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La memoria prospectiva (MP) consiste en la capacidad de recordar realizar acciones previstas en el futuro o de evocar intenciones demoradas. En la región latinoamericana, existen escasas medidas objetivas para su evaluación, siendo su investigación realizada principalmente mediante tareas de laboratorio y cuestionarios subjetivos autorreferenciales. El objetivo de este estudio es describir aquellas pruebas objetivas que han sido desarrolladas para la evaluación de la MP en la clínica. Para ello, se analizarán 5 dimensiones: cantidad y tipo de ítems contenidos en los instrumentos (basadas en tiempo y evento), tipos de tareas concurrentes empleadas, poblaciones en la que se han aplicado, análisis psicométricos reportados y países que disponen de normas de ejecución. Se realizó una revisión sistemática con dos revisores independientes. Al final se discute acerca del estado actual de la medición de la memoria prospectiva en la clínica.

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) has a negative effect on employment status. Objective To present the preliminary results of a special questionnaire designed to collect employment information on patients with MS. Methods The questionnaire on the impact of MS on employment status was completed by 63 patients. Fatigue, cognition, and depression were also evaluated, and 33 healthy participants were recruited as a control group. Results Regarding the patients’ employment status, we found rates of 31.7% of fulltime employment, 28.6% of part-time employment, 7.9% of unemployment due to MS, 4.8% of housewives, 1.6% retirement due to age, 15.9% of retirement due to disability, 7.9% of medical leave due to MS, and 1.6% of medical leave for other reasons. The rate of unemployment among the patients was significantly higher compared with that of the control group. Out of 38 working patients, 31% had been absent from work for the previous 3 months due to MS, and 50% had to make changes in their work to remain employed. Out of the 19 unemployed patients, 78% said that walking difficulties were the cause of unemployment, while 52% thought cognitive impairment was the cause. Conclusions The questionnaire provides a record of the employment status of patients with MS and describes the impact on work from their point of view. Resumo Antecedentes A esclerose múltipla (EM) tem um efeito negativo na situação laboral. Objetivo Apresentar os resultados preliminares de um questionário elaborado para coletar informações sobre a situação laboral de pacientes com EM. Métodos O questionário sobre o impacto da EM na situação laboral foi preenchido por 63 pacientes. Fadiga, cognição e depressão também foram avaliadas, e 33 pacientes saudáveis foram incluídos como grupo controle. Resultados Quanto à situação laboral dos pacientes, foram encontradas taxas de 31,7% de emprego em tempo integral, 28,6% de emprego em meio período, 7,9% de desemprego por EM, 4,8% de donas de casa, 1,6% aposentadoria por idade, 15,9% de aposentadoria por invalidez, 7,9% por licença médica por EM, e 1,6% de licença médica por outros motivos. A taxa de desemprego entre os pacientes foi significativamente mais alta em comparação coma do grupo controle. Dos 38 pacientes empregados, 31% tiveram que se afastar do trabalho nos 3 meses anteriores por causa da EM, e 50% tiveram que fazer mudanças em seu trabalho para permanecer empregado. Dos 19 pacientes desempregados, 78% mencionaram que as dificuldades de locomoção foram a causa do desemprego, enquanto 52% reportaram que a deterioração cognitiva foi a causa. Conclusões Este questionário fornece um registro da situação laboral dos pacientes com EM e descreve o seu impacto no emprego do ponto de vista deles.

Resumen Introduccion La observacion de movimientos realizada por otros ha probado mejorar la ejecucion de los movimientos. La memoria prospectiva (MP) es la capacidad de recordar intenciones demoradas. Objetivo Analizar el efecto de la observacion de una accion motora durante la codificacion de una intencion demorada sobre el recuerdo prospectivo de esta, en pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer de grado leve y deterioro cognitivo leve. Material y metodo Para este estudio piloto, se reclutaron 30 pacientes con enfermedad de Alzheimer, 30 con deterioro cognitivo leve y 30 controles. La evaluacion de la MP consistio en pasar una ficha de una caja a otra al escuchar un sonido, la tarea concurrente era copiar figuras de complejidad creciente. Los participantes fueron asignados a una de 3 condiciones previos a realizar la tarea: 1) veian un video donde una persona realizaba la tarea concurrente, 2) veian un video donde una persona realizaba la tarea concurrente y la de MP, 3) veian el mismo video de la condicion 2 pero debian realizar movimientos repetitivos con los dedos. Resultados La variable diagnostico presento un efecto significativo sobre la variable MP ya que el rendimiento del grupo control fue mejor que en los pacientes. En cambio, la variable condicion no resulto significativa en relacion a la variable MP, es decir, el rendimiento en la tarea experimental de MP no difirio significativamente entre las condiciones en ningun grupo diagnostico. Conclusion En este estudio piloto se evidenciaron dificultades metodologicas que requieren ajustes en investigaciones futuras para poder comprobar el efecto esperado.

