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This thesis was scanned from the print manuscript for digital preservation and is copyright the author. Researchers can access this thesis by asking their local university, institution or public library to make a request on their behalf. Monash staff and postgraduate students can use the link in the References field.

Supplemental Material, sj-pdf-1-cpc-10.1177_10556656211026859 for SHORT Syndrome: Systematic Appraisal of the Medical and Dental Phenotype by Suhaym Mubeen, Clara Gibson, Raiyan Mubeen, Sahar Mansour and Robert D. Evans in The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal

Biological computer-aided design and manufacturing (bioCAD/CAM) tools facilitate the design and build processes of engineering biological systems using iterative design-build-test-learn (DBTL) cycles. In this book chapter, we highlight some of the bioCAD/CAM tools developed and used at the US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute (JGI), Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), and Agile BioFoundry (ABF). We demonstrate the use of these bioCAD/CAM tools on a common workflow for designing and building a multigene pathway in a hierarchical fashion. Each tool presented in this book chapter is specifically tailored to support one or more specific steps in a workflow, can be integrated with the others into design and build workflows, and can be deployed at academic, government, or commercial entities.

Understanding the biosynthesis of cofactors is fundamental to the life sciences, yet to date a few important pathways remain unresolved. One example is the redox cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), which is critical for C1 metabolism in many microorganisms, a disproportionate number of which are opportunistic human pathogens. While the initial and final steps of PQQ biosynthesis, involving PqqD/E and PqqC, have been elucidated, the precise nature and order of the remaining transformations in the pathway are unknown. Here we show evidence that the remaining essential biosynthetic enzyme PqqB is an iron-dependent hydroxylase catalyzing oxygen-insertion reactions that are proposed to produce the quinone moiety of the mature PQQ cofactor. The demonstrated reactions of PqqB are unprecedented within the metallo β-lactamase protein family and expand the catalytic repertoire of nonheme iron hydroxylases. These new findings also generate a nearly complete description of the PQQ biosynthetic pathway.

This thesis is a narrative history of the Mount Ophir winery and vineyard at Rutherglen, Victoria from 1893 to its closure in 1955, with brief references to subsequent events including a brief revival in connection with the wine industry in the 1970s.Mount Ophir was acquired in 1893 by an English firm of wine merchants, P.B.Burgoyne & Co, who extended the building to its present dimensions by 1904. Burgoyne & Co's investment was large enough to enable them to bring significant economies of scale to Mount Ophir, and by obtaining fruit from a wide group of local growers as well as the estate vineyard, the firm was able to produce wine of consistent quality. Burgoyne & Co exported almost all of Mount Ophir's production to the United Kingdom, where they were one of the leading firms in the trade in Australian wines […]

ISSUES OF RACE and of race relations have long been important in commentary on Flannery O'Connor but have become especially significant in recent years. After all, O'Connor lived in a section of the United States with the highest proportion of African Americans. Blacks had suffered much misery there, first as slaves and then, often, as poor and downtrodden persons subject to legal discrimination. It might have been tempting for O'Connor, as a relatively powerful white woman, to ignore racial matters and write mainly about her fellow whites. And indeed, some critics have claimed that this is essentially what she did. They argue that blacks in her fiction are mainly background characters, that O'Connor never created a major black figure or really tried to “get inside the heads” of black people. O'Connor herself claimed that she wrote most effectively about the people she knew best, conceding that she knew little about African Americans in any intimate ways. Yet her works repeatedly explore racial issues, often in ways suggesting sympathy for blacks, support for gradual integration, and, especially, contempt for deep-seated racism. O'Connor herself, however, has sometimes been accused of racist views. The N-word appears repeatedly in her fiction, making some of her works increasingly difficult to teach or read. Usually the word reflects the real speech of her era; avoiding it might have opened her to charges of whitewashing the uglier aspects of contemporary culture. In fact, sometimes O'Connor uses the word (especially, for instance, in “Revelation”) to mock and satirize blatant racism. Her black characters, although few in number and never central, are rarely treated with the comic disdain O'Connor reserves for racist whites. She saw deep racism as one more symptom of the pride and self-centeredness that she, as a devout Christian, considered humanity's greatest flaw. For her, racism both reflected and resulted from original sin. It would be easy to show how often she satirized racism and racists. Yet some commentators think O'Connor did not go far enough in championing equal rights for blacks. Some have even accused O'Connor herself of racism, especially in view of various remarks she made in published— and especially some unpublished—letters. Defenders suggest that such remarks were meant to shock or mock the sensibilities of pious liberals, including some of her closest friends.

