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This study aimsto determinedthe effects of using nano-meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) extract on the feed economic value and income over feed costs of broiler chicken farms.This research method was an observational study with a sample of one-day-old Cobb strain broilerchickenat PT. Haraka KitriEndah. A total of 79.600 day-old-chickenwere divided into 4 groups of treatmentsand eight replications, each group of treatments consisted of 19.900day-old-chicken.Treatments are given for 14 days –from the chickens are 21 days old until the chickens reach 35 days old consisted of T0, as the control group, was not given nano-meniran extract and was only given mineral feed; T1 wasgiven nano-meniran extract 5%; T2 was given nano-meniran extract 10%; and T3 was given nano-meniran extract 20%. The administration of nano-meniran (Phyllanthus niruri)extract onthe feed’seconomic value and income over feed costs showed a significant difference (p

This study aimed to detect the existence and identify, also to determine the prevalence and degree of infection from parasitic helminth in gabus fish (Channa striata) natural catches at Baduk Fish Market, Nganjuk Regency. In 50 samples of gabus fish, parasitic helminths were examined on the body surface, gills, abdominal cavity, muscles, and digestive tract then identified. Parasitic helminths from digestive tract stained with Semichen Acetic Carmine method. Parasitic helminths that have been identified then calculate the prevalence and degree of infection. The result showed that the parasitic helminths found in gabus fish consist of the genera Pallisentis, Spinitectus, Dactylogyrus, and Gyrodactylus. Pallisentis sp. included in Phylum Acanthocephala, found to infect the intestines with prevalence of 74% and degree of infection of 5,62 parasite each fish. Spinitectus sp. included in Phylum Nematoda, found to infect the stomach and intestines with prevalence of 48% and degree of infection of 8 parasite each fish. Dactylogyrus sp. included in Class Monogenea, found to infect the gills with prevalence of 80% and degree of infection of 1,95 parasite each fish. Gyrodactylus sp. included in Class Monogenea, found to infect the body surface with prevalence of 42% and infection rate of 1,33 parasite each fish.

Salmonella Pullorum is the cause of Pullorum disease. The misuse of antimicrobials has resulted in the evolution of resistant strains. Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) and Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Ness.) contain compounds that are efficacious as antibacterial and immunomodulatory. This study aims to analyze the comparison of meniran extract and sambiloto extract on the blood profile of broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Pullorum. This study was conducted by making Meniran and Sambiloto extracts. Phytochemicals screening (alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, andrographolide, steroids and triterpenoids) of extracts, isolation and identification of Salmonella Pullorum and in vivo study were then conducted. The in vivo study was experimental research with completely randomized design that divided broiler chickens into treatment groups: P0- (chickens were not infected), P0+ (chickens were infected with Salmonella Pullorum), PAB (chickens were infected with Salmonella Pullorum and given Enrofloxacin Antibiotics) then treatment P1 Meniran, P2 Meniran, P3 Meniran (chickens were infected with Salmonella Pullorum and, in order, given meniran extract of 5%, 10% and 20% concentrations) and P1 Sambiloto, P2 Sambiloto, P3 Sambiloto (chickens were infected with Salmonella Pullorum and, in order, given sambiloto extract of 5%, 10% and 20% concentrations). Data in the form of blood profile was then analyzed statistically by ANOVA test and continued with Duncan's test. This study shows that Meniran and Sambiloto extract has immunomodulator properties that have good impact in restoring blood profile of broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Pullorum. The comparison shows that Meniran extract has better antibacterial activity on blood profile of broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Pullorum compared to Sambiloto extract.