prospective memory is the ability to remember to perform actions in the future. Currently there is no consensus about the relationship between prospective memory and emotional processing.The aim of this work is to determine the influence of the emotional valence of prospective memory signals on prospective recall in patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.37 patients with multiple sclerosis and 32 healthy volunteers were recruited. An experimental test was made where the concurrent task consisted in a 2-back working memory activity and the prospective component consisted of remembering to press a key on the computer when an image of positive, negative or neutral emotional content appears on the screen.An intra-group comparison was made between the memory of emotional and neutral stimuli, and it was obtained that the differences are significant in both groups in favor of the recall of stimuli with neutral valence (Z = -3.39, p = .001 for the control group and Z = -2.63, p = .008 for multiple sclerosis).The results indicate that emotionally neutral target stimuli benefits prospective memory in normal people and in multiple sclerosis patients. The limitations of the implemented method are discussed.

The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is an information processing speed test. The aim of this study was to compare the SDMT across three samples: the USA, Mexico, and Argentina. The hypothesis is that performance will vary based on native language and cultural differences between these countries. The SDMT was administered to 129 healthy volunteers. Participants from the USA performed better than participants from Argentina and Mexico (

The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is one of the most used neuropsychological tests to assess information processing speed and working memory in brain injured patients. This study was carried out with the purpose of obtaining normative data for the PASAT-3″ in a healthy Argentinean population, which would result in a reference control population. The PASAT-3″ was administered in a sample of 296 healthy voluntary subjects, born and living in Argentina. The age range went from 20 to 70 years-old. The level of education was 0 to 13 or more years of schooling. The sample obtained a mean of 44.60 (SD = 10.72) in the PASAT-3″. It was found that the score obtained in the PASAT-3″ was related to the age and the level of instruction of the participants. Their performance diminished as age increased and, conversely, it increased as the level of instruction was higher. Normative data was obtained for a Latin American population from Argentina. Percentile distributions obtained by decades of age and different levels of education should be considered as useful reference values for clinicians and investigators when applying the PASAT-3″ to assess cognitive function in different pathologies.

The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) has been proposed to replace the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test-3 (PASAT-3) in the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite because it has the same validity but easy and shorter administration. However, among the two tests, the one that is most affected by culture is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of Argentinian and North American populations on the SDMT and PASAT-3. The SDMT and PASAT-3 were administered to 137 healthy volunteers from Buffalo, NY, and 137 healthy participants from Buenos Aires, Argentina. Participants were matched by gender, age (±2), and education (±1). Significant differences were found on the SDMT but not on the PASAT-3. Significant and low correlations were found between the tests and years of education. The SDMT is more affected by culture than is the PASAT-3. Possible interpretations of this result are presented. Fil: Cores, Evangelina Valeria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Vanotti, Sandra. Instituto de Neurociencias Buenos Aires S. A.; Argentina Fil: Eizaguirre, María Bárbara. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Fiorentini, Leticia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Garcea, Orlando. Gobierno de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Hospital General de Agudos "Ramos Mejía"; Argentina Fil: Benedict, Ralph. State University of New York; Estados Unidos Fil: Caseres, Feraando. Instituto de Neurociencias Buenos Aires S. A.; Argentina

The PASAT is probably the most used neuropsychological tool in the clinical practice with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients. This study intends t...

Resumen Introduccion La capacidad de recordar realizar una accion en el futuro o de evocar intenciones demoradas, tambien llamada memoria prospectiva (MP), ha sido objeto de estudio de numerosas investigaciones dentro del marco de la neuropsicologia en los ultimos anos debido a la importancia de la indemnidad de esta habilidad para desarrollar una vida independiente. Estas investigaciones han dado el resultado de un gran avance en el conocimiento del rendimiento de MP de los pacientes con distintas enfermedades neurologicas: traumatismo craneoencefalico, enfermedad de Parkinson, demencia de tipo Alzheimer, esclerosis multiple, epilepsia, sindrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, sindrome de Korsakoff, encefalitis herpetica y accidente cerebrovascular. A su vez, estos estudios realizan sus aportes al desarrollo de modelos teoricos de MP. Objetivos En este articulo se revisan estudios neuropsicologicos en MP de los ultimos diez anos y su implicancia sobre los modelos teoricos de MP, asi como la utilidad de los descubrimientos en el desarrollo de estrategias terapeuticas de neurorrehabilitacion cognitiva. Desarrollo Se describen las investigaciones dentro de cada patologia, resaltando el aspecto de la MP analizado y tratando de integrar los distintos desarrollos. Conclusiones Se sacan conclusiones acerca del estado de avance en este campo, se exponen las limitaciones de un estudio de revision en esta area y se sugieren direcciones futuras de la investigacion.