FLANNERY O'CONNOR always contended that her work's value depended far less on its messages or meanings than on its artistry. A text had to succeed—first and foremost—as art before it could successfully affect a reader emotionally or intellectually. Badly written work, she felt, was not worth reading, no matter how virtuous or well-intentioned its “meaning.” Despite her own very strong Christianity (particularly her Catholicism), O'Connor disdained anything merely pious or drippingly saccharine, flaws she found in much “serious” religious writing of her time and flaws she deliberately opposed in her own style and methods. Ideas and sentiments alone, she believed, no matter how admirable, could not make “creative writing” real art. The true Christian artist, O'Connor thought, had to be an artist first and foremost, not a mere religious propagandist. Too many Christian writers, she believed, were, indeed, simple religious partisans, and O'Connor thought obvious religious dogma, tricked up in ineptly written works, did more harm than good. Unskilled “Christian literature,” in her opinion, was not only mocked by real artists but also corrupted the tastes of Christian readers. These views are hardly surprising: after all, O'Connor was learning her craft just when the so-called New Criticism began to dominate thought about creative writing. While working on her MFA, she owned a thoroughly marked-up copy of one bible of the New Criticism: Understanding Fiction , by Cleanth Brooks and Robert Penn Warren. This extraordinarily influential book followed the even more influential Understanding Poetry , also by Brooks and Warren. The New Critics (or “formalists”) believed that every word mattered, as did its precise placement in a carefully designed whole. O'Connor was a committed formalist. This fact hardly explains everything about her art, but it does explain much. Some of her best friends, best teachers, and staunchest advocates were not only New Critics but leading New Critics. These included Allen Tate and his wife, Caroline Gordon. Through them and such others as Andrew Lytle and John Crowe Ransom, O'Connor quickly became a member in very good standing in formalist circles. She valued the opinions of such people, and they valued her art.

AIMS: To estimate the short-term effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability of a smoking cessation intervention (the iQuit system) that consists of tailored printed and Short Message Service (SMS) text message self-help delivered as an adjunct to cessation support in primary care to inform the design of a definitive trial. DESIGN: A stratified two parallel-group randomized controlled trial comparing usual care (control) with usual care plus the iQuit system (intervention), delivered by primary care nurses/healthcare assistants who were blinded to the allocation sequence. SETTING: Thirty-two general practice (GP) surgeries in England, UK. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 602 smokers initiating smoking cessation support from their local GP surgery were randomized (control n = 303, intervention n = 299). MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcome was self-reported 2-week point prevalence abstinence at 8 weeks follow-up. Secondary smoking outcomes and feasibility and acceptability measures were collected at 4 weeks after quit date, 8 weeks and 6 months follow-up. FINDINGS: There were no significant between-group differences in the primary outcome [control 40.3%, iQuit 45.2%; odds ratio (OR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.88-1.69] or in secondary short-term smoking outcomes. Six-month prolonged abstinence was significantly higher in the iQuit arm (control 8.9%, iQuit 15.1%; OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.09-3.01). iQuit support took on average 7.7 minutes (standard deviation = 4.0) to deliver and 18.9% (95% CI = 14.8-23.7%) of intervention participants discontinued the text message support during the programme. CONCLUSIONS: Tailored printed and text message self-help delivered alongside routine smoking cessation support in primary care does not significantly increase short-term abstinence, but may increase long-term abstinence and demonstrated feasibility and acceptability compared with routine cessation support alone.

Although guidelines are available for hereditary hemochromatosis, a high percentage of the recommendations within them are not shared between the different guidelines. Our main aim is to provide an objective, simple, brief, and practical set of recommendations about therapeutic aspects of HFE hemochromatosis for p.Cys282Tyr (C282Y/C282Y) homozygous genotype, based on the published scientific studies and guidelines, in a form that is reasonably comprehensible to patients and people without medical training. This final version was approved at the Hemochromatosis International meeting on 12th May 2017 in Los Angeles.

Digitisation of this thesis was sponsored by Arcadia Fund, a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.

