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Almost a third of bariatric surgery patients present suboptimal weight loss or important weight regain in the first five postoperative years. While the reasons underlying this are not fully understood, it is known that pathological eating styles (such as emotional or binge eating) can thwart efforts to maintain weight loss. However, detailed characterization and understanding of these eating styles have yet to be achieved. In particular, research on gender differences in pathological eating styles and psychiatric symptoms before bariatric surgery is lacking. To characterize gender differences in eating styles and their association with clinical symptoms, we prospectively enrolled 110 bariatric surgery candidates, collecting eating styles and clinical scores. Women displayed a higher frequency of emotional eating as compared to men (x2 = 9.07, p = 0.003), while men showed a higher frequency of quantitative eating behavioral style (x2 = 4.58, p = 0.044). Binge eating style was associated with higher Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D), and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) scores (p < 0.05). Emotional eating style was associated with higher HAM-D and HAM-A scores (p < 0.05). The present findings highlight the importance of understanding the role of gender differences in emotion regulation processes involved in the development and maintenance of pathological eating styles in bariatric surgery candidates. This paves the way to gender- and symptoms-specific interventions on eating behaviors to improve surgery long-term outcomes.

Na prehrambene navike adolescenata bitno mogu utjecati različita emocionalna stanja koja dovode do poremećaja u hranjenju, posebno među mladima od 15 do 19 godina. Osnovni cilj ovoga istraživanja, provedena na uzorku od 915 učenika splitskih srednjih škola, bio je ispitati povezanost prehrambenih navika i emocionalnih stanja adolescenata, odnosno ispitati učestalost potencijalno rizičnih ponašanja i stavova bitnih za razvoj poremećaja hranjenja. Istraživanje je pokazalo povezanost određenih emocionalnih stanja i prejedanja, i to u većoj mjeri kod učenica nego kod učenika. Naime, emocije i emocionalna stanja za koje smo utvrdili da su u većoj mjeri povezani s prejedanjem jesu: potištenost, tuga, stres, samoća, ljutnja, dosada, pa čak i sreća. Kod sudionika istraživanja uočene su različite emocionalne promjene, posebice negativna emocionalna stanja. Podatci dobiveni u ovome istraživanju mogu biti polazište javnozdravstvenim projektima zaštite i unaprjeđenja mentalnoga zdravlja adolescenata u odgojno-obrazovnome sustavu, kao i projektima udruga civilnoga društva., Eating habits of adolescents can be significantly influenced by different emotional states, leading to eating disorders, especially among young people aged 15 to 19. The main objective of this research conducted on a sample of 915 students of secondary schools in Split, was to investigate the link between eating habits and emotional states of adolescents, that is, to investigate the frequency of potentially high-risk behaviors and attitudes significant for the development of an eating disorder. The research has shown that there is a link between certain emotional states and overeating, and that this link is more pronounced in female than in male students. We have concluded that the following are the emotions and emotional states predominately associated with overeating: lower mood, sadness, stress, loneliness, anger, boredom and even happiness. Different emotional changes have been observed among the research participants, especially negative emotional states. Data obtained from this research can be a starting point for public health projects aimed at protection and improvement of mental health of adolescents in the educational system, as well as for projects of the civil society organizations.

Loneliness and, to a lesser degree, social support are considered under-researched topics in the literature on eating disorders (ED). This study attempted to expand the relevant body of research by examining loneliness in combination with social support in ED patients and in healthy controls (HC). Binge-eating problems, emotional eating, resilience, anxiety, and depression symptoms were also assessed. Thirty-two patients with ED and twenty-nine HC completed the following measures: UCLA Loneliness Scale, Social Support Questionnaire—Short Form, Binge Eating Scale, Emotional Eating Scale, Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire. Eating-disorder patients showed higher levels of loneliness and lower levels of social support—both in terms of perceived availability and satisfaction—than HC. Anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge-eating disorder (BED) subgroups did not differ significantly on either of these variables. In ED patients, loneliness was only correlated with Social Support Satisfaction (negatively) and depressive symptomatology (positively). Patients with ED appear to be lonelier and less satisfied with their social support compared to HC. We found similar levels of loneliness and social support between AN, BN, and BED sufferers. Decreased social support satisfaction and elevated symptoms of depression could account for ED patients’ high levels of loneliness.

