitive firing in response to current steps. Such simulations were performed after substitution of the model parameters with values measured in individual motoneurones which had also been fired repetitively by intracellular injection of long-lasting current steps. The amount of adaptation and the shape and slopes of the steady-state frequency-to-current relation were found to coincide in the model and in the corresponding motoneurones.
Published: 1978

31. Introductory comments to the symposium 'Excitation-to-frequency transduction in mammalian neurones'

Author: F, Baldissera and D, Kernell
Subjects: Central Nervous System, Mammals, Animals, Synaptic Transmission, Ion Channels, Membrane Potentials
Published: 1984

32. Rubrospinal effects on ventral spinocerebellar tract neurones

Author: G. Bruggencate and F. Baldissera
Subjects: Physiology, Red nucleus, Population, Stimulation, Biology, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Synaptic Transmission, Interneurons, Cerebellum, medicine, Animals, Neurons, Afferent, education, Red Nucleus, Neurons, education.field_of_study, Afferent Pathways, Reflex, Monosynaptic, musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology, Anatomy, body regions, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, Spinal Cord, Ventral spinocerebellar tract, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Reflex, Cats, Neuroscience, Rubrospinal tract
Abstract: Stimulation of the contralateral red nucleus evoked monosynaptic EPSPs in 14 of 82 ventral spinocerebellar tract neurones. In some of these cells the monosynaptic EPSP was followed by a disynaptic IPSP. The remaining cell population received di- or polysynaptic PSPs from the rubrospinal tract, either EPSPs or IPSPs or both. Convergence of the rubrospinal tract onto interneurones of the segmental pathways projecting to VSCT cells was demonstrated. Rubrospinal volleys facilitated disynaptic Ia IPSPs evoked in VSCT neurones from both flexors and extensors, as well as disynaptic Ib IPSPs. Facilitation of the Ia interneurones was disynaptic whereas facilitation of Ib interneurones was monosynaptic. Disynaptic rubrospinal EPSPs and IPSPs were facilitated by volleys in ipsi- as well as in contralateral cutaneous and high threshold muscle afferents. The complex pattern of projections from the rubrospinal tract onto VSCT neurones and the related reflex pathways gives further support to the hypothesis that these tract cells convey information on transmission through interneurones of the spinal segmental mechanisms.
Published: 1976

33. Firing behaviour of a neurone model based on the afterhyperpolarization conductance time course and algebraical summation. Adaptation and steady state firing

Author: B. Gustafsson and F. Baldissera
Subjects: Motor Neurons, Neurons, Steady state (electronics), Cell Membrane Permeability, Time Factors, Refractory Period, Electrophysiological, Physiology, Refractory period, Mathematical analysis, Cell Membrane, Neural Conduction, Conductance, Action Potentials, Afterhyperpolarization, Adaptation (eye), K+ conductance, Models, Biological, Electricity, Time course, Psychology, Neuroscience, Chronaxy
Abstract: F. Baldissera and B. Gustafsson. Firing behaviour of a neurone model based on the afterhyperpolarization conductance time course and algebraical summation. Adaptation and steady state firing. Acta physiol. scand. 1974. 92. 27–47. A preceding paper described the firing behaviour of a neurone model, in which the refractoriness was solely governed by a K conductance process similar to that underlying the afterhyperpolarization in the cat's a-motoneurones (Baldissera and Gustafsson 1974 b). The present paper describes the firing behaviour of the same model implemented with algebraical summation of the consecutive AHP conductance. For the initial intervals after the onset of constant current the model is well simulating the successive changes in the frequency-current (f/i) relations and the interspike voltage trajectories found in real motoneurones. The steady state f/i relation of the model can also display an upward deviation from linearity at higher current intensities, i.e. a ‘primary’ and a ‘secondary’ range of firing as described for real motoneurones (Kernell 1965 c). The results are discussed in relation to the terminology describing firing behaviour in motoneurones and to various hypotheses on firing control. It is concluded that the AHP conductance is the decisive factor for determining the f/i relations as well as the interspike voltage trajectories in motoneurones.
Published: 1974

34. Effects on the ventral spinocerebellar tract neurones from Deiters' nucleus and the medial longitudinal fascicle in the cat