PqqB is an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of pyrroloquinoline quinone and a distal member of the metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) superfamily. PqqB lacks two residues in the conserved signature motif HxHxDH that makes up the key metal-chelating elements that can bind up to two metal ions at the active site of MBLs and other members of its superfamily. Here, we report crystal structures of PqqB bound to Mn2+, Mg2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+. These structures demonstrate that PqqB can still bind metal ions at the canonical MBL active site. The fact that PqqB can adapt its side chains to chelate a wide spectrum of metal ions with different coordination features on a uniform main chain scaffold demonstrates its metal-binding plasticity. This plasticity may provide insights into the structural basis of promiscuous activities found in ensembles of metal complexes within this superfamily. Furthermore, PqqB belongs to a small subclass of MBLs that contain an additional CxCxxC motif that binds a structural Zn2+. Our data support a key role for this motif in dimerization.

Colloids suspended in a binary solvent may, under suitable thermodynamic conditions, experience a wide variety of solvent-mediated interactions that can lead to colloidal phase transitions and aggregation phenomena. We present a simple mean-field theory, based on free-volume arguments, that describes the phase behaviour of colloids suspended in a near-critical binary solvent. The theory predicts rich phase behaviour: we find colloidal gas, liquid and crystal phases, a colloidal gas-liquid critical line and a colloidal solid-solid critical line. We compare our results with those of our recent simulation study of the same model in two dimensions. Our simple theory accounts for the main features of the phase diagrams found in simulations and sheds new light on the origin of colloidal aggregation lines in near-critical solvents.

Presentación realizada en: ATMOZ workshop at 11th RBCC-E, celebrado en El Arenosillo, Huelva, el 1 de junio de 2017.

In order to investigate the response to climate changes in radial growth of Picea crassifolia at the lower tree line in the middle Qilian mountains in northwestern China, relationships of standardized chronologies of annual ring, earlywood and latewood widths with mean monthly temperature and total monthly precipitation were analyzed by ways of correlation and pointer year analyses. The results show that annual ring, earlywood and latewood widths are significantly negatively correlated with mean monthly temperature in June and July. Annual ring and earlywood widths are significantly and positively correlated with total monthly precipitation in March, May and June and negatively correlated with total monthly precipitation in September. Latewood width is less sensitive to climate changes than the width of earlywood and insignificantly sensitive to precipitation. The results of pointer year analysis revealed that when summer temperatures are higher than the mean summer temperature synchronization and the summer precipitation lower than mean summer precipitation synchronization, narrow annual rings are formed. Wide annual rings are formed when summer temperatures are lower than the mean summer temperature synchronization and summer precipitation higher than mean summer precipitation synchronization. The results indicate that more precipitation in the spring and summer is helpful for radial growth while warmer summer restricts radial growth of P. crassifolia at the lower tree line in the middle Qilian mountains.

The notion of interactional expertise is explained starting with its origins and discussing its many applications. Interactional expertise is the ability to understand a technical area purely be deeply immersed in its 'practice-language' without actually practising. One of its many applications is to explain how large sciences are managed., Comment: 39 pages, one table

Background: Recent developments in games and sport teaching such as that of Teaching Games for Understanding, Play Practice and Game Sense suggest that they can make a significant contribution toward the development of tactical understanding, ability to read the game, decision-making and a general ‘sense of the game’, yet empirical research conducted on their application in sport coaching lags behind research on their application in physical education. This article redresses this oversight by drawing on a study that inquired into the impact that Game Sense has had on elite-level rugby coaches in Australia. Aims: The purpose of the study was to inquire into the ways in which elite-level rugby coaches interpret and used the Game Sense approach to coaching and to explore the reasons for this. Method: This study comprises four case studies on Australian rugby coaches who were working, or had worked at, provincial and/or national levels. Data were generated through noted observations and a series of extended, ...

Optical SETI at Lick Observatory is characterized by its robust approach to initial detections. Our three-detector system has distinguished itself by successful rejection of nearly all false positive signals. We present observational progress, discuss use of data analysis procedures such as FFTs and analysis of double coincidences, and mention plans to upgrade our instrumentation.

