Search

This study aimed to guide UFGD students and rural producers about the importance of the ideal particle size in corn silage for dairy cows and its influence on milk production. The work was developed in a rural property in the District of Panambi, in the Municipality of Douradina, Mato Grosso do Sul state. The property is specialized in dairy cattle farming, where the food base of the animals is corn silage. An equipment called Penn State Particle Separator was inserted in the corn silage production process, which allows estimating the quality of the corn chopping process and inferring how the particle size interferes in the quality of the silage. The action allowed those involved to see in practice the importance of the ideal particle size (1 to 2 cm) when evaluating different samples of corn silage with the Penn State Particle Separator and later the animals' consumption and the quality of the animals' leftovers. The exchange of knowledge between the academy and the field, allows the identification of complex issues about the impact of the physical characteristics of food on rumen kinetics, in order to impact the productivity of every rural enterprise. Students and farmers could see in practice the importance of the appropriate particle size for the ensiling process as it is related to forage compaction and how the appropriate particle size can positively influence consumption, produce rumination, salivation and proper peristaltic motion and consequently animal production.

O objetivo do projeto foi orientar os produtores sobre um destino e manejo adequado de resíduos, gerando energia “limpa” e auxiliando nas questões econômicas e de sustentabilidade do assentamento. O projeto de implantação do biodigestor foi realizado no Assentamento Itamarati, em Ponta-Porã, com um grupo de produtores locais, que foram contemplados com um biodigestor. Foi realizado um curso de capacitação em construção de biodigestores que ocorreu em 2019, com suporte do convênio firmado entre a prefeitura de Ponta Porã, PROEX/UFGD conjuntamente aos projetos aprovados a UFGD, onde os produtores receberam o treinamento inicial. A adoção do sistema visa garantir o descarte adequado de resíduos, e ainda gerar biofertilizante que será utilizado na produção de hortaliças no sistema orgânico e o biogás que será destinado ao consumo do produtor assentado. O biodigestor é composto de três partes, sendo elas a caixa de carga, tanque de fermentação e caixa de descarga, e é abastecido semanalmente por meio de abastecimento manual, o mesmo foi construído com materiais de baixo custo, para proporcionar um menor tempo de retorno do investimento. São realizadas visitas a cada 30 dias por um profissional da área e após o encerramento, a avaliação será feita com base nas reuniões e avaliação dos produtores. A comunidade demonstrou satisfação com a implantação do biodigestor, o que possibilita o desenvolvimento e permanência do homem no campo, além de ser uma tecnologia viável e eficiente, trazendo benefícios ao produtor e ao meio ambiente, pela retirada de possíveis poluentes.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho auxiliar um pequeno produtor na implantação de área de milho e sorgo para produção de silagem para alimentação de vacas de leite no período da seca, nos anos de 2018 e 2020, sendo caracterizado como uma unidade experimental. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no sitio Mariani, no assentamento Capão Bonito I, município de Sidrolândia- Mato Grosso do Sul. Foram realizadas visitas periódicas para levantamento do sistema de produção da propriedade, sendo então recomendada a implantação de 1,5 ha para produção de silagem e alimentação dos animais no período da seca. Foi realizada análise do solo e recomendação de adubação nas duas áreas de cultivo, com o uso de calcário para correção do pH, já na adubação de plantio indicou-se a aplicação de fosforo na forma de pó de rocha e cama de frango. Na safra do ano de 2018 foi orientado o plantio do milho hibrido K9960 vip3, para produção de silagem, já na safra de 2019 foi recomendado o plantio do sorgo biomassa “sorgo gigante Boliviano” Agri 002E. Assim o plantio do milho e do sorgo proporcionou produção de volumoso suficiente para alimentar os animais no período da seca, mantendo a produção de leite de forma sustentável.

Os resíduos energéticos oriundos da pecuária representam um recurso valioso e disponível para o setor agronômico, principalmente na agricultura orgânica, que demanda fertilização não química. Dessa forma os dejetos dos animais, quando utilizados de maneira apropriada, tem o potencial de vir a substituir os fertilizantes comumente utilizados devido a sua valiosa composição nutricional para os vegetais. A cunicultura é uma atividade que apresenta vários benefícios, coprodutos e subprodutos, como suas fezes que podem ser transformados em substratos orgânicos utilizados para adubação. Com intuito de verificar o aproveitamento destes dejetos, estes foram coletado da criação de coelhos implementada no Núcleo de Agroecologia do Assentamento Itamarati com a doação de fêmeas aptas à reprodução, oriundos da Fazenda Experimental de Ciências Agrárias da UFGD e foi dada ênfase a compostagem dos dejetos para serem usados na horta. Foi realizado um acompanhamento da produção do assentamento de janeiro a abril de 2020 e os animais continuam recebendo diariamente hortaliças como complemento em sua alimentação e já foi efetuada a coleta de dejetos e compostagem. Pode-se observar que a cunicultura ganha extrema importância social e ambiental, pois pode contribuir para melhoria da alimentação da população, pois, além de oferecer uma fonte proteica de alta qualidade nutricional oriunda de sua carne, por meio compostagem de restos orgânicos produzidos pela criação, viabiliza a produção de hortaliças de modo orgânico. O esterco oriundo da produção de coelhos se mostrou altamente eficiente para produção de vegetais em sistema agroecológico, garantindo maior sustentabilidade no ciclo de produção animal e vegetal.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the biomass productivity and chemical-bromatological quality of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, intercropped with different leguminous under organic management. The experiment was conducted for 3 years at Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation — Embrapa Cerrados in Planaltina — DF, Brazil. Two independent experiments were designed. The first one with a previous green manure crop and the second, without green manure crop. After that, were planted in both experimental areas the Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu intercropped with Stylosanthes spp. The experimental design was performed in randomized blocks, in the sub-subdivided plot scheme, with 3 replicates and 3 factors. Forage mass production, nutritional value, and protein and carbohydrate fractionation were evaluated in trials. Urochloa presented better quality in the organic system, with the lower lignin content (3.9%) and the reduction of low availability nitrogenous compounds. Stylosanthes spp. presented better chemical-bromatological quality with green fertilization in the form of organic fertilization, due to the significant reduction of fibers and lignin, a result that promoted improvements in digestibility. Both Urochloa and Stylosanthes presented better nutritional quality in the system with green fertilization and organic form of fertilization.