Author: W. J. Roberts and F. Baldissera
Subjects: Physiology, Action Potentials, Stimulation, Biology, Nervous System, Synaptic Transmission, Neurons, Efferent, Neural Pathways, medicine, Animals, Neurons, Afferent, Monosynaptic excitation, Evoked Potentials, Motor Neurons, Neurons, musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology, Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral, Vestibulospinal tract, Anatomy, Fascicle, Vestibular Nuclei, Spinal cord, Electric Stimulation, Lateral vestibular nucleus, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, Spinal Cord, Ventral spinocerebellar tract, Synapses, Cats, Neurofibrils, Neuroscience
Abstract: Effects from the vestibulospinal tract (VST) and from fibres descending in the medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) on the cells of origin of the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) have been studied with intracellular recording. Out of 110 VSCT neurones, the VST evoked monosynaptic EPSPs in 27, di- or polysynaptic EPSPs in 56 and disynaptic IPSPs in 26. In 93 tested VSCT cells, MLF stimulation evoked monosynaptic EPSPs in 26, monosynaptic IPSPs in 2, di- or polysynaptic EPSPs in 25 and disynaptic IPSPs in 21. Convergence of monosynaptic EPSPs from VST and MLF was found in a small proportion of cells whereas the two descending pathways evoked reciprocal effects in another small group of neurones. Convergence of monosynaptic EPSPs from VST or MLF and from group I afferents was also modest. In 9 VSCT neurones there was convergence of monosynaptic excitation and disynaptic inhibition from the vestibulospinal tract and the same pattern from MLF was recorded in 9 neurones. The results are discussed in view of the hypothesis that VSCT neurones carry information on the interneuronal ttransmission in the spinal cord.
Published: 1975

35. Impulse frequency encoding of the dynamic aspects of excitation

Author: F, Baldissera
Subjects: Motor Neurons, Spinal Cord, Models, Neurological, Cats, Potassium, Pyramidal Tracts, Animals, Evoked Potentials, Electric Stimulation, Ion Channels, Muscle Contraction
Abstract: Like receptors, neurones of the mammalian CNS react to both the static and the dynamic features of the input signals. The quantitative aspect of the current-to-frequency transduction during input transients were analyzed in spinal motoneurones and in corticospinal neurones by the technique of injecting intracellularly either ramp of sine-wave currents. It was found that, in both types of neurones, the instantaneous firing frequency is linearly correlated, within definite ranges, both to the intensity and to the velocity of change of the input currents. By recording the isometric mechanogram of the muscle units innervated by the impaled motoneurones, it was disclosed that the motoneurones discharges produced by the ramp currents develop tension changes, whose average velocity is proportional to the ramp slope. For both types of neurones, results are consistent with the hypothesis that the major determinants of the double sensitivity, to the intensity and to the velocity, are the kinetics of the potassium conductance system responsible for the spike afterhyperpolarization.
Published: 1984

36. Facilitation of transmission in the pathway of non-monosynaptic Ia excitation to wrist flexor motoneurones at the onset of voluntary movement in man

Author: E. Pierrot-Deseilligny and F. Baldissera
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Neurology, Movement, Stimulation, Wrist, Synaptic Transmission, Descending facilitation, Reaction Time, medicine, Humans, Latency (engineering), Ulnar nerve, Motor Neurons, Reflex, Monosynaptic, General Neuroscience, Anatomy, musculoskeletal system, Electric Stimulation, Median Nerve, body regions, medicine.anatomical_structure, Facilitation, Psychology, Neuroscience, Muscle Contraction
Abstract: Homonymous Ia facilitation of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) motoneurones (MNs) was significantly larger at the onset of voluntary wrist flexion than at rest. Similarly, stimulation of the ulnar nerve, which was without effect at rest, evoked a significant heteronymous facilitation at the onset of movement. In both cases this extra facilitation occurred with a central latency 3-3.5 ms longer than the monosynaptic latency and had a short (2-5 ms) duration. This long central latency corresponds to that of the recently described non-monosynaptic Ia excitation of FCR MNs. This suggests that interneurones mediating non-monosynaptic Ia excitation to FCR MNs receive strong descending excitation at the onset of movement, and it is argued that they could mediate part of the descending command to MNs.
Published: 1989
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37. Relevance of motoneuronal firing adaptation to tension development in the motor unit

Author: F. Parmiggiani and F. Baldissera
Subjects: Motor Neurons, Lumbar Vertebrae, Tension (physics), General Neuroscience, Laminectomy, Electric Stimulation, Hindlimb, Motor unit, Spinal Cord, Cats, Animals, Relevance (information retrieval), Neurology (clinical), Psychology, Adaptation (computer science), Molecular Biology, Neuroscience, Developmental Biology, Muscle Contraction
Published: 1975