Lead is a harmful pollutant from engine exhaust that causes free radicals and has detrimental effects on the testicular tissue. This study aimed to determine the effects of tomato juice on the number of Leydig cells and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules of mice exposed to lead acetate. Twenty-five male mice were divided into five groups. Mice in the control (C-) group were given placebos. Meanwhile, mice in C+, T1, T2, and T3 groups were exposed to lead acetate at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW/day for 14 days and given tomato juice respectively at 0, 0.16, 0.32, and 0.64 mL/day from day 8 to day 35. On day 36, all mice were sacrificed, and the testes were collected for histological preparation. The result showed that lead exposure in the C+ group decreased (p

Background and Aim: Pullorum is an acute and chronic disease caused by Salmonella pullorum, often infecting chicken farms. Pullorum disease treatment using antibiotics that do not follow the control dose can cause bacteria to become antibiotic-resistant. Meniran contributes to inhibiting and antagonizing bacteria and can increase the efficiency of chicken feed because of its bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. This study aimed to determine the activity of Meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) in broilers infected with S. pullorum. Materials and Methods: In vitro study that was conducted includes phytochemical test, diffusion, and dilution methods using Meniran extract at 5%, 10%, 20%, and 40% concentrations and tylosin at 2% concentration. The data of the dilution method (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] and minimum bactericidal concentration [MBC]) were processed using probit analysis to determine LC50. In vivo study was conducted by randomly dividing 20 broilers into five treatment groups, four per group. The chickens (except in group P0–) were infected with S. pullorum aged 14 days. Then, the treatment was conducted according to the divided groups when the chickens were aged 21-34 days. The said treatments are P0– (uninfected S. pullorum and unadministered with Meniran extract), P0+ (infected with S. pullorum and unadministered with Meniran extract), and P1, P2, and P3 (infected with S. pullorum and administered with Meniran extract with 5%, 10%, and 20% concentrations, respectively). Data from the phytochemical test were analyzed as descriptive. The data from the diffusion method were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test. Then, the results of broilers' performance were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's test. Results: The phytochemical test showed positive for alkaloid, tannin, saponin, flavonoid, and steroid/triterpenoid. The diffusion method formed the largest zone at 40% concentration with 15.6 mm, while 20%, 10%, and 5% had average of 13.15 mm, 8.38 mm, and 5.8 mm, respectively. The dilution method (MIC and MBC) exhibited the antibacterial ability of Meniran extract against S. pullorum at 20% dose and LC50 14.118% concentration. The Meniran extract administration in broilers exhibited improved performance of chickens infected with S. pullorum, with the administration of 20% dose of Meniran extract showing the best result. Conclusion: About 20% concentration Meniran extract can serve as an antibacterial agent and showed the best results in broilers infected with S. pullorum.

One of the causes of low reproductive efficiency in dairy cattle is the presence of reproductive disorders caused by a non-specific bacterial infection. The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify the genus of non-specific bacteria in the reproductive tract of dairy cattle during artificial insemination. A total of 10 samples in the form of mucus attached to the plastic sheath used after artificial insemination in dairy cattle were collected in the study. The samples were subjected to bacterial isolation and identification. The obtained results of the study indicated that Staphylococcus was the dominant genus found (90%). On the other hand, other genera were Escherichia (60%) and Corynebacterium (20%).

This study aimed to prove the potential of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotics as alternative substitutes of antibiotic growth promoters in laying hens challenged by Escherichia coli infection in order to enhance their growth performance and hen day production. The study used a total of 120 laying hens aged 25 weeks, divided into 3×2 treatments with each comprising 4 replications, and each replication consisted of 5 hens. The study used a completely randomised factorial design; factor a was the feed additive (control, antibiotics growth promoters /AGP, probiotic), whereas factor b was the E. coli infection (non-infection and E. coli infection). The results showed that there were significant differences (p

Background: Salmonella Pullorum are pathogenic bacteria that causes salmonellosis and causes heavy economic losses in the poultry industry and are zoonotic. Treatment of diseases caused by bacteria generally use antibiotics, but excessive administration of antibiotics causes bacterial resistance and residues in livestock. Major chemical constituents of Sambiloto are andrographolide and flavonoids. Andrographolide has antibacterial effect in addition to being antitoxic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antiallergic. Methods: The research was conducted by isolating and identifying Salmonella Pullorum on SSA media and a series of biochemical tests (TSIA, SIM, SCA, urea media and sugar test), manufacturing sambiloto extract, testing the sensitivity of several antibiotics using the disk diffusion method and testing the activation of sambiloto extract against Salmonella Pullorum using the disk diffusion and dilution methods. Result: The result show that sambiloto had antibacterial activity because it contained andrographolide, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and tannins and the lowest extract dose that effectively killed Salmonella Pullorum is concentrations of 20%.