The productive potential, apparent nitrogen conversion efficiency, nitrogen contained in the plant tissue, and apparent nitrogen recovery of Mombasa grass subjected to nitrogen fertilization (0, 100, 300, and 500 kg ha -1 ) and cutting heights were evaluated (0.20 and 0.40 m). The experimental design was a complete Randomized block with a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, in plots subdivided over time with four replications. The dry mass production (DMP) was determined for the whole plant (PI) and its fractions, and only for the whole plant the apparent nitrogen conversion efficiency (ANCE), contained nitrogen (NC) and apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR). The residual heights evaluated did not interfere (P> 0.05) in the production results and the nitrogen dynamics. An effect (P

This study was designed to determine the effects of soybean silage (SS) in diets of dairy heifers on nutrient intake and digestibility, feeding behaviours, rumen fermentation, N utilisation, and mi...

Aimed of this work was to evaluate rehydrated corn and sorghum grains silages, with and without α-AMYLASE, on fermentation profile, nutritional value, digestion and metabolism on diets for sheep. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment 28 silos were divided into: 1- RSGS (rehydrated sorghum grain silage); 2- RSGS+A (rehydrated sorghum grain silage + amylase,); 3- RCGS (rehydrated corn grain silage); 4 RCGS+A (rehydrated corn kernel silage + amylase). In experiment II, 12 lambs were distributed in: RSGS; RSGS+A; RCGS; RCGS+A. In experiment I, there was an effect of grain x enzyme interaction for GL MN. The enzyme reduced the NFC content. In experiment II intake of DM kg/day was not affected by the starch content in the diet, with an average of 1.2 kg/day meaning that the type of grain and the enzyme had no influence on the intake of animals. There was an interaction for the intake of starch (kg/day), blood urea and N-NH 3. Lambs fed with RCGS+A had a higher concentration of ruminal ammonia. The use of enzymes improved the fermentation profile of the silages. RSGS can replace RCGS in sheep feed without modifying nutrient intake and digestibility.

Aimed of this work was to evaluate rehydrated corn and sorghum grains silages, with and without α-AMYLASE, on fermentation profile, nutritional value, digestion and metabolism on diets for sheep. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment 28 silos were divided into: 1- RSGS (rehydrated sorghum grain silage); 2- RSGS+A (rehydrated sorghum grain silage + amylase,); 3- RCGS (rehydrated corn grain silage); 4 RCGS+A (rehydrated corn kernel silage + amylase). In experiment II, 12 lambs were distributed in: RSGS; RSGS+A; RCGS; RCGS+A. In experiment I, there was an effect of grain x enzyme interaction for GL MN. The enzyme reduced the NFC content. In experiment II intake of DM kg/day was not affected by the starch content in the diet, with an average of 1.2 kg/day meaning that the type of grain and the enzyme had no influence on the intake of animals. There was an interaction for the intake of starch (kg/day), blood urea and N-NH 3. Lambs fed with RCGS+A had a higher concentration of ruminal ammonia. The use of enzymes improved the fermentation profile of the silages. RSGS can replace RCGS in sheep feed without modifying nutrient intake and digestibility.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chitosan and homolactic microbial inoculant on fermentative losses, chemical composition, fermentative profile, and aerobic stability of whole-plant soybean silage (WPSS). Additionally, it was evaluated nutrients intake and digestibility of sheep fed increasing levels of WPSS. Thirty experimental silos were randomly allocated to one of the following treatments: 1) CON: control, WPSS without additives; 2) LPPA: WPSS with Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus acidilactici; and 3) CHI: chitosan, WPSS with 5 g/kg of chitosan. Ten male sheep were used to evaluate increasing dietary levels of WPSS: 0, 200, 400, 600, and 800 g/kg of diet dry matter (DM). Additives increased silage lactic acid bacteria and decreased the count of mold and yeast, gas, and total losses. Silages treated with additives had lower pH, NH3-N, and ethanol concentrations and higher lactic and propionic acids relative to CON. LPPA-treated silos showed higher organic matter and non-fiber carbohydrates content than CHI-ones. Additives increased the aerobic stability of WPSS. The addition of WPSS in sheep diets linearly increased nutrients intake and digestibility. Chitosan and LPPA improve WPSS fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritional value. The WPSS in substitution to Cynodon hay increases sheep feed intake and nutrients digestibility. RESUMO Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da adição de quitosana e inoculante homolático sobre as perdas fermentativas, composição química, perfil fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia da silagem de planta inteira de soja (SPIS). Em adição, foi avaliado o consumo e a digestibilidade de nutrientes em ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo níveis crescentes de SPIS. Trinta silos experimentais foram aleatoriamente alocados a um dos seguintes tratamentos: 1) CON: controle, SPIS sem aditivos; 2) LPPA: SPIS com Lactobacillus plantarum e Pediococcus acidilactici; e 3) QUI: quitosana, SPIS com 5 g/kg de quitosana. Dez ovinos machos foram usados para avaliar os níveis dietéticos de SPIS: 0, 200, 400, 600 e 800 g/kg da matéria seca (MS). Os aditivos aumentaram a contagem de bactérias láticas e reduziram a contagem de fungos e leveduras e as perdas fermentativas totais da SPIS. Silagens tratadas com aditivos tiveram menores pH, N-NH3 e etanol e maiores concentrações de ácido lático e propiônico, quando comparadas ao tratamento controle. Silos tratados com LPPA apresentaram maiores teores de matéria orgânica e carboidratos não fibrosos do que aqueles do tratamento QUI. Os aditivos aumentaram a estabilidade aeróbia da SPIS. A adição de SPIS na dieta de ovinos aumentou linearmente o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Quitosana e inoculante microbiano homolático melhoram a fermentação, estabilidade aeróbia e o valor nutricional da SPIS. A substituição de feno de Cynodon por SIPS aumenta o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em ovinos.

Este trabalho apresenta as ações de extensão universitária, realizadas pela Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados com grupos do Assentamento Areias, localizado no município de Nioaque/MS. Tratamos das atividades desenvolvidas em conjunto com grupos de produtores e produtoras de alimentos daquele lugar, com destaque para a apicultura, produção de hortaliças com base orgânica, instalação de estufa para produção de tomates, dentre outras atividades, lá consolidando a extensão universitária. No decurso das ações um fator tem sido fundamental, aquele da organização em grupos de assentados, formando coletivos para implementação das atividades, fortalecendo as sociabilidades entre a vizinhança, bem como as solidariedades e com isso reúnem energias e forças para atuarem nas escalas de trabalhos e de companheirismos entre os participantes dos grupos. Essa metodologia faz com que estendam diálogos com instituições fora do Areias, como o exemplo na parceria com professores/as da UFGD, num esforço conjunto e viabilizando a multiplicação das ações de extensão. Palavras chave: Ação social, agroecologia, assentados, produção orgânica.