Emotional overeating is a process that is particularly relevant to people within the binge spectrum of eating disorders. Approximately a third of people with overweight share this phenotype. In addition, this behaviour may occur in neurodevelopmental disorders (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)) and other psychiatric disorders. The biopsychosocial underpinnings of emotional eating include a genetic vulnerability to a higher weight and various cognitive and emotional traits. The environment also plays a key role. For example, the commodification of food and beauty and exposure to weight stigma, unpleasant eating experiences and general adversity can set the scene. The majority of people with binge-eating disorder do not seek treatment (perhaps related to internalised stigma and shame). Hence opportunities for early intervention and secondary prevention are lost. Most guidelines for binge-eating disorder (based on the limited available research) recommend forms of cognitive psychotherapies and antidepressants. However, novel treatments that target underlying mechanisms are in development. These include interventions to improve emotional regulation and inhibitory control using neuromodulation and/or brain training. New technologies have been applied to talking therapies, including apps which can offer ‘just-in-time interventions’ or virtual reality or avatar work which can deliver more personalised interventions using complex scenarios. Drugs used for the treatment of ADHD, psychiatric and metabolic disorders may have the potential to be repurposed for binge-eating disorder. Thus, this is an area of rapid change with novel solutions being applied to this problem.

International audience; Emotional eating is commonly defined as the tendency to (over)eat in response to emotion. Insofar as it involves the (over) consumption of high-calorie palatable foods, emotional eating is a maladaptive behavior that can lead to eating disorders, and ultimately to metabolic disorders and obesity. Emotional eating is associated with eating disorder subtypes and with abnormalities in emotion processing at a behavioral level. However, not enough is known about the neural pathways involved in both emotion processing and food intake. In this review, we provide an overview of recent neuroimaging studies, highlighting the brain correlates between emotions and eating behavior that may be involved in emotional eating. Interaction between neural and neuro-endocrine pathways (HPA axis) may be involved. In addition to behavioral interventions, there is a need for a holistic approach encompassing both neural and physiological levels to prevent emotional eating. Based on recent imaging, this review indicates that more attention should be paid to prefrontal areas, the insular and orbitofrontal cortices, and reward pathways, in addition to regions that play a major role in both the cognitive control of emotions and eating behavior. Identifying these brain regions could allow for neuromodulation interventions, including neurofeedback training, which deserves further investigation.

This research explores two potential predictors of body weight and eating attitudes in University students. These two predictors are outlined below. Child autonomy University students are shown to have worse diet quality compared to their diet prior to attending University (Deliens et al., 2021), and tend to gain weight notably faster than the general population (Vandeboncoeur et al., 2015). Subsequently, this highlights the importance of investigating the eating behaviour of University students. Students' poorer dietary quality may be the consequence of a range of direct influences that arise from the destabilisation of routine and increased freedom while at University. Qualitative studies have found that students report influences such as the absence of time, lack of self-control and increased accessibility of unhealthy food choices to be key determinants in the decline of their diet quality (Deliens et al., 2014). This ultimately highlights that students are ill-prepared for the increased autonomy they experience at University. Students enter into a process of learning to be independent in their food choices, which includes realising that factors such as the time and effort of preparing food, and the budget available for purchasing food are important considerations. Research looking at University students' eating behaviour has explored elements of emotional eating (EE) and restrained eating (RE), with these behaviours being established as reliable predictors of BMI status in adults (Lowe & Levine, 2005). EE refers to overeating when faced with usually negative emotions including stress, sadness or irritability (van Strien et al., 2007). EE is typically correlated with greater levels of binge eating especially of unhealthy, calorie-dense foods, which results in a poorer diet quality (Ricca et al., 2009), and a subsequent increase in BMI (Geliebter & Aversa, 