Pullorum is an acute and chronic disease caused byThe phytochemical test showed positive for alkaloid, tannin, saponin, flavonoid, and steroid/triterpenoid. The diffusion method formed the largest zone at 40% concentration with 15.6 mm, while 20%, 10%, and 5% had average of 13.15 mm, 8.38 mm, and 5.8 mm, respectively. The dilution method (MIC and MBC) exhibited the antibacterial ability of Meniran extract againstAbout 20% concentration Meniran extract can serve as an antibacterial agent and showed the best results in broilers infected with

The study aims to learn the efficacy combination of Phyllanthus niruri and Androgaphis paniculata toimprove the performance of laying hens infected with Escherichia coli pathogen. Fifty laying hens of IsaBrown strain were randomly divided into 5 treatments, each treatment was divided into 10 replications(n=10). Treatment P0- (control group without infected), P0+ (hens group infected with Avian Pathogenic’sEscherichia coli without given extract), P1 (hens group infected with Avian Pathogenic’s Escherichia coliwith 10% Phyllanthus niruri extract and 30% Androgaphis paniculata), P2 (hens group infected with AvianPathogenic’s Escherichia coli with 20% Phyllanthus niruri extract and 20% Androgaphis paniculata) andP3 (hens group infected with Avian Pathogenic’s Escherichia coli with 30% Phyllanthus niruri extract and10% Androgaphis paniculata). Performances observed were feed consumption, Hen Day Production, eggsweight and feed conversion. Data analyzed by ANOVA and tested with the F test. The feed consumptionshowed in P1 was different from P3, P2, P0+ and P0-, P1 was different from P2 but not with P3, P0+, andP0- showed significantly different in each treatment. In P3 showed no differences with all treatments. Theeggs weight showed different in P0+ for all treatments, while the other treatments in P1, P2, P3 and P0-showed no differences. The feed conversion showed in P0+ was different for all treatments, while othertreatments showed no difference. P0+ treatment compared to (P0-, P1, P2) was significantly different, P0+treatment compared to P3 treatment was not significantly different, between P3 and P1 treatment was notsignificantly different, and between P1 and P2 with P0- was not significantly different, also between P3 withP2 and P0- treatments was significantly different. Supply of P. niruri extract. and A. paniculata in layinghens can improve the performance of laying hens infected with Escherichia coli pathogen.

Colibacillosis in Indonesia until now still appears frequently, so the case of colibacillosis laying hens cannot reach the peak of egg production; the egg production period is delayed and easily infected with other diseases. The purpose of this research is that the acidifier-dextrose combination is expected to be able to suppress the development of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) bacteria in laying hens so that, in the end, the case of colibacillosis can be controlled in Indonesia. A total of 240 heads of laying hens were divided into 6 treatments and each consisted of 40 replications. The results of this research state that a combination of acidifier-dextrose can increase Hen Day Production ( p < 0.05 ) and decrease Feed Conversion Ratio ( p < 0.05 ) in laying hens infected with APEC. The Hen Day Production results of the treatment group infected with APEC showed the lowest results, amounting to 65.75% whereas the other treatments are still above 90%. Furthermore, the highest Feed Conversion Ratio results were on treatments infected with APEC, which amounted to 2.17 while other treatments of the Feed Conversion Ratio results are still below 1.80. In general, the use of a combination of acidifier and dextrose with the lowest dose, that is, 1 g/3.75 liters of drinking water can still give good results to Hen Day Production and Feed Conversion Ratio for laying hens infected with APEC. Giving combination of acidifier-dextrose can increase Hen Day Production and decrease Feed Conversion Ratio in laying hens infected with APEC. The recommended dosage of acidifier-dextrose combination in laying hens based on this research is 1 g/3.75 liters of drinking water.