38. Afterhyperpolarization conductance time course in lumbar motoneurones of the cat

Author: B. Glstafsson and F. Baldissera
Subjects: Membrane potential, Motor Neurons, Time Factors, Physiology, Chemistry, Subthreshold conduction, Neural Conduction, Conductance, Action Potentials, Afterhyperpolarization, Electric Stimulation, Membrane Potentials, Ion Exchange, Spinal Cord, Time course, Biophysics, Cats, Methods, Potassium, Animals, Exponential decay, Potassium conductance, Spinal Nerve Roots, Evoked Potentials, Mathematics
Abstract: The time and potential dependence of the conductance process (es) underlying the longlasting afterhyperpolarization (AHP) in the cat's a-motoneurones were studied. The conductance changes were determined by injection of short current pulses. The conductance time course was characterized by a longlasting exponential decay interrupted by a plateau corresponding to the slower hypcrpolarizing phase of the AHP. By displacing the membrane potential in the subthreshold region with the injection of longlasting current pulses it was found that the conductance was largely unaffected by membrane potential displacements. Similar characteristics were found when calculating the AHP conductance time course from the AHP voltage. It was concluded that the AHP in motoneurones is given by a potassium conductance process with this complex S-shaped time course. A mathematical expression describing this time course is given.
Published: 1974

39. Effects from the vestibulospinal tract on transmission from primary afferents to ventral spino-cerebellar tract neurones

Author: W. J. Roberts and F. Baldissera
Subjects: Cerebellum, Physiology, Withdrawal reflex, Biology, Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, Synaptic Transmission, Vestibular nuclei, Interneurons, medicine, Humans, Neurons, Afferent, Motor Neurons, Afferent Pathways, Reflex, Monosynaptic, musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology, Vestibular Nucleus, Lateral, fungi, Vestibulospinal tract, Anatomy, Vestibular Nuclei, Spinal cord, Electric Stimulation, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, Spinal Cord, Reflex, Excitatory postsynaptic potential, Neuroscience
Abstract: Convergence of vestibulospinal and segmental effects onto spinal interneurones which project to the ventral spino-cerebellar tract (VSCT) neurones has been studied by intracellular recording in VSCT cells. The disynaptic Ia IPSPs evoked in a group of VSCT neurones from the quadriceps nerve are monosynaptically facilitated by the vestibulospinal tract while there was no facilitation of Ia IPSP evoked from a flexor nerve. These results support the view that Ia inhibition to VSCT cells and motoneurones is mediated by common interneurones. The disynaptic inhibition evoked in other VSCT cells from the vestibulospinal tract is facilitated by volleys in the contralateral flexor reflex afferents (FRA) or bilaterally from the FRA. It is postulated that these actions are mediated by collaterals of the interneurones responsible for the analogous effects in motoneurones. Findings are reported suggesting that the monosynaptic vestibulospinal EPSP in VSCT cells in most cases is collateral to the excitatory input to the last order interneurones of reflex pathways from the FRA to motoneurones and only exceptionally to the corresponding input to Ia inhibitory interneurones. In many VSCT cells the vestibulospinal tract evoked disynaptic EPSPs which are facilitated from the FRA; the functional significance of this action is uncertain. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that VSCT neurones signal information on interneuronal transmission to motoneurones.
Published: 1976

40. Inhibition from radial group I afferents of H-reflex in wrist flexors

Author: F, Baldissera, P, Campadelli, and P, Cavallari
Subjects: Adult, H-Reflex, Motor Neurons, Wrist Joint, Afferent Pathways, Reflex, Monosynaptic, Muscles, Benz(a)Anthracenes, Humans, Radial Nerve, Median Nerve
Published: 1983

41. After hyperpolarization conductance time-course and repetitive firing in a motoneurone model with early inactivation of the slow potassium conductance system

Author: F. Baldissera and F. Parmiggiani
Subjects: Time Factors, General Computer Science, Kinetics, Models, Neurological, Neural Conduction, Ion Channels, Membrane Potentials, Potassium conductance, Membrane potential, Motor Neurons, Chemistry, musculoskeletal, neural, and ocular physiology, Electric Conductivity, Conductance, Afterhyperpolarization, Neural Inhibition, musculoskeletal system, Electrophysiology, nervous system, Repetitive firing, embryonic structures, Time course, Potassium, tissues, Neuroscience, Biotechnology
Abstract: Early inactivation of the slow potassium conductance system (GK), responsible for the spike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) in spinal alpha motoneurones, has been introduced in a motoneurone model whose G K kinetics give rise to an exponentially decaying AHP conductance. After this modification, the model displays a plateau shaped time-course of the AHP conductance and a faster shortening of the first interval during repetitive firing induced by current steps of increasing intensities. Both features increase the resemblance between the model and the motoneurone behaviour. Comparison with real motoneurones also suggests that G K inactivation may be more developed in "slow" than in "fast" motoneurones.
Published: 1979