AIMS: To estimate the short-term effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability of a smoking cessation intervention (the iQuit system) that consists of tailored printed and Short Message Service (SMS) text message self-help delivered as an adjunct to cessation support in primary care to inform the design of a definitive trial. DESIGN: A stratified two parallel-group randomized controlled trial comparing usual care (control) with usual care plus the iQuit system (intervention), delivered by primary care nurses/healthcare assistants who were blinded to the allocation sequence. SETTING: Thirty-two general practice (GP) surgeries in England, UK. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 602 smokers initiating smoking cessation support from their local GP surgery were randomized (control n = 303, intervention n = 299). MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcome was self-reported 2-week point prevalence abstinence at 8 weeks follow-up. Secondary smoking outcomes and feasibility and acceptability measures were collected at 4 weeks after quit date, 8 weeks and 6 months follow-up. FINDINGS: There were no significant between-group differences in the primary outcome [control 40.3%, iQuit 45.2%; odds ratio (OR) = 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.88-1.69] or in secondary short-term smoking outcomes. Six-month prolonged abstinence was significantly higher in the iQuit arm (control 8.9%, iQuit 15.1%; OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.09-3.01). iQuit support took on average 7.7 minutes (standard deviation = 4.0) to deliver and 18.9% (95% CI = 14.8-23.7%) of intervention participants discontinued the text message support during the programme. CONCLUSIONS: Tailored printed and text message self-help delivered alongside routine smoking cessation support in primary care does not significantly increase short-term abstinence, but may increase long-term abstinence and demonstrated feasibility and acceptability compared with routine cessation support alone.

The primary ground-based instruments used to report total column ozone (TOC) are Brewer and Dobson spectrophotometers in separate networks. These instruments make measurements of the UV irradiances, and through a well-defined process, a TOC value is produced. Inherent to the algorithm is the use of a laboratory-determined cross-section data set. We used five ozone cross-section data sets: three data sets that are based on measurements of Bass and Paur; one derived from Daumont, Brion and Malicet (DBM); and a new set determined by Institute of Experimental Physics (IUP), University of Bremen. The three Bass and Paur (1985) sets are as follows: quadratic temperature coefficients from the IGACO (a glossary is provided in Appendix A) web page (IGQ4), the Brewer network operational calibration set (BOp), and the set used by Bernhard et al. (2005) in the reanalysis of the Dobson absorption coefficient values (B05). The ozone absorption coefficients for Brewer and Dobson instruments are then calculated using the normal Brewer operative method, which is essentially the same as that used for Dobson instruments. This study and the campaigns were supported to a great extent by the ESA project “CEOS Intercalibration of Ground-based Spectrometers and Lidars” (ESRIN contract 22202/09/I-EC).

Póster presentado en: EGU General Assembly 2011 celebrada del 3 al 8 de abril en Viena, Austria. The Global Atmosphere Watch of WMO includes several stations in Antarctica that keep a close eye on the ozone layer during the ozone hole season. Observations made during the ozone holes from 2003 to 2010 will be compared to each other and interpreted in light of the meteorological conditions. Satellite observations will be used to get a more general picture of the size and depth of the ozone hole and will also be used to calculate various metrics for ozone hole severity. In 2003, 2005 and 2006, the ozone hole was relatively large with more ozone loss than normal. This is in particular the case for 2006, which by most ozone hole metrics was the most severe ozone holeon record. On the other hand, the ozone holes of 2004, 2007 and 2010 were less severe than normal, and only the very special ozone hole of 2002 had less ozone depletion when one regards the ozone holes of the last decade. The interannual variability will be discussed with the help of meteorological data, such as temperature conditions, possibility for polar stratospheric clouds, vortex shape and vortex longevity. Observations will also be compared to 3-D chemical transport model calculations.

This paper examines the impact of the Greenbelt Plan on the agricultural industry in the Greater Golden Horseshoe Area. An analysis of agricultural data from the 2001 Census and interviews with farmers living both within and outside of the Greenbelt Area in the lower-tier municipality of Erin were conducted. The findings reveal that the Greenbelt Plan does not have a negative impact on the agricultural industry in the Greater Golden Horseshoe and many participants cited the positive effects of the legislation.

Póster presentado en: EGU General Assembly 2007 celebrada del 15 al 20 de abril en Viena, Austria. The Antarctic ozone hole of 2006 was unusually large. Several parameters used to measure the extent of ozone destruction and ozone hole severity set new records in 2006. Several ground-based stations measured record low total ozone column amounts. Ozonesonde measurements also revealed in many cases record low values of ozone in certain height intervals. The dynamics of the 2006 ozone hole will be described together with satellite-based measurements and calculations of ozone hole area and mass deficit. These finding will be supplemented with several examples of data from various stations in Antarctica.