2003). RE is defined as the consistent engagement in calorie restriction with the motivation to lose weight or maintain weight loss (Polivy et al., 2020). This measure of RE reflects an individual’s intention to reduce calorie intake, meaning it is not necessarily related to the actual behaviour of reducing calories consumed. This is an important distinction due to research highlighting the nature of RE often results in a binge-restrict cycle, in which the individual tends to maintain or gain weight as opposed to losing weight (Lowe & Levine, 2005). A previous study in University students showed that EE and cognitive restraint were positively correlated and associated with an increase in BMI (Kowalkowska & Poínhos, 2021; Poínhos et al., 2015). This highlights that EE and RE are behaviours which can significantly impact the BMI of students. Considering the destabilisation of routine experienced by students and their increased risk of rapid weight gain (Vandeboncoeur et al., 2015), it is important to investigate which factors prior to attending University may promote students to become more resilient to the transition to University (Deliens et al., 2021). One way of investigating links between childhood experiences and their relation to eating behaviour in University students is via retrospective methods. There is extensive research into the influence of parents, which is logical considering that parents and guardians are the primary influence on a child's food environment for the first few years of life (Stifter et al., 2011). It is understood that pressuring a child to consume certain food types can promote obesogenic behaviours such as reduced fruit and vegetable intake (Fisher et al., 2002). Additionally, restricting a child in the foods they eat can lead to the 'forbidden fruit effect' in which the child is more motivated to consume the forbidden foods upon their unlimited availability (Fisher and Birch, 1999). From a broader view, it is posited that pressuring or restricting a child's food choices can lead to the child becoming more susceptible to overeating beyond feelings of satiation (Birch et al., 2003) and eating in response to negative emotions (Stone et al., 2022). The latter association could be inferred as the emergence of EE behaviours. These parental behaviours have been linked to later life dietary outcomes such as the presence of RE, and subsequent overeating (Brunstrom et al., 2005), greater risk of obesity (Klesges et al., 1992) and EE (Tan et al., 2016). Therefore, parental control may be an important predictor of a child's current and subsequent eating behaviour, and especially of a child's engagement in restrictive or emotional eating. Child autonomy is allowing the child greater control over their own behaviour (Rueth et al., 2016). Autonomy has been associated with better outcomes in other areas of research such as engagement with learning (Grolnick & Ryan, 1987), well-being (van der Kaap-Deeder et al., 2017) and prosocial behaviour (Rueth et al., 2016). However, there is less understanding of its role in eating behaviour. Mogharreban & Nahikian-Nelms (1996) highlight that allowing the child to do things for themselves and be independent within the safety of parental support can lead to greater child autonomy. Child autonomy and parental control often share a positive bidirectional relationship. For example, parents may plan a meal to ensure the child is offered adequate nutrition, but by allowing the child the opportunity to assist with the food shop, help prepare and serve the meal, and terminate eating upon fullness, all of which facilitate autonomy (Tan et al., 2016; Mogharreban & Nahikian-Nelms, 1996). This parental behaviour would constitute covert control, in which the parent's influence on the child's behaviour is undetectable to the child (Tan et al., 2016), and allows the child to perceive greater autonomy. This demonstrates that whilst the parents control the foods being offered, the opportunity for the child to have a choice has a bearing on consumption, particularly with healthy foods. Without these parental boundaries, the child could engage in counterproductive eating behaviours, likely including avoidance of fruit and vegetables, which is a behaviour often witnessed in children (Holley et al., 2017). In support of this, Mogharreban & Nahikian-Nelms (1996) highlight that whilst the child engaging in the behaviour themselves is the best way to learn and develop autonomy, the parent maintains an important role in modelling and ensuring a safe environment for the child to learn. Subsequently, these autonomous behaviours, paired with modelling positive mealtime interactions, aid in offering healthy eating guidance to the child. As a result, the child has the opportunity to learn about making healthier food choices and accept these foods into their diet, linking to more positive dietary outcomes such as increased vegetable consumption (Tan et al., 2016). However, too much parental