A produção de mel tem alcançado bons resultados nos últimos anos, mas o país tem potencial para melhorar ainda mais esse desempenho. Portanto, há necessidade de investir cada vez mais em pesquisas nessa área. Objetivou-se com este trabalho promover, acompanhar e avaliar as transformações no Assentamento Areias, localizado no município de Nioaque, após a implantação da apicultura orgânica. Além disso, procurou-se explorar o potencial da área pantaneira, de forma sustentável, na criação de abelhas africanizadas Apis melífera, em Reserva Legal. Buscou-se desenvolver esta atividade de maneira coletiva, como uma proposta agroecológica de geração de renda alternativa e fonte alimentar, reunindo e compartilhando os saberes científicos adquiridos pelos docentes e discentes da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados/UFGD, e as experiências acumuladas dos assentados com o sistema de produção familiar. O acompanhamento e o alcance dos objetivos estabelecidos foram verificados a cada 30 dias. Entrevistas individuais e reuniões participativas foram realizadas com o grupo de produtores do assentamento de Areias, com o objetivo de coletar dados quantitativos e qualitativos relacionados ao manejo das abelhas e geração de renda. Os resultados foram satisfatórios, pois a apicultura orgânica promoveu um impacto positivo no local, por meio do conhecimento de novas técnicas e aplicabilidade na criação das abelhas. Desta forma, este estudo trouxe subsídios e reflexões para as famílias do assentamento, técnicos, gestores, tomadores de decisão e a sociedade lidarem com a dualidade do sistema convencional de produtividade e o sistema de produção orgânica e agroecológico.

A avicultura sustentável vem ganhando cada vez mais expressividade no mercado. Esse aumento na procura pelo modo de criação de aves semicaipiras se deve a valorização de produtos que são gerados levando em consideração os cuidados com o meio ambiente e com o bem-estar humano e animal. Objetivou-se por meio deste trabalho de extensão promover e acompanhar a produção de aves semicaipiras, que se encontra em fase de transição, de um sistema tradicional para uma criação em sistema orgânico, na Comunidade Quilombola Dezidério Felipe de Oliveira, localizada na Picadinha, município de Dourados, MS. O desenvolvimento desta atividade teve como base os princípios de sustentabilidade e a preocupação em valorizar o trabalho da comunidade, mantendo seu modo de vida tradicional. As práticas foram desenvolvidas no período de novembro de 2017 a setembro de 2018, com o acompanhamento de dois ciclos de produção. As aves foram criadas com milho, ração concentrada e hortaliças produzidas em sistema orgânico. A prática de manejo sustentável de aves reuniu os saberes científicos adquiridos pelos docentes e discentes da UFGD e as experiências acumuladas dos Quilombolas com o sistema de produção animal. Os resultados mostraram um aumento na renda, com venda de 72% das aves adquiridas no primeiro ciclo, e uma melhora no modo de criação das aves do segundo ciclo que proporcionou maior ganho de peso nos frangos de corte. Além disso, com o fortalecimento e desenvolvimento sustentável da produção de aves na comunidade Quilombola, constatou-se uma melhoria na qualidade alimentar das famílias envolvidas no projeto.

Enzyme additives have been added to forage at ensiling to improve nutritive value. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of adding exogenous enzymes to silage on fermentative losses and profile, aerobic stability, chemical composition, in vitro degradation, microbial quality, and nutrients intake and digestibility. Treatments were control (CON); addition of exo-1,4-α-glycosidase glucoamylase (GLU; Kerazyme 3035, Kera Nutrição Animal, Bento Gonçalves, Brazil); addition of β-glucan 4-glucanhydrolase (CEL); and GLU + CEL. Data from the silo experiment were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS, with fixed effects of glucoamylase and cellulase, and interaction effect between them. In vivo experiment analyses also included fixed effect of Latin Square and period, and random effect of animal within Latin Square. CEL increased (P ≤ 0.038) gas losses and effluents production, CEL and GLU decreased (P = 0.039) DM recovery compared to control but not differ from GLU+CEL. CEL silage had higher (P ≤ 0.021) starch and crude protein and in vitro digestibility of DM and NDF (P ≤ 0.032), while GLU had higher (P = 0.001) ADF. CEL showed lower (P = 0.012) ethanol content and higher (P = 0.02) anaerobic bacteria counts, while GLU showed higher (P = 0.012) lactate concentration and lower (P ≤ 0.002) counts of bacteria and fungi. Lambs fed with CEL presented higher (P ≤ 0.012) digestibility coefficients for DM, OM, CP and NDF. Decrease on DM recovery indicates no improvements on the nutritive value of silage. On the other hand, cellulolytic enzyme positively affected animal digestion.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the ecological and environmental impacts of a group of family farmers in converting to organic production of honey, using the Ambitec method of animal production. A group of eight family production units were evaluated, with a comparative approach between the years of 2012 and 2014. The data for the survey was obtained through questionnaires applied to the representatives of the family production units, which attributed, for each variable studied, the value that represented the change provided by the implementation of the technology. After the insertion of the coefficients of change of each variable of environmental and ecological indicators per unit of production, the impact coefficient was automatically calculated through the Ambitec spreadsheet constructed by weighing matrices. It was observed that of the 25 indicators analyzed, 17 presented statistical differences (P

A completely randomized experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of α-amylase (AMY) and glucoamylase (GLU) on total losses, fermentative profile, chemical composition and amylolytic activity of rehydrated maize. Eighty-four experimental silos of rehydrated maize [0.33 litres/kg ground maize, 4-mm theoretical particle size, and 625 g/kg dry matter (DM)] were assigned to the following treatments: (1) control (CON), no enzyme addition; (2) GLU added at 300 µl/kg of ground maize (as-fed); and (3) AMY added at 300 µl/kg of ground maize. Seven silos from each treatment were opened after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Differences among treatments were evaluated through orthogonal contrasts (CON v. enzymes, and AMY v. GLU). Time effects were decomposed using polynomial regression. Glucoamylase silage exhibited greater total losses than AMY. Enzymes increased acetate and lactic acid concentrations and decreased ethanol concentration. Regardless of treatment, gas, effluent and total fermentative losses linearly increased, whereas DM recovery linearly decreased with higher storage length. Glucoamylase silage had lower ammonia nitrogen and higher lactic acid concentrations than AMY. Enzyme treatments decreased silage neutral detergent fibre content and increased in vitro DM degradation. Glucoamylase silage exhibited a more moderate starch content and greater in vitro DM degradation than AMY. Storage time linearly decreased DM, starch and fibre content of rehydrated maize. In vitro degradation of DM linearly increased as the storage length increased. This study showed evidence that enzymes with amylolytic activity, particularly GLU, improve the fermentative profile and DM degradation of rehydrated maize silage.