42. Adaptation in a simple neurone model compared to that of spinal motoneurones

Author: F. Baldissera, F. Parmiggiani, and B. Gustafsson
Subjects: Motor Neurons, Neurons, Computer science, General Neuroscience, Electric Conductivity, Adaptation, Physiological, Models, Biological, Membrane Potentials, Simple (abstract algebra), Cats, Potassium, Animals, Neurology (clinical), Adaptation (computer science), Molecular Biology, Neuroscience, Developmental Biology
Published: 1973

43. [Study of the transcallosal, extracallosal and geniculate-cortical responses in the phases of sleep and wakefulness]

Author: F, Baldissera, M G, Cesa-Bianchi, and M, Mancia
Subjects: Cerebral Cortex, Electrophysiology, Consciousness, Mesencephalon, Cats, Animals, Geniculate Bodies, Electroencephalography, Wakefulness, Sleep, Electric Stimulation, Corpus Callosum
Published: 1964

44. [Effect of the intravenous injection of strychnine on inhibition of the monosynaptic reflex during desynchronized sleep]

Author: F, Baldissera, M G, Cesa-Bianchi, and M, Mancia
Subjects: Injections, Intravenous, Reflex, Synapses, Cats, Animals, Strychnine, Sleep
Published: 1964

45. [The system of centrifugal control in relation to pathologic perception--a neurophysiological hypothesis on illusions and hallucinations]

Author: M, Mancia and F, Baldissera
Subjects: Hallucinations, Humans, Neurophysiology, Perception, Illusions
Published: 1965

46. Stimulation of pre- and postsynaptic elements in the red nucleus

Author: M. Udo, A. Lundberg, and F. Baldissera
Subjects: Brain Mapping, Red nucleus, Chemistry, General Neuroscience, Reticular Formation, Stimulation, Hindlimb, Reticular formation, Spinal cord, Electric Stimulation, Antidromic, medicine.anatomical_structure, Spinal Cord, Postsynaptic potential, Synapses, medicine, Cats, Animals, Nucleus, Neuroscience, Red Nucleus
Abstract: Stimulation of the red nucleus evokes a two-component descending discharge in the contralateral dorsal quadrant of the spinal cord; the first component is caused by direct and the second by synaptic activation of rubrospinal neurones projecting to the lumbosacral cord. Threshold maps for direct and synaptic activation are given. The low threshold focus for direct activation covers not only the hindlimb region of the red nucleus where the antidromic field potential is large but also the medial part of the nucleus where the axons leave. Direct activation can also be evoked from a region extending caudally from the medial part of the red nucleus. Synaptic activation of rubrospinal neurones, evoked at very low threshold from the ventro-medio-caudal border zone of the red nucleus, is due to stimulation of interposito-rubral efferents. The threshold, indicated by unitary EPSPs in rubral cells and antidromic activation of cells in interpositus, is about 1 μA, which is 1/10 of the strength required for direct activation of rubrospinal neurones. There is neither evidence that rubral stimuli activate collaterals of corticospinal axons to the lumbosacral cord, nor that antidromic activation of interposito-rubral fibres evokes descending effect via their collaterals to the reticular formation.
Published: 1972

47. [Evoked activity in the sciatic nerve of the cat by pyrimadal stimulation during the various phases of sleep and wakefulness]

Author: F, Baldissera and M, Mancia
Subjects: Electrophysiology, Consciousness, Cats, Pyramidal Tracts, Animals, Wakefulness, Sleep, Evoked Potentials, Sciatic Nerve
Published: 1964

48. [Study of the excitability of the primary afferent nerve endings in the spinal medulla during sleep and wakefulness]

Author: F, Baldissera, G, Broggi, M G, Cesa-Bianchi, and M, Mancia
Subjects: Nerve Endings, Spinal Cord, Cats, Animals, Sleep
Published: 1966

49. [Observations on the trigemino-ocular reflexes in the cat]

Author: F, Baldissera and G, Broggi
Subjects: Abducens Nerve, Oculomotor Nerve, Reflex, Cats, Animals, Trigeminal Nerve
Published: 1967

50. [Depolarization of the afferent fibers of the trigeminal nerve induced by stimulation of the brain stem and of peripheral nerves]

Author: F, Baldissera, G, Broggi, and M, Mancia
Subjects: Electrophysiology, Cats, Animals, Peripheral Nerves, Trigeminal Nerve, Brain Stem
Published: 1967

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