Plagiarism by students is seen as an increasing problem. The fear is that students will use the internet to obtain analysis, interpretation or even complete assignments and then submit these as their own work. Electronic plagiarism detection services may help to prevent such unfair practice but, in doing so, they create a new problem: certifying the absence of plagiarism. This article reports the results of an evaluation of one such service within an interdisciplinary school of social sciences. The article describes how the system works and the experiences of staff and students in using the service, together with an evaluation of the data generated. The key findings are that the service did identify examples of poor scholarship and unfair practice that had been missed under the usual marking system but that rigorously checking every script for plagiarism was impractical. Trust and student honesty thus remain central to a successful academic system.

Polyethylene pinate-4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylate, polyethylene homopinate-4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylate, and polyethylene pinate-terephthalate interpolymers were all prepared on a laboratory scale by ester-interchange reactions. The polymer, fiber and film-forming properties were examined. In the biphenyl systems, little difference was noted between pinate and homopinate; both formed filaments and films in the 40-70 mole-% pinic ranges. In the pinate-terephthalate system this occurred in the 0-40 mole-% pinic range only. Both pinic and homopinic esters are thermally stable at polymerization temperatures of 250-290 °C. for the time necessary to form high molecular weight interpolyesters. Their internal plasticization of highly crystalline, aromatic systems is useful in controlling the properties of interpolyesters from these systems. The crystalline melting points of polyethylene pinate-terephthalate was a continuous, almost straight line relationship over the composition range studied. In the biphenyl systems, a discontinuity appeared in the melting point-composition curves at 30-40 mole-% pinate or homopinate concentration. Possible reasons for this are suggested. An analytical method for determining 4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylic acid is given.

We compare contrarian to conformist advice, a contrarian expert being one whose preference bias is against the decision-maker’s prior optimal decision. Optimality of an expert depends on characteristics of prior information and learning. If either the expert is fully informed or fine information can be acquired cheaply, then for symmetric distributions F of the state, a conformist (contrarian) is superior if F is single peaked (bimodal). If only coarse information can be acquired, then a contrarian acquires more on average and hence is superior. If information is verifiable, a contrarian has less incentive to hide unfavorable evidence and again is superior. (JEL D72, D82, D83, G34, H71, I12, L94)

The principal focus of this thesis is the examination of revolutionary processes in colonial Vietnam from a theoretical perspective. This involves the critical assessment of the predominant universal or holistic approaches to revolution and the analysis of subtheoretical models of revolution that have been applied to colonial Vietnam. The critique of these conceptual frameworks is examined in the context of the historical development of the Vietnamese revolution. This is followed by an attempt to merge the salient components of two models providing conceptual tools that offer a more convincing explanation of the Vietnamese revolution in its colonial context. This includes three components. First, the world-historical and international dimension of Theda Skocpol's socio-historical approach, which permits a more focused emphasis on the development and nature of the revolutionary movement and the important factors affecting the emergence of revolutionary situations. Second, Charles Tilly's group conflict model adds another important theoretical component by emphasizing the attributes and relationships of revolutionary groups that influence the degree to which revolutionary situations may be exploited. Finally, the concept of ideology and its role in revolutionary process is included in both theoretical frameworks. The combination of the socio-historical and group conflict approaches, with the inclusion of an ideological dimension, is applied to colonial Vietnam and attempts to demonstrate the potential explanatory capacity of this form of syncretic model building. Master of Arts (MA)