This research was conducted to determine the prevalence of major gastrointestinal helminthiasis and protozoal infections, the kinds of helminth and protozoa that infects and the effect of sex on pigeons in Tuban. Pigeons are taken from five The Tuban area is Widang, Montong, Jenu, Soko, Jatirogo. Each area is taken as many as 20 pigeons consists of 10 male pigeons and 10 female pigeons. Laboratory examinations were carried out in November to December 2021. Samples were examined by the native method, sedimentation, and flotation. Identification using a microscope using a 40x objective scale and 10x ocular scale. Data analysis using chi square test statistical analysis. 81% of the samples were positive for helminthiasis infection. Chi square test statistical analysis showed p value 0.022 (p0.05) which means that it is not significantly different. Type of protozoa found that Heterakis gallinarum (45%), Ascaridia columbae (42%), Capillaria sp. (41%), and Eimeria sp. (71%). That prevalence of helminthiasis in male pigeons higher (45%) compared to female pigeons (36%).

This study aims to understand the effect of natural antibiotics from sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata)extract to laying hens infected with Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). The activation test ofsambiloto was performed by using a dilution method included a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Laying hens were distributed into five groups: normalgroup, APEC group with no treatment, and APEC group given 10%, 20%, 30% sambiloto extract for twoweeks. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and continued with the F test. Based on the results, the 30%extract has improved the hen day production (HDP) of laying hens infected with APEC.

In December 2019, a mysterious case of pneumonia was first reported in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Thesource of transmission of this case is still unknown, but the first case was linked to the fish market in Wuhan.From 18 December to 29 December 2019, there were five patients treated with Acute Respiratory DistressSyndrome (ARDS). 2 From 31 December 2019 to 3 January 2020 this case increased rapidly, marked by 44cases reported. In less than a month, the disease has spread to other provinces in China, Thailand, Japan andSouth Korea. This virus can be transmitted from human to human and has spread widely in China and morethan 190 other countries and territories. On 12 March 2020, WHO announced COVID-19 as a pandemic.As of March 29, 2020, there were 634,835 cases and 33,106 deaths worldwide. While in Indonesia, 1,528cases were confirmed with COVID-19 and 136 deaths. Phyllanthus niruri L (meniran) is one type ofimmunostimulator that can improve the immune system in animal experiments and humans. This studyaims to determine Phyllanthus niruri L as an immunomodulator for Covid-19. From the results of researchconducted that Phyllanthus niruri L can improve the activities and functions of several non-specific immunesystem components and specific immune systems, both soluble and cell-related forms. The conclusion fromthe results of this study is Phyllanthus niruri L as an immunomodulator for Covid-19.

Sepsis is a life-threatening state of organ dysfunction caused by a deregulation of the body’s response towardsan infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the pro-inflammatory mediators’ level as well askidney and liver organ function on the Rattus novergicus sepsis model injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) withE. coli. This study used 20 male rats (Rattus novergicus, Wistar strain) which were divided into 2 groups:rats without E. coli injection and rats were i.p. with 105 CFU of E. coli. After six hours, the level of proinflammatory mediators (TNF?, Hs-CRP, PCT, and MDA), kidney function (urea, BUN, and creatinine), andliver function (SGPT, SGOT, and the total of bilirubin) were examined. The data obtained were analyzed usingT-Test. This study concluded that intraperitoneal injection of E. coli increased pro-inflammatory mediatorlevels which include TNF?, Hs-CRP, PCT, MDA level. It also increased kidney function. Interestingly, theinjection only increased bilirubin total levels in the liver but did not show improvement in the SGPT andSGOT. In summary, there was a significant increase in TNF-? pro-inflammatory mediators, procalcitonin(PCT), malondialdehyde (MDA), urea kidney function parameters and BUN among treatment groups. Thehs-CRP, creatinine, and total bilirubin experienced a significant increase.