influence in the form of excessive parental control can be associated with negative eating outcomes such as refusal to eat certain foods (Fisher et al., 2002) and difficulty in regulating own intake (Faith et al., 2004). Therefore, it may be more important that parents provide children with guidance to make healthier food choices, rather than controlling the foods children have access to. This research aims to understand how levels of childhood autonomy and guidance from parental figures can predict eating behaviour in University students. It utilises measures of child autonomy in regard to how much control the child has over their own behaviour, and healthy eating guidance provided to the child by parents. Assessing and comparing the two measures helps to unpick the nature of child autonomy. If child autonomy and healthy eating guidance are not positively correlated, it would suggest that autonomy is a negative measure which reflects the individual lacking attention and education from parents. Ultimately, it is important to explore behaviours that can promote improved eating outcomes, with Pokorski et al. (2022) suggesting that positive eating behaviours are likely more stable over time. Regarding the effect of autonomy on University students, this research proposes that by allowing a child more autonomy, they will suffer less with the displacement and independence from University, and subsequently have better eating behaviour at University than those with lower reports of childhood autonomy. This is because they will have developed independence prior to University, having already experienced responsibility surrounding food, making the change in eating lifestyle less prominent. Mindful Eating Mindfulness is a taught practice, which entails paying attention to your thoughts, feelings, body sensations, and surroundings in the present moment with a non-judgemental stance (Davis et al., 2008). The practice of mindfulness has been extremely effective in helping people live more in the present and as a method of managing health issues such as chronic pain, depression, and anxiety (Eberth & Sedlmeier, 2012). More recently, research has shown mindfulness practice to have a significant effect on both eating habits and weight loss. As a consequence, researchers in nutrition have begun to link the practice of mindfulness to eating via the development of a concept known as mindful eating. The process of eating is complex, however, and there are a number of mechanisms that could potentially be attributed to the concept of mindful eating. As a consequence, problems have arisen in establishing a holistic and consistent definition. Despite this, a commonly accepted definition of mindful eating is the present moment awareness and focusing of attention on both physical and emotional sensations whilst eating (Albers, 2008). Furthermore, a recent review by Tapper, (2021) identified six practices most commonly related to mindful eating in the literature. These were as follows: 1. The present moment awareness of the sensory properties of food. - This is described as being attentive to the smell, texture, sight, taste, and temperature of food whilst you consume it. This practice is often taught through a short raisin exercise (Arch et al., 2016), where you're prompted to eat a raisin mindfully through the present moment awareness of senses such as smell, texture, sight, taste, and temperature whilst you are eating. 2. Present Moment awareness of internal bodily sensations relating to hunger, fullness and eating - This is being attentive to the differing bodily sensations and feelings of hunger and fullness, that come with consuming different types of food. This practice is often taught through body scans (Palascha et al., 2021), whereby you are prompted to mentally scan your body from head to toe whilst eating bringing awareness to any sensations you may feel. 3. Acceptance of cravings - This is the practice of observing and exploring food cravings through a non-judgemental stance, instead of trying to ignore or control them. This practice is often taught through a technique known as urge surfing (Jenkins and Tapper 2014), where you are taught not to give in to your urges but instead ride them out until the urge eventually passes on its own. 4. Acceptance and/or decentering from food-related thoughts - This is the practice of being attentive to food-related thoughts such as ‘I may as well eat the whole lot’ and viewing them in a non-judgemental stance and/or as thoughts separate from oneself. This practice can be taught through a technique known as the mind bus (Tapper & Ahmad 2018) whereby you imagine yourself as the bus and view your thoughts as just passengers that ride along with you. 5. Present moment awareness of cues that elicit eating or the urge to eat - This is the awareness of cues that prompt the urge to eat (e.g., an open packet of crisps) or generate eliciting feelings such as hunger or cravings (e.g., the smell of cookies). As well as, attending to introspective cues such as low mood and thoughts of eating. This practice is taught through daily self-monitoring (Martin et al 2017), whereby you are required to routinely observe and record your body's feelings, emotions, thoughts, and behaviours towards food daily. 