The capacity of a calcareous desert soil, Thiokol silt loam, to retain natural, as well as added, orthophosphate-P was measured by equilibrium adsorption employing a batch technique and evaluated using the two-slope Langmuir adsorption isotherm. From these data, corrected to account for indigenous soil P, a hypothesis was formulated as to the nature of retention of P by the soil, including the identification of two interfacial reactions involving P, and a value calculated for the adsorption maximum as defined by the Langmuir isotherm equation for P with soil at each of two soil depths and three constant temperatures within the range of biological activity. The initial reaction was considered to be surface adsorption, where phosphate ions interact with the clayand lime mineral surfaces at definite sites. The activity of the second mechanism was identified as adsorption, and in addition, the heterogeneous nucleation of metal phosphates on the lime mineral surfaces. In addition to these quantitative studies, the flux of P in the soil was also investigated for the same soil and temperatures by means of kinetic experiments conducted to identify the nature (mechanisms) and measure the rates and release maxima of indigenous P release from the soil. These experiments were carried out using an anion-exchange resin as an infinite sink for P, again applying a batch technique. Ultimately, the release of indigenous P from the soil under saturated conditions was attributed to three simultaneous first-order reactions. 'll1e rate constants of the three reactions were found to be of orders of 10-4, 10-5, and 10-6 (1/sec), and did not vary significantly with soil depth or temperature. The three reactions above were identified as dissolution of poorly crystalline or amorphous calcium phosphates, the desorption of surface site adsorbed or labile P, and the slow dissolution of calcium hydroxyapatite, respectively.

From experimental studies it is well-known that colloidal particles suspended in a near-critical binary solvent exhibit interesting aggregation phenomena, often associated with colloidal phase transitions, and assumed to be driven by long-ranged solvent mediated (SM) interactions (critical Casimir forces), set by the (diverging) correlation length of the solvent. We present the first simulation and theoretical study of an explicit model of a ternary mixture that mimics this situation. Both the effective SM pair interactions and the full ternary phase diagram are determined for Brownian discs suspended in an explicit two-dimensional supercritical binary liquid mixture. Gas-liquid and fluid-solid transitions are observed in a region that extends well-away from criticality of the solvent reservoir. We discuss to what extent an effective pair-potential description can account for the phase behavior we observe. Our study provides a fresh perspective on how critical fluctuations of the solvent might influence colloidal self-assembly., Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures

A turbomachinery rotor blade includes a leading edge with a blunted contour over at least a portion of the radial length thereof. The blunting is accomplished in a variety of ways, such as by removing material from a portion of the leading edge, by blowing air into the leading edge or by positioning a mechanical device such as an inflatable boot around a portion of the leading edge. The aerodynamic or mechanical blunting can be utilized during selective portions of flight, such as take-off and landing. The blunted leading edge provides significant reduction in noise generated during rotation of the turbomachinery rotor blade.

Clostridial dermatitis (CD) is a multifactorial disease of rapidly-growing turkeys. Clostridium septicum (Cs) has been identified as the primary cause, although C. perfringens (Cp) has also been implicated. Pathogenesis is not fully understood; however, it is hypothesized that Clostridia translocate from the gastrointestinal tract and spread hematogenously to capillary beds of skeletal muscles. Intense genetic selection has produced a rapidly growing bird that is heavier and less active. This may predispose birds to development of CD due to positional restriction of blood flow to the caudal breast and medial thigh. Subsequent reduction in oxygen tension within these tissues produces conditions conducive to germination, proliferation, and toxin production by previously trapped, non-replicative Clostridia. Studies were undertaken to investigate the epidemiology and pathophysiology of CD. Retrospective epidemiologic investigations evaluated incidence, risk factors, and economic impact of CD. Cs and Cp qPCR were performed on blood and tissue samples to demonstrate hematogenous spread in asymptomatic birds. Studies assessed the effect of prolonged recumbency by measuring oxygen saturation and surface temperature in dependent tissues. Tissues from CD cases were evaluated for Cs and Cp alpha toxin mRNA (CsA and CpA). Analyses were conducted to determine associations between these toxins and severity of histopathologic lesions. Whole genome sequencing was performed on the Cs type strain to identify other toxin genes. Flock type, breed, weight at time of processing, and stocking density affected disease incidence. Detection of Clostridium spp. in intestine, liver, and muscle from asymptomatic turkeys without cutaneous trauma implies hematogenous spread from an endogenous source. Focal polyphasic myonecrosis in dependent muscles of asymptomatic turkeys suggests an underlying predisposition to development of CD. Recumbency appeared to be associated with decreased perfusion to these tissues. Cs DNA was present in asymptomatic birds without corresponding CsA mRNA expression suggesting that organisms were present in a quiescent form. CsA was associated with CD while CpA did not appear to be involved in pathogenesis. Genome sequencing identified several coding regions which may correspond to other potentially active Cs toxins. These results support the proposed mechanism of pathogenesis and provide targets for further investigation of disease pathophysiology and vaccine development. Ph. D.