A commercial feed additive, OmniGen-AF® (OMN; Phibro Animal Health, Teaneck, NJ), has shown positive impacts on thermoregulation and milk production in confined dairy cows. This study was carried out to evaluate whether OMN has similar effects on grazing dairy cows. For the latter purpose, feed intake, milk production, blood metabolites, and body temperature (including surface, rectal, and thermal imaging) were assessed. This study was performed in a commercial dairy farm at Mato Grosso do Sul State in Brazil and lasted for 84 d. Thirty-six multiparous Holstein cows (136 ± 52 days in milk, 23.8 ± 4.96 kg/d milk yield, and 518 ± 65 body weight, at the start of experiment) were enrolled to a completely randomized experiment and assigned either to control (0 g/d of OMN) or OMN (50 g/d). Cows were maintained under a rotational grazing system in pens uniformly covered with Panicum maximum (cv. Mombasa). After milking, cows were fed fixed amounts of corn silage with concentrate level adjusted according to average milk yield from the previous wk. OMN was top-dressed and hand mixed in the upper portion of corn silage and concentrate mixture. The average temperature-humidity index (THI) throughout experiment was 77.8 (29.8 °C air temperature and 52 ± 15.6% relative humidity), suggesting that heat stress (THI > 68) likely impacted cows. OMN increased pasture intake, milk and milk fat yields, and milk fat content. OMN decreased urea N concentration and somatic cell count in milk. Treatments neither influenced body weight nor body condition score. OMN increased blood glucose and ionized calcium concentrations, and decreased blood aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase concentration. OMN reduced rectal temperature, body surface temperature, and respiration rate of cows. This study showed evidence that OMN improves performance and reduces signs of heat stress of grazing cows under an environment with high THI.

The objective of this event was to describe all aspects related to the implementation of a demonstration area, at the Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), for organic hay production aiming to provide support in the feeding of beef cattle in the rural communities of Dourados/MS. Therefore, the hay day field demonstration featured information about the forage species for hay production, stages of the haymaking, quality and nutritional value of hay, losses during the haymaking process, the use of hay in animal feeding and economic evaluation of hay utilization. In practice, there was a demonstration of the steps of haymaking: implantation, mowing, tedding of the green forage, raking, baling and storage. A horizontal baler was used to bale the hay, and it was coupled to the tractor. The laboratory analysis was performed to serve as a database to producers and other interested parties. The event was publicized through verbal contact, posters, and distribution of folders at strategic locations. The field day provided a theoretical-practical demonstration of the processes of haymaking, with the participation of rural producers, settlers, quilombolas and students from several courses. Overall, the event meet the knowledge needs of the public, as well as providing knowledge about organic management.

The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary monensin (MON) and incrementing levels of copaiba ( Copaifera spp .) essential oil (CO) on nutrient intake, time spent eating and ruminating, performance, carcass traits, and meat quality of feedlot lambs. Sixty non-castrated Crossed White Dorper lambs were randomly assigned to the following treatments: control (CON), basal diet with no feed additives; MON, dietary inclusion of 25 mg/kg DM of MON (Rumensin ® , Elanco Eli Lilly and Company, Sao Paulo, Brazil); and copaiba essential oil (CO), dietary inclusion of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/kg DM of CO diluted into isopropyl alcohol (7 mL). Animals were fed a diet with 53:47 of forage to concentrate ratio. Monensin dietary inclusion was compared with the other treatments through Dunnett’s test, and the effects of CO levels were evaluated through linear and quadratic contrasts. Dry matter intake, average daily gain (ADG), and time spent eating were recorded through the feedlot period. Immediately after slaughtering and at 24 h postmortem, carcass traits were assessed and meat samples were taken to meat quality analyses, respectively. Control and MON-treated lambs had lower ADG in comparison with those fed CO at 0.5 g/kg DM. There was a positive quadratic effect on feed efficiency and ADG according to CO levels, wherein the highest values were observed in lambs fed CO at 0.5 g/kg. Nutrient intake was not affected by treatments. Copaiba essential oil provision linearly increased the time spent eating and quadratically affected the time spent ruminating while lambs were lying, wherein the highest value of time spent ruminating was found in lambs fed CO at 0.5 g/kg. Neither carcass traits nor subprimal yield were affected by CO levels, but MON-fed lambs had lower fat thickness and external length compared to CON and those CO-fed lambs. Copaiba essential oil provision at 1.5 g/kg increased cooking losses of Longissimus dorsi in comparison with MON. Further, CO supply at 1.5 g/kg increased Warner Bratzler shear force and decreased L* intensity in Semimembranosus meat in relation to MON. Copaiba essential oil had a negative quadratic effect on the ether extract content in Gluteo biceps . This study demonstrated that CO supplementation ranging from 0.5 to 0.75 g/kg can improve feed efficiency and ADG, consequently decreasing the feedlot time of lambs, and CO can be used in place of MON in feedlot lamb diets.

Sugarcane is relatively affordable in subtropical regions and can be used as a forage source for cattle; however, its low fiber degradation in the rumen may impair diet digestibility and animal performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of a fibrolytic enzyme product in dairy heifers fed either corn silage or sugarcane silage-based diets on nutrient intake and digestibility, eating behavior, energy and N utilization, ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, and blood metabolites. Twelve Jersey heifers [8 ± 2.5 mo age and 160 ± 15 kg of live weight (LW), mean ± SD] were assigned to a Latin square design with 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement. Experimental periods had 14 days for treatment adaptation, 6 days for sampling, followed by 5 days of wash out. Treatment sequences consisted of: 1) diet with 549 g/kg DM sugarcane silage as forage source (SS); 2) diet with 653 g/kg DM corn silage as forage source (CS); 3) sugarcane silage and enzyme product (SSE; Fibrozyme™, Alltech, Nicholasville, KY), SS diet providing heifers with 20 g/d enzyme product through ruminal bolus; and 4) corn silage and enzyme product (CSE), CS diet providing heifers with 20 g/d enzyme product through ruminal bolus. Enzyme product was supplied once a day before the morning feeding. Heifers fed SS showed lower (P = 0.001) nutrient intake than those fed CS. Enzyme product had no effect on feed intake, but it increased (P ≤ 0.048) DM digestibility in heifers. An effect of the interaction between forage and enzyme was observed (P = 0.006) on NDF digestibility, in which enzyme supply increased NDF digestibility in 126 g/kg DM for heifers fed sugarcane silage. Moreover, enzyme supply increased (P = 0.030) the time spent eating of heifers, but it decreased (P = 0.012) the efficiency of cud chewing – DM (g/h). No interaction effect was noticed between forage and enzyme on eating behavior measures. Enzyme supply decreased (P = 0.012) N absorbed by heifers. An interaction between forage and enzyme was detected on urinary N, in which SSE treatment showed the lowest value of N in urine. Except for the higher (P = 0.012) ruminal propionate molar proportion in cows fed CS than those fed SS, no effects (P ≥ 0.212) of forage, enzyme, or forage and enzyme interaction were described on ruminal fermentation measures. Heifers fed sugarcane silage had lower (P = 0.008) microbial protein synthesis estimation than those fed corn silage. Enzyme provision increased (P = 0.045) urinary urea concentration and excretion (mg/kg LW), and decreased (P ≤ 0.012) daily urea clearance in heifers. In addition, no effect of the interaction between forage and enzyme (P ≥ 0.226) was described on N renal metabolism of heifers. Although the enzyme provision had no effect on NDF digestibility in heifers fed corn silage, it increased NDF digestibility in heifers fed sugarcane silage. The enzyme supply increased the time animals spent eating, but had no effect on ruminal fermentation of heifers.

O Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA), implantado pelo Governo Federal em 2003, é desenvolvido com recursos interministerial do Ministério de Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome (MDS) e do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário (MDA), e operacionalizado da Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (CONAB). Suas diretrizes buscam garantir a manutenção de estoques reguladores estratégicos, a fim de impedir desabastecimento no país. Todavia, seu principal objetivo é garantir o acesso a alimentos em quantidades necessárias às populações em situação de insegurança alimentar e nutricional por meio da compra da produção da agricultura familiar e doação simultânea. Assim, o PAA Compra com Doação Simultânea (PAA/CDS), veio a atender reivindicações dos movimentos sociais do campo de uma política pública de comercialização que garantisse o fortalecimento socioeconômico na agricultura familiar, com vistas à soberania alimentar. Portanto, é objetivo desta pesquisa, destacar a importância do PAA para Agricultura Familiar e produzir dados que possam demonstrar que o programa vem sofrendo por parte da atual gestão do Governo Federal e consequentemente no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), contingenciamento orçamentário e a diminuição do alcance dos objetivos princípios originários do programa. Logo, coube investigar a atuação operacional do PAA entre 2012 à 2017, particularmente no tocante ao orçamento anual do programa, avanços, limites e desafios. Por fim, conclui-se que o PAA/CDS, tem obtido sucesso em remover gradativamente o entrave da comercialização dos produtos da agricultura familiar, no entanto, o alcance do programa atualmente possui grave limitação orçamentária para ampliação de suas ações em MS.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of inoculation of Lactobacillus buchneri (L. buchneri) alone or with Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on gas and effluent losses, chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of nutrients, aerobic stability, and microbiological quality of sunflower silage. A randomized experimental design was used, which contained 3 treatments, each one included 15 mini-silos. Mini-silos were distributed to the following treatments: (1) Control (CON), without inoculants; (2) L. buchneri alone (LB), inoculation at 2.6 × 1010 cfu/g; and (3) L. buchneri with B. subtilis (LB + BS), inoculation at 2.6 × 1010 cfu/g and 1 × 109 cfu/g with L. buchneri and B. subtilis, respectively. Treatments were applied at 2 g/t of fresh forage ensiled. Silages with microbial inoculants had lower DM content, and higher in vitro digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fibre than CON. Inoculants decreased the number of aerobic bacteria, mould, and yeast, and increased the counts of la...

The objective was to determine the effect of increasing levels of sunflower crushed in ruminant diets about the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (DIVMS), organic matter (DIVMO), crude protein (DIVPB), the cinetics cumulative production gases, parameters ruminal fermentation, concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) and pH in vitro. Used Tifton hay and the concentrates were characterized by the presence of 0 g/kg 100 g/kg 200 g/kg and 300 g/kg of sunflower crushed inclusion in concentrated. There significant influence (p 0.05) by experimental diets, however, there was a decreasing linear effect (p

Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from chitin deacetylation, present in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects. Chitosan has been evaluated as rumen modulator and silage additive due to its antimicrobial properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of both chitosan and a bacterial additive on microbiological quality, chemical composition, nutrient in vitro degradation, fermentative profile, and total losses of whole-soybean plant silage (SS) harvested at R6 stage. Four treatments in a factorial arrangement were randomly assigned to 40 experimental minisilos as no additives (CON), 8 g/t fresh forage of microbial inoculant (INO; Kera SIL, Kera Nutricao Animal, Bento Goncalves, Brazil); 5 g/kg of fresh forage chitosan (CHI); and CHI + INO. Microbial inoculant was composed of Lactobacillus plantarum (4.0 × 1010 cfu/g) and Propionibacterium acidipropionici (2.6 × 1010 cfu/g). The CHI and INO alone increased counts of lactic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria and decreased counts of mold and yeast in SS. The CHI or INO alone increased in vitro degradation of dry matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber, and decreased nonfiber carbohydrate content of SS. Chitosan increased NH3-N and lactate concentrations and decreased ethanol concentration in SS. The CHI increased dry matter recovery from SS; INO increased silage aerobic stability. The combination of CHI+INO showed the lowest value of gas losses. In general, the combination of CHI and INO had small positive effects on gas losses of SS; however, both CHI or INO alone improved nutrient in vitro degradation and decreased mold and yeast in SS. Chitosan or INO utilization improves SS quality.

This study aimed to evaluate the performance, carcass characteristics and meat from feedlot lambs receiving sunflower crushed in the diet on partial replacement of soybean meal. The experimental design was randomized block with four levels of sunflower crushed in the diet (0, 10, 20, 30% DM). There was a linear reduction of 0.02; 0.003; 0.003 and 0.17% for each percentage unit of added sunflower crushed in the diet, respectively, for the intake of dry matter, crude protein, daily weight gain and feed conversion. There was a significant linear decrease of 0.15; 0.11 and 0.12% in slaughter weight, hot carcass and cold carcass, respectively when increased 1% in the inclusion of sunflower crushed in the diet. The use of sunflower crushed did not influence the biological yield and characteristics of marbling, texture and color of the meat. The use of sunflower crushed can be used in supplements for lambs in intensive production systems in partial replacement of soybean meal by up to 10%.