6. Decentering from cravings - This is the adoption of a detached perspective on cravings, viewing them as thoughts separate from oneself. This practice is often taught through an exercise known as leaves on a stream (Wilson et al 2021) whereby each time you notice a thought, sensation or feeling, regardless of whether they are good or bad, you imagine placing it on a leaf and letting it float down a stream. A valid measurement of mindful eating is essential in researching its possible effects. The development of such a measure is difficult due to the practices composing mindful eating still being unclear in the literature. As a consequence, there is significant variation across mindful eating measures developed so far, despite intending to measure the same construct. Two established mindful eating measures identified in the literature are the MEQ (Framson et al., 2009) and the MEI (Peitz et al., 2021). The MEQ is the first developed and most commonly used measure of mindful eating in the literature. It’s a 28-item measure with five subscales relating to awareness, distraction, emotional response, external cues, and inhibition. However, there are concerns about the use of this measure, as it shows overlap with other constructs like emotional and external eating and fails to measure some key practices such as awareness of eating motives. The MEI on the other hand is a more recent measure of mindful eating, which incorporates questions from previous measures (e.g., MEQ), and expands these by incorporating additional practices which have been found to be associated with mindful eating. MEI is a 30-item scale with seven subscales relating to awareness of senses whilst eating, connectedness, awareness of eating triggers and motives, acceptance of one's own eating experience, eating in response to the awareness of fullness, non-reactive stance and focused attention on eating. Thus, the MEI although not as commonly used as the MEQ is a far more comprehensive measure. Due to its effect on eating habits, the concept of mindful eating has been associated with BMI. A number of studies have found that higher reported mindful eating is associated with lower BMI in participants (Moor et al., 2013, Framson et al., 2009, Ahmad et al., 2019, Anderson et al., 2016). In light of this observed relationship, a number of Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) have been developed and employed as a method of reducing BMI and tackling the ongoing obesity pandemic. Despite this, the effects of MBIs on the reduction of BMI have been inconclusive, with some analyses showing a significant effect (Lawlor et al., 2020, Roche et al., 2019) and others not (Grider et al., 2021, Mercado et al., 2021). A possible explanation for this is that the mixed results are the consequence of MBIs varying substantially in the mindful eating practices which they teach. MBIs so far vary substantially in the mindful eating practices in which they teach, this therefore could be the basis differing results. In light of this potential explanation, further research is needed to understand which practices of mindful eating are most significant in affecting BMI, to then inform the development and content of future MBI’s. Although speculative, both present moment awareness of sensory properties of food and present moment awareness of internal bodily sensations relating to hunger, fullness and eating, may be the practices with the most significant impact on BMI. A recent PROSPERO registered review (CRD42022346160) by Zhang and colleagues (2022) on mindful eating identified them both as the most commonly applied mindful eating practices in the literature. This notion is also supported by experimental research findings showing both practices had a significant effect on reducing the consumption of energy dense foods (Jordan et al., 2014 and Lenne & Mann, 2020), an eating behaviour known to have a significant influence on BMI (Duncan et al., 1983). However, as previously noted this suggestion is speculative and further research is needed to establish the key driving practices. Therefore, the present study aims to first investigate the correlation between the two measures of mindful eating (MEQ and MEI), due to the differences in mindful eating practices identified by these measures. Second, the current study aims to utilise these two measures, to really establish the relationship between Mindful Eating and BMI, previously identified in the literature. Finally, the current study aims to develop a bespoke measure of mindful eating, incorporating six of the most commonly reported mindful eating practices, with the specific aim of assessing which practices are most associated with BMI.