This study aims to determine the effect of statins and LPS antibodies administration combined with E. coli intraperitoneal injection toward proinflammatory mediators (TNF-?, hs-CRP, PCT, and MDA) urea, BUN, and creatinine) and liver function (SGPT, SGOT, and total bilirubin) in sepsis rats. This study used 30 male white rats (Rattus novergicus strain Wistar) divided into 6 groups induced by E. coli bacteria combined with statins, LPS antibody (Ab-LPS), and a combination of statins+Ab-LPS. Examination of proinflammatory mediators (TNF-?, hs-CRP, PCT, and MDA) was carried out by the ELISA method through the examination of biochemical markers namely renal function (urea, BUN, and creatinine) and liver function (SGPT, SGOT, and total bilirubin) were analyzed by using the autoanalyzer. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using the T-test. The result shows that E. coli+statins gave significant changes on the MDA level at 0th hour administration and TNF-? and hs-CRP at 3rd hour administration. The E. coli+Ab-LPS treatment showed significant changes at the 0th hour administration for MDA, creatinine, and total bilirubin and at the 3rd hour administration for MDA. The E. coli+statins+Ab-LPS treatment showed significant changes in MDA, creatinine, and total bilirubin at 0th hour administration and on creatinine and total bilirubin at 3rd hour administration.

Hot water extract of Spirulina platensis which is contain of lipopolysaccharide can be used as animmunostimulant. This study aimed to determine the effect of hot water extract of S. platensis throughinjection on the non-specific immune response of Osphronemusgouramy. The treatment was given throughintraperitoneal injection of hot water extract of S. platensis with doses of 1%, 10%, 20% and PBS, PhosphateBuffer Saline (control) 0.1 ml/fish. Fish reared in the aquarium (67 l volune) with density 12 fishes/aquarium with average weight of 7.5 – 8.5 g/fish. Blood samples of fish taken from the caudal vein on day0 (before administration of the extract), 3 and 5 days after administration of the extract for the measurementof total leucocytes, differential leucocytes and phagocytic activity. Results showed an increased in totalleucocytes, phagocytic activity, monocytes and neutrophils of fish that given hot water extract of S. platensis.The addition of hot water extract of S. platensis at 1% through injection gave total leucocytes, phagocyticactivity, monocytes and neutrophils on days 3 were 543.73 x 103sel/mm3,69.30%, 34.33% and 14%respectively higher and significantly different to control.

The purpose of this research aimed to prove the effect of meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn ) on layer hen infected with Escherichia coli to reduce inflammation and congestion on infundibulum histopathological view. This research used 20 samples of layer hen. The treatment in this research was P0- (not infected with Esherichia coli and did not treated with meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn ) ), P0+ (infected with Escherichia coli and did not treated with meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn ) ), P1 (infected with Escherichia coli and treated with 10% meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn ) ), P2 (infected with Escherichia coli and treated with 20% meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn ) ), P3 (infected with Escherichia coli and treated with 30% meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn ) ). The data of this study analyzed by Kruskal-wallis and followed with Mann-withney test. The result of this research can be concluded that 10% concentration of meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn ) was effective to eliminate Escherichia coli , 20% concentration of meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn ) able to promote antibacterial activity, and 30% concentration of meniran extract shown antibacterial rate on high potential so it can be used to reduce inflammation and congestion as the result of Escherichia coli infection.

The purpose of this study was to determinated the effect and the best concentration of greentea extract in skim milk and egg yolk diluent for quality sapudi sheep spermatozoa were measured in motility, viability and intact plasma membrane that was stored on cold temperature. The semen was devided into four groups; skim milk and egg yolk diluent, 0,5% green tea extract in skim milk and egg yolk diluent, 0,1% green tea extract in skim milk and egg yolk diluent, and 0,15% green tea extract in skim milk and egg yolk diluent. Spermatozoa quality was observed day 1, day 2, day 3, day 4 and day 5 after being diluted. The data obtained was analyzed with the Analysis of Variant (ANOVA), followed by multiple range test duncan. The results showed that the highest percentage of motility, viability and intact plasma membrane derived from green tea extract 0,15% on skim milk and egg yolk diluent for 1 day storage is 86.66b ± 2.58, 92.00b ± 1.78, and 74.16b ± 3.25. The lowest percentage of motility, viability and intact plasma membranes was obtained from the skim milk and egg yolk diluent for 5 days storage is 43.33a ± 6.05, 56.50a ± 3.08 and 28.33a ± 2.80. The conclusion of this study is the addition of 0.15% green tea extract in a skim milk and egg yolk diluent can maintain the quality of sperm for up to 5 days of storage at cold temperatures.