The objective of this study was to compare alternative devices and tissues for the determination of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) with the conventional method. Two tissues, nylon (50 μm) and TNT (100 g/m²), and two devices (fiber digester and autoclave) were used for the determination of NDF and ADF content compared to the conventional method. A completely randomized experimental design, which consisted of five treatments and 10 repetitions, was used. The NDF content obtained with TNT in the two devices differed from that obtained with the conventional method (P 0.01), indicating this combination as a possible alternative to the conventional method. There was no difference (P>0.01) between the alternative methods for the analysis of NDF. The content of ADF differed between the devices and tissues evaluated (P 0.01) and may be indicated as a practical alternative for the analysis of ADF. The NDF content obtained with nylon tissue, irrespective of the equipment used, and the ADF content obtained with nylon tissue in the fiber digester were similar to the conventional method.

The main objective of this study the Marandu grass using total dry matter (CS), hand-plucking sample (PS) and extrusa (EXT) in a completely randomized design. The samples were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein, ether extract, neutral (NDF) and acid-detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, ash, in vitro dry matter digestibility, total, and non fiber carbohydrates. The samples for PS presented DM, NDF and ADF values of 25.19, 65.31, and 28.91 %. The EXT values for NDF and ADF were 73.21 and 33.46 %, respectively, reflecting the selectivity of the animal. The ADF value for CS was 36.01 %, due to the high proportion of senescent material in the forage. The CS and hand plucked samples obtained did not represent the diet consumed by the animals. The chemical composition of the forage is influenced by the different sampling methods.

The aimed of this work was to comparing the drying process in a microwave oven and forced air ventilation, as well as their effects on the chemical composition of different genotypes of the genus Cynodon (Tifton 85, Jiggs, Russell, Tifton 68 and Vaquero) collected at different ages cutting (28, 48, 63 and 79 days). The experimental design was a randomized block in a split-plot design, with 4 replicates. There was no difference (P>0.05) between the methods analyzed on the chemical composition of the genotypes studied. Increasing age cutoff negatively influenced (P

To evaluate the inclusion of common beans in the diet of cattle in feedlot on characteristics of productive performance, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation parameters, 15 bulls crossed were used in a completely randomized design. The animals were confined for 64 days, and 21 days of adaptation. We evaluated the inclusion common beans at levels of 0%, 13% and 26%. All diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous with a 45:55 forage: concentrate ratio. The addition of beans in the diet did not affect animal performance, dry matter intake and feed efficiency. Inclusion bean changed the nutrient digestibility of DM, CP, EE, TC and OM, where the best digestibility was observed with the inclusion 13% and the lowest concentration of ruminal NH3-N. The general behavior of ruminal pH in relation to levels of inclusion of beans was 6.2. The inclusion of up to 13% of beans in the diet of feedlot cattle did not alter the apparent digestibility, ruminal and animal performance.

Para se avaliar o desempenho de novilhas Nelore suplementadas com torta de girassol em substituição ao farelo de soja em 0; 20; 40 e 60% foram utilizados 24 animais, durante a época seca, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os animais foram pesados e monitorados quanto à condição corporal a cada 21 dias. A inclusão de torta de girassol melhorou o ganho de peso diário em 45,8%. A eficiência do uso de concentrados foi de 12,26; 13,42 e 9,87kg/kg para os níveis de substituição de 20, 40 e 60% e o suplemento sem torta de girassol teve eficiência de 7,31kg/kg. A condição corporal dos animais melhorou com o fornecimento dos suplementos, sendo a condição corporal final 3,6; 4,0; 4,0 e 3,7 pontos; para os níveis de substituição de 00, 20, 40 e 60%. Para as características de carcaça não ocorreram diferenças significativas entre os níveis de substituição estudados para peso de abate, peso de carcaça quente, peso de carcaça fria, perdas por resfriamento, rendimento de carcaça, comprimento de carcaça, traseiro, dianteiro, carne aproveitável total, cortes comerciais brasileiros, AOL/100kg, espessura de gordura, fígado. Verificou-se efeito para substituição da torta de girassol somente para acúmulo de gordura perirrenal-pélvica, onde o nível de 60% apresentou o maior valor (3,67kg). A substituição parcial do farelo de soja por torta de girassol melhorou o desempenho de novilhas terminadas a pasto, sem alterar as características de carcaça dos animais. To evaluate the performance of Nellore heifers supplemented with sunflower cake in partial substitution of soybean meal at 0; 20; 40 and 60% 24 animals were used during the dry season in a randomized design. The animals were weighed and monitored for body condition (BC) every 21 days. The inclusion of sunflower cake improved the average daily gain in 45.8%. The efficiency of the use of concentrated supplements was higher for supplements containing sunflower cake with values of 12.26; 13.42 and 9.87kg/kg for the replacement levels of 20; 40 and 60%. The supplement without sunflower cake had efficiencies of 7.31kg/kg. The BC of animals has improved with the supplementation, of 3.6; 4.0; 4.0 and 3.7 points, for replacement levels of 00; 20; 40 and 60%. For carcass characteristics there was no significant differences between the levels of substitution studied to slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, cooling losses, carcass yield, carcass length, back, front, yield estimated grade, Brazilian commercial cuts, AOL/100kg, fat thickness, liver. There was effect for replacement of sunflower cake just for the accumulation of perirenal pelvic fat, where the replacement level of 60% had the highest value (3.67 kilograms). Partial substitution of soybean meal by sunflower cake improved the performance of heifers finished on pastures without changing the characteristics of the carcass.

A representatividade econômica, social e ambiental da agricultura familiar é cada vez mais reconhecida pelos governos e pela sociedade. Os movimentos sociais a favor do meio ambiente recaem sobre a atividade agrícola, exigindo metodologias alternativas de produção sustentável. Apesar do cenário favorável à produção orgânica aos empreendimentos de agricultura familiar, vários problemas recaem sobre essa atividade. Neste contexto, o objetivo desta pesquisa é apresentar a situação e características do setor na cidade de Dourados (MS), e identificar o método de produção mais viável aos pequenos produtores, utilizando de um modelo de decisão multicritério, baseado em um estudo de caso junto a um grupo de produtores orgânicos da região. Os resultados indicam o método de produção orgânico como o mais adequado aos empreendimentos familiares, considerando os critérios “produção”, “mercado” e “logística”.