Veselības psiholoģija Psiholoģija Health psychology Psychology Pаcientiem аr emocionālo ēšаnu bieži tiek konstаtētаs аrī emociju regulācijаs grūtībаs. Аbi tiek uzskаtīti pаr riskа fаktoriem visа veidа ēšаnаs trаucējumu аttīstībā un uzturēšаnā (Mаllorquí-Bаgué et аl., 2017) un tie ir īpаši rаksturīgi sievietēm (Penéаu, 2013). Šаi pаcientu grupаi ir ievērojаmi pааugstināts mirstībаs līmenis (vаn Eeden et аl., 2021). Ēšаnаs trаucējumu izplаtībа pаsаulē no 2000. līdz 2018. gаdаm ir pаlielinājusies no 3,4% līdz 7,8%. (Gаlmiche et аl., 2019). Kopš COVID -19 pаndēmijаs, šī izplаtībа ir pieаugusi vēl vаirāk (Zipfel et аl., 2022). Аugstāks аpzinātībаs un līdzjūtībаs līmenis pret sevi mаzinа emociju regulēšаnаs grūtībаs, kаs аrī mаzinа emocionālo ēšаnu (Meyer & Leppmа, 2019). Lаtvijā tikа pētītа emocionālās ēšаnаs (Аlksne, 2017) un аpzinātībаs (Ūdris. 2017) sаistībа аr emociju regulāciju, bet ne visi trīs komponenti kopā. Ņemot vērā iepriekš аpskаtīto literаtūru būtu vērtīgi izpētīt to sаvstаrpējo sаistību lаi noskаidrotu kā аpzinātībābаlstītаs prаkses pаlīdz veidot аdаptīvаs emociju regulācijаs prаsmes un izvаirīties no emocionālаs ēšаnаs. Mаģistrа dаrbа mērķis bijа izpētīt, kādа ir аpzinātībаs sаistībа аr emocionālo ēšаnu un emociju regulācijаs grūtībām sievietēm. Tikа аtrаstаs stаtistiski nozīmīgаs sаistībаs stаrp аpzinātību, emociju regulāciju un emocionālo ēšаnu. Emociju regulācijаs prаsmes “gаtаvībа konfrontēties” аtseviški un kombinācijā аr “ķermeņа sаjūtu аpzināšаnās” ir nozīmīgs prognozētājs emocionālаi ēšаnаi depresīvo emociju iespаidā. “Gаtаvībа konfrontēties” аtsevišķi un kombnācijā аr “skаidrību” un “ķermeņа sаjūtu аpzināšаnos” ir nozīmīgs prognozētājs emocionālаi ēšаnаi trаuksmes iespаidā. Аpzinātībаs аprаkstīšаnаs un nevērtēšаnаs аspekti ir nozīmīgi prognozētāji emociju regulācijаs prаsmei “gаtаvībа konfrontēties”. Nevērtēšаnаs аspekts nozīmīgi prognozē emociju regulācijаs prаsmi “modifikācijа”. Аpzinātībаs mediējošo lomu stаrp emociju regulācijаs prаsmēm un emocionālo ēšаnu sievietēm nebijа iespējаms noteikt. Pаtients with emotionаl eаting аre often found to hаve difficulties with emotion regulаtion аs well. Both аre considered to be risk fаctors for the development аnd mаintenаnce of аll eаting disorders (Mаllorquí-Bаgué et аl., 2017) аnd аre especiаlly chаrаcteristic to women (Penéаu, 2013). This pаtient group hаs а significаntly increаsed mortаlity rаte (vаn Eeden et аl., 2021). The globаl prevаlence of eаting disorders hаs increаsed from 3.4% to 7.8% between yeаrs 2000 аnd 2018 (Gаlmiche et аl., 2019). Since the COVID -19 pаndemic, the spreаd of these issues hаs increаsed even more (Zipfel et аl., 2022). Higher levels of mindfulness аnd self-compаssion reduce difficulties in emotion regulаtion, which аlso reduces emotionаl eаting (Meyer & Leppmа, 2019). In Lаtviа, the relаtionship between emotionаl eаting (Аlksne, 2017) аnd mindfulness (Udris, 2017) with emotion regulаtion wаs studied, but not аll three components together. Considering the previously reviewed literаture, it would be importаnt to study their interrelаtionship to find out how mindfulness-bаsed prаctices help to build аdаptive emotion regulаtion skills аnd to аvoid emotionаl eаting. The аim of this mаster's thesis wаs to investigаte the relаtionship between mindfulness аnd emotionаl eаting аnd emotion regulаtion difficulties in women. It wаs concluded thаt stаtisticаlly significаnt аssociаtions were found between mindfulness, emotion regulаtion аnd emotionаl eаting. The emotion regulаtion skill “reаdiness to confront” аlone аnd in combinаtion with “sensаtions” is а significаnt predictor of emotionаl eаting under the influence of depressive emotions. "Reаdiness to confront" аlone аnd in combinаtion with "clаrity" аnd "sensаtions" is а significаnt predictor of emotionаl eаting under the influence of аnxiety. Describe аnd nonjudgmentаl fаcets of mindfulness аre significаnt predictors of the emotion regulаtion skill “reаdiness to confront”. The non-judgmentаl fаcet significаntly predicts the emotion regulаtion skill “modificаtion”. The mediаting role of mindfulness between emotion regulаtion skills аnd emotionаl eаting in women could not be determined.