The purpose of this study was to determine the Phyllanthus niruri L. extract (PNE) as an immunomodulator and antioxidant in laying hens infected by Escherichia coli. This study used completely randomized design (CRD) with 20 chickens divided into six groups consisting of one negative control group given Na-CMC (P0-), positive control group given E. coli (P0+), and three test groups given the PNE 10% (P1), 20% (P2), and 30% (P3). Each test group was given a sample suspension orally by giving once a day for six consecutive days. At the age of 21 weeks E. coli was infected with concentration of 106 CFU/mL/body weight. After a week of the E. coli infection, PNE was given with various dosage for 4 weeks. We revealed the data of leukocytes, lymphocytes, SOD and MDA. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and Duncan test. Interestingly, we showed that PNE at a dose of 10% can increase immune system and antioxidant activity. In sum, we conclude that PNE can increase immune system and antioxidant activity in laying hens infected with E. coli.

This study intend to know the conformity of diagnostic test between burrow ink test method with skin scrapping method of scabies in rabbit. Scabies caused by Sarcoptes scabiei which has a predilection in stratum corneum and lucidum. Clinical symptoms was characterized by papula or crusting of the skin. This study presents a laboratory explorative research with cross sectional approach. Samples used 20 rabbits that infested scabies naturally. Data obtained by performing diagnostic burrow ink test method and skin scrapping in rabbits which are infested scabies naturally. KAPPA test used as data analysis. Results showed that the number of positive results based on burrow ink test method are 12 rabbits and 8 rabbits are negative while skin scrapping obtained the positive results are 11 rabbits and 9 rabbits are negative. KAPPA test analysis performed on the overall study data was obtained 0,490. The conclusion of this study is burrow ink test method has a good conformity with the skin scrapping in rabbits which are infested scabies naturally that can be used for diagnostic analysis of scabies with a simple method, faster, and have the same ability with skin scrapping without hurting animals.

Brucellosis in pigs is not only causing great economic losses due to a decrease in productivity of livestock but also is zoonotic. Prevention efforts mainly addressed to vaccination and sanitary measures and governance. S19 and RB51 vaccine does not provide protection against infection and abortion in pigs infected with Brucella suis. The purpose of the study was to develop Brucella suis local isolates vaccine as a vaccine candidate against Brucellosis in pigs and then to prevent the spread of brucellosis. The method used laboratory exploration followed by experimental studies using mice. This study used a factorial design. F test analysis used to test the titer of antibodies through CFT methods. The results showed that local isolates attenuated Brucella suis at a concentration of 108 were able to show a good antibody titer 128. This study concluded that Brucella suis local isolates has the ability to protect mice from infection Brucella suis bacteria and has high immunogenicity. Keywords: Brucella suis, Vaccine Candidate, Local isolates

Brucella suis in pigs is a disease caused by Brucella suis bacteria. Brucella suis causes various losses, not only economic losses in livestock but also zoonotic. Therefore, Brucella suis can harm human’s health. This study aims to determine the histopathological depiction of the number of the white pulp of the mice spleen (Mus musculus) which were infected with Brucella suis after being vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain RB51. This study is an experimental study with a completely randomized design (CRD) method. The data in this study were the spleen from 18 male mice (Mus musculus). The white pulp number in P0- group (mice injected with NaCl) amounted to 31.8333±5.34478 and the white pulp diameter reached 68.5733±9.53809µm. The P0+ group (mice infected with Brucella suis without being vaccination) had an average number of the white pulp of 39.1667±10.53407 and white pulp diameter of 60.4933±3.24731µm. Meanwhile, the P1 group (mice vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain RB51 and infected with Brucella suis) had 44.8333±7.19491 of white pulp number with white pulp diameter reaching 55.5900±6.19880µm. The administration of 0.1ml vaccine of Brucella abortus strain RB51 to mice infected with Brucellasuis1x108 CFU/ml caused an immune response in the form of white pulp proliferation in their spleens followed by a decrease in white pulp diameter. Therefore, 0.1 ml vaccine of Brucella abortus strains RB51 was capable of producing immunity that could protect the mice from Brucella suis infection.

AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini untuk menterminasi peningkatan kandungan nutrien dalam fermentasi makanan yang terdapat dari kulit kacang sebagai bahan pakan alternatif untuk ternak dan ikan. Penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga perlakuan dan lima replikasi P0: kulit kacang+isolat 0%; P1: kulit kacang+1% Lactococus sp. ; P2 : kulit kacang+1% Lactobacillus sp. Proses fermentasi dilakukan selama 5 hari dalam keadaan aerob. Hasil menunjukan bahwa terdapat berdedaan yang signifikan antara perlakuan (p

Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) is a chicken respiratory disease that attacks both broilers and layers. Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) has important economic significance in the intensification of chicken farms because this disease can cause huge economic losses. Meniran plant ( Phyllanthus niruri Linn ) is one of the plants that can be used as prevention and alternative treatment as a substitute of antibiotic caused by Mycoplasma galisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in broiler chickens. The chemicals contained in meniran include tannins, saponins, alkaloids as antibacterials. The purpose of this study is to determine the activity of meniran herbs’ ( Phyllanthus Niruri Linn ) as antibacterial to eradicate Mycoplasma galisepticum. The method of this study is dilution method which included Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC) was taken by making the concentration of meniran extract as much 65%, 62,5%; 60%; 55%; 50%; 45%; 40%. It was then added Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacteria. The result of this study is Meniran ’s activation test on Mycoplasma galisepticum obtained a dose of 62,5% could eradicate Mycoplasma galisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in broiler chickens. Meniran herbs’ ( Phyllanthus niruri linn ) is effective as antibacterial at concentrations of 30% against Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) in broiler chickens. Keywords: Meniran herbs’ ( Phyllanthus Niruri Linn ), Mycoplasma Galisepticum , Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD)

Chronic respiratory disease (CRD) of chicken is a disease that has great economic losses in poultry industry in the world. The losses are mainly due to the decrease of body weight gain, feed efficiencies, hatchabilities and increase conversion of the feed, of embryo mortality. The main causative agent of Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD) is Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Mycoplasma gallisepticum attacks the respiratory tract, especially in young broiler chickens with age ranged 3-5 weeks. CRD treatment usually uses macrolide antibiotics, because it has proven effective to inhibit protein synthesis. However, it is not recommended to continuously given because the chicken can be resistant to the medicineand leave a harmful reside to consumers. The development of herbal medicine utilization currently is mostly implemented for the treatment of diseases that infected livestock. Meniran plants (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) is one of the plants that can be used as prevention and alternative treatment caused by Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD). Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) has the content of bioactive compounds that have antibacterial activity, including terpenoids,alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The purpose of this study is to test and evaluate the effectiveness of Meniran extract (Phyllanthus Niruri Linn) on the performance of broiler chickens infected by Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), seen from the feed conversion.Keywords: Meniran, Mycoplasma galisepticum, Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD), performance of Broiler Chickens, Feed Conversion

The purpose of this study to determine the content of phytochemicals, antioxidant and antifungal properties of the combination of Acorus c alamus , Curcuma mang g a, and Allium sativum . This research was descriptive qualitative, extractions were done by maceration method with ethanol with 3 different combinations (C1, C2 and C3). Phytochemical test reagent included 4 kinds of test, namely: alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins and tannins. As for the antioxidant test, the method used was DPPH. The concentration used at 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm. As for the antifungal test conducted on Candida albicans with Kirby-Bauer disc methods with a concentration of 100%, followed by the MIC and MBC test with a concentration of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.13%, 1.56%, 0.78% and 0.39%. Phytochemical test results indicated the presence of the alkaloids, flavonoids and triterpenoids compounds in 3 different combinations (C1, C2 and C3). The highest antioxidant levels founded in C1 (61.75) followed by C3 (47.94) and the lowest levels founded in C2 (42.76). The antifungal test showed the inhibitory zone against C . albicans . The highest inhibitory zone was found in C1 at 5.44 ± 1.78 mm (medium category), followed by C2 at 4.08 ± 0.86 mm (medium category), and C3 at 3.05 ± 0.23 mm (medium category). As for the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value got on the concentration of 0:39% and minimum fungisidal concentration (MFC) values were at a concentration of 0.78%. Key word: Acorus calamu, Allium sativum, Curcuma manga, Antioxidant, antifungal, Candida albicans