This study aimed to determine the influence of sustained-release recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) injections on biometrics measures, bodyweight (BW), average BW gain, observed and predicted DM intake, accuracy of recent methods to estimate DM intake, blood metabolites, haematological profile and rectal temperature in dairy heifers. Thirty Holstein heifers (132 ± 27 kg BW and 6.2 ± 0.35 months of age) were used in a complete randomised design experiment. Heifers were assigned to treatments: (1) Control (CON), 250 mL of saline solution, or (2) rbST, 250 mg of sustained-release rbST every 15 days. Treatments were injected in the subcutaneous of ischiorectal fossa or subscapular region in a regular alternating manner (right and left side) every 15 days throughout a period of 90 days. Prediction of DM intake was calculated using either non-linear or linear models for heifers in tropical conditions. rbST injections increased the average values of thoracic perimeter, length, and rump width in heifers. rbST-treated heifers had higher average BW and BW gain than CON. Regardless of the model applied, both observed and predicted DM intake were higher for heifers rbST-treated in relation to CON. Non-linear model was accurate without significant bias. rbST injections elevated blood glucose and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in heifers. No differences were detected on haematological profile and rectal temperature of heifers. rbST injections every 15 days to growing heifers promoted animal performance by increasing biometrics measures and BW gain. In addition, non-linear model was accurate to predict DM intake of heifers.

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of feedlot lambs fed diets formulated with hay of different genotypes of Cynodon spp. and to compare the dry matter digestibility of diets using different evaluation methods (total fecal collection and chromium oxide). Suffolk crossbred neutered male lambs (n=30), with an average age of 90 days and average body weight of 21.5 kg ± 1.6. Diets were formulated using a standard concentrate and hay of the following genotypes of Cynodon dactylon: Jiggs, Vaquero, Tifton 68, Coast-Cross, Tifton 85 and Russell, in a 60:40 forage concentrate ratio, composing the treatments distributed in a randomized block design in a factorial 5 x 2 arrangement of 5 diets and 2 digestibility evaluation methods. Animals receiving Vaquero hay showed dry matter intake of 18.3; 16.9; 25.6; 20.7 and 24.2% higher than those fed hay of Jiggs, Tifton 68, Coast Cross, Tifton 85 and Russell, respectively. There was no difference between diets for digestibility using total fecal collection, chromium oxide and final weight of animals. Jiggs hay based diets allowed greater daily weight gain and better feed conversion.

Four steers in individual paddocks with Marandu grass (B. Brizantha) in 4x4 square design were used to evaluate sunflower crushed supplementation in pasture-grazing animals on nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis. Supplements at 6 g kg-1 body weight comprised corn, soybean meal, and mineral and soybean meal substituted at proportions 0, 20, 40 and 60%. Diet contained averages 6.79, 6.96, 7.10 and 6.87% nitrogen respectively for substitution levels 0, 20, 40 and 60%. The inclusion of sunflower crushed (SC) increased nitrogen intake and fecal excretion of nitrogen while providing a positive balance. Animals’ plasma urea concentration supplemented with SC was 28.13% lower than that of supplemented animals without SC. SC inclusion did not change allantoin concentration, purine derivatives, microbial nitrogen, crude microbial protein and microbial efficiency microbial, with mean rates totaling 150.98 mmol day-1; 158.06 mmol day-1, 112.35 g day-1, 702.18 g day-1; 146.41 crude protein (CP) microbial kg-1 of TDN. Partial replacement of soybean meal by sunflower crushed improves nitrogen balance without altering microbial protein synthesis and excretion of urea and creatinine. Four steers in individual paddocks with Marandu grass (B. Brizantha) in 4x4 square designwere used to evaluate sunflower crushed supplementation in pasture-grazing animals on nitrogen balanceand microbial protein synthesis. Supplements at 6 g kg-1 body weight comprised corn, soybean meal, andmineral and soybean meal substituted at proportions 0, 20, 40 and 60%. Diet contained averages 6.79, 6.96,7.10 and 6.87% nitrogen respectively for substitution levels 0, 20, 40 and 60%. The inclusion of sunflowercrushed (SC) increased nitrogen intake and fecal excretion of nitrogen while providing a positive balance.Animals’ plasma urea concentration supplemented with SC was 28.13% lower than that of supplementedanimals without SC. SC inclusion did not change allantoin concentration, purine derivatives, microbialnitrogen, crude microbial protein and microbial efficiency microbial, with mean rates totaling 150.98 mmolday-1; 158.06 mmol day-1, 112.35 g day-1, 702.18 g day-1; 146.41 crude protein (CP) microbial kg-1 of TDN.Partial replacement of soybean meal by sunflower crushed improves nitrogen balance without alteringmicrobial protein synthesis and excretion of urea and creatinine

Thirty-six experimental silos arranged in a completely randomized 4 x 3 factorial design were provided to evaluate the chemical changes of sunflower silage treated with soybean hulls, sunflower crushed and urea at 14, 21 and 28 days of ensilage. The additives were based on 5% natural matter, whereas control consisted of silage with 100% sunflower plant. OM, NDIP, and MM had average rates 911.2; 86.6 and 92.9 g kg-1 of dry matter respectively. The addition of soybean hulls and sunflower crushed increased DM rates after 28 and 21 days. Urea increased nitrogen fractions and the addition of soybean hulls increased total carbohydrate content of silage by 5.1%, whereas the addition of sunflower crushed decreased the same by 2.18%. NDF, ADF and hemicellulose average rates were 625.4, 460.3 and 165.2 g kg-1 of DM. The addition of soybean hulls and sunflower crushed reduced the in vitro dry matter digestibility by 8.3 and 5.97%. The addition of 5% sunflower crushed and soybean hulls improved the nutritional value of sunflower silage and the addition of urea improved the protein rates. Para se avaliar as alterações bromatológicas da silagem de girassol com casca de soja, torta de girassol e uréia com 14, 21 e 28 dias de ensilagem, foram confeccionados 36 silos experimentais, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado num esquema fatorial 4 x 3. Os aditivos foram adicionados, na base de matéria natural de 5%; e o controle foi a silagem de 100% da planta de girassol. Os teores de MO, PIDN e MM, apresentaram médias de 911,2; 86,6 e 92,9 g kg-1 de MS. A adição de casca de soja e torta de girassol elevou o teor de MS após 28 e 21 dias. A uréia incrementou as frações nitrogenadas e, a adição de casca de soja proporcionou aumento no teor de carboidratos totais em 5,1% e a adição de torta de girassol, redução de 2,18%. Os teores médios de FDN, FDA e hemicelulose, foram de 625,4; 460,3 e 165,2 g kg-1 de MS. A adição de casca de soja e torta de girassol reduziu a digestibilidade in vitro da MS em, 8,3 e 5,97%. A adição de 5% de torta de girassol e de casca de soja melhora o valor nutricional da silagem de girassol e a adição de uréia o perfil protéico.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho zootecnico e economico de cordeiros mesticos (½ Santa Ines + ½ Sulfolk), em confinamento, recebendo diferentes dietas a base de feno de genotipos de Cynodon dactylon , atraves do uso de indicadores financeiros considerando o periodo de confinamento, sem relaciona-lo com o manejo de ciclo completo. Foram utilizados 30 cordeiros, machos, nao castrados, mesticos Suffolk, identificados com brinco na orelha, com media de idade de 90 dias e peso corporal medio de 21,5 kg. As dietas foram formuladas utilizando um concentrado padrao e feno dos seguintes genotipos de Cynodon dactylon : Jiggs, Vaquero, Tifton 68, Coast-Cross, Tifton 85 e Russel, em uma relacao volumoso concentrado de 60:40, constituindo os tratamentos, distribuidos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com 5 repeticoes. Houve diferenca significativa entre as dietas para as despesas totais com a alimentacao, sendo os maiores valores para o Jiggs (BRL 48,96/animal). Os animais que receberam dietas a base de feno de Tifton 68 apresentaram maior taxa de retorno (2,16%) e lucratividade (34,63%) em relacao as demais dietas. A utilizacao de dietas a base de feno de Tifton 68 para cordeiros em fase terminacao, em confinamento, permite obter maior rentabilidade economica em relacao as demais dietas.