Data for 'Emotional food-cue-reactivity in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: An electroencephalography study'. Contains liking ratings and averaged EEG data for images of foods and objects in an emotionally neutral and negative condition. Participants include individuals with Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Healthy Controls.

Bariatric surgery results in long-term weight loss and an improved metabolic phenotype due to changes in the gut-brain axis regulating appetite and glycaemia. Neuroendocrine alterations associated with bariatric surgery may also influence hedonic aspects of eating by inducing changes in taste preferences and central reward reactivity towards palatable food. However, the impact of bariatric surgery on disordered eating behaviours (e.g.: binge eating, loss-of-control eating, emotional eating and 'addictive eating'), which are commonly present in people with obesity are not well understood. Increasing evidence suggests gut-derived signals, such as appetitive hormones, bile acid profiles, microbiota concentrations and associated neuromodulatory metabolites, can influence pathways in the brain implicated in food intake, including brain areas involved in sensorimotor, reward-motivational, emotional-arousal and executive control components of food intake. As disordered eating prevalence is a key mediator of weight-loss success and patient well-being after bariatric surgery, understanding how changes in the gut-brain axis contribute to disordered eating incidence and severity after bariatric surgery is crucial to better improve treatment outcomes in people with obesity.

Objectives To determine how the COVID-19 lockdown influenced the lifestyle, eating behavior, use of substances, mental health, and weight in patients who had undergone bariatric surgery (BS) and explore the self-perception of one’s own health and fears related to COVID-19. Methods We performed a cross-sectional exploratory study in obesity patients who had undergone BS surgery > 1 year previously in a university hospital. Assessment was performed 40 days after initiating lockdown and included 2 periods: from April 24 until May 8 and during the initial de-escalation period: from May 9 until 22, 2020. A structured telephone interview and an online survey were administered. Results One hundred eighty-eight patients were interviewed; 156 also responded to the online survey (77% females, mean age 53.46 ± 10.48 years, mean follow-up 5.71 ± 4.30 years). Dietary habits were affected in 72% of the participants, with 15% reporting better diet planning; 83.5% reported having more sedentary behaviors; 27% and 36% showed depression and anxiety, respectively; and 45% of participants reported bad sleep quality. In relation to changes in the use of any substance, the use increased in the majority of patients who were previously users. Self-perception of one’s own health and fears related to COVID-19 were only moderate. Finally, emotional eating and time since BS were statistically significant risk factors for predicting weight gain. Conclusions Lockdown during COVID-19 pandemic negatively influenced the lifestyle, mental health, substance use, and weight in BS patients. These alterations were somewhat similar to those observed in the general population but more severe and with important clinical implications. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11695-021-05792-1.

PurposeCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are responsible for one-third of global deaths. Work stress is a major risk factor for CVDs in the workforce. Construction professionals endure excessive work stress, yet their vulnerability to CVDs remains underexplored. The study investigated the prevalence of CVDs among construction professionals and its relationships to job stressors, stress coping methods and socio-demographics.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was conducted among construction professionals in Australia wherein data related to job stressor experiences, stress management methods adopted, and incidents of CVDs were collected. Structural path analysis was conducted to discover associations.FindingsJunior level professionals reported higher incidents of angina and heart muscle weakening than others. Statistically significant positive associations were discovered between the reported CVDs, and job stressors such as excessive workload, unpredictable work hours, lack of support, discrimination and work–life conflict and negative stress coping methods such as consuming alcohol and/or drugs, emotional eating and aggression. However, no evidence was found to support the claim that demographic factors such as age and gender were also risk factors for