To evaluate the grass B. brizantha cv. Marandu, under grazing, we use three sampling methods: total availability (TA), hand plucked (HP) and extrusa (EXT) in a completely randomized design with four replications. The hand plucked method was collected manually after observing the behavior of grazing animals. TA was determined by cutting at ground level, using a metallic square (0.25 m²) and EXT was collected by rumen evacuation. The values for dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), were 27.20, 88.52 and 43.70% in the treatment and HP, and 25.53, 87.70 and 45.50% in TA. The extrusa had the lowest DM content (15.88%) and higher crude protein (CP) (15.22%), possibly due to the presence of saliva. The levels checked for extrusa NDF, ADF and in vitro digestibility of dry matter were 81.98, 36.90 and 79.10%, demonstrating the selectivity of the animals. The high levels of FDA for TA reflect the composition of the forage with the high proportion of senescent material. The samples obtained by the total availability were not representative of the diet consumed by cattle. The different sampling methods influence the chemical composition of B. Brizantha cv. Marandu. Objetivou-se avaliar o capim B. brizantha cv. Marandu, sob pastejo, utilizando-se os métodos de coleta: disponibilidade total (DT), pastejo simulado (PS) e extrusa (EXT). O pastejo simulado foi colhido manualmente após observação do comportamento de pastejo dos animais. A DT foi determinada por meio de corte rente ao solo, com uso de um quadrado metálico (0,25 m²) e a EXT foi coletada por esvaziamento ruminal. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições. Os teores de matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), foram de 27,20; 88,52 e 43,70% no tratamento PS e 25,53; 87,70 e 45,50% no tratamento DT. A extrusa apresentou o menor teor de MS (15,88%) e o maior teor de proteína bruta (PB) (15,22%), possivelmente em função da presença de saliva. Os teores verificados na extrusa para FDN, FDA e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca foram de 81,98; 36,90 e 79,10%, demonstrando a seletividade dos animais. Os altos teores de FDA no tratamento DT refletem a composição da forragem que apresentou elevada proporção de material senescente. As amostras obtidas pela disponibilidade total não foram representativas da dieta ingerida pelos bovinos. Os diferentes métodos de amostragem influenciam na composição bromatológica da B. Brizantha cv. Marandu.

Avaliou-se a degradabilidade in situ, dos grãos de linhaça, canola, colza e milho, caroço de algodão, e dos concentrados casca e farelo de soja, em ovinos. Foram utilizados três animais da raça Santa Inês, fistulados e providos de cânulas ruminais, mantidos em baias individuais, recebendo diariamente capim picado e ração concentrada. Os alimentos foram incubados em ordem decrescente de 72, 48, 24, 18, 6, 3 e 0h. O teor de proteína dos alimentos avaliados foram 34,77; 30,07; 23,70; 10,64; 26,12; 14,65 e 56,90% para canola, colza, linhaça, milho, caroço de algodão, casca de soja e farelo de soja, respectivamente. A canola e a colza apresentaram baixa degradabilidade efetiva para a MS, com valor médio de 33,68%. O grão de linhaça apresentou degradabilidade efetiva para a MS de 64,24%, com fração potencialmente degradável de 87,89%. O milho apresentou fração solúvel de 12,33% e uma degradação de 39,67% para a MS. O farelo de soja apresentou-se dentro dos parâmetros normais de degradação com 52,61% para a MS e 52,83% para PB. Para a linhaça, canola e colza a degradabilidade da proteína apresentou valor médio de 18,34%. Os grãos de avaliados apresentaram baixa degradabilidade efetiva para a matéria seca e proteína bruta. This study evaluated in situ ruminal degradability of grains of linseed, canola, rapeseed and corn, whole cottonseed, as well as soybean hulls and soybean meal, in sheep. Three Santa Inês sheep were fistulated and fitted with rumen cannulas. The animals were housed in individual stalls, receiving chopped grass and concentrated feed daily. Feeds were incubated in descending order of 72, 48, 24, 18, 6, 3 and 0h. Protein content was 34.77% for canola, 30.07% for rapeseed, 23.70% for linseed, 10.64% for corn, 26.12% for cottonseed, 14.65% for soybean hulls, and 56.90% for soybean meal. Canola and rapeseed showed low effective degradability of DM, with mean value of 33.68%. Linseed grain had DM degradability of 64.24%, with 87.89% potential degradable fraction. Corn grain showed soluble fraction of 12.33% and 39.67% degradation for DM. Soybean meal was within normal parameters of degradation, with 52.61% for DM and 52.83% for CP. For linseed, canola and rapeseed, average protein degradability value was 18.34%. The evaluated grains showed low effective degradability for dry matter and crude protein.

Performance of Steers Supplemented in Pasture with Protein-energy Mineral Salt in dry season. The research was carried out to evaluate the protein-energy effect of multiple supplements on animal production, N urea in plasmatic quantities and economic parameter of growing beef cattle in pasture during dry season. Thirty-two castrated beef cattle steers were divided into four groups of eight animals. They were analyzed according to a randomized block design at 5% of significance. Each group received one treatment to pasture with addition of mineral salt + urea + corn; mineral salt + urea + soybean meal; mineral salt + urea + corn + soybean meal. There was no difference (P>0.05) between supplements for daily LWG and for average metabolic weight. This can be justified by forage quality combined with availability of DM/ha. As for the variable N-urea in the blood, results indicated higher protein value as an effect of the 50 % addition of soybean meal in the treatment composition. The supplementation of animals in pasture with multiple supplements and low consumption allowed LWG benefits. Its use depends on the cost of the supplement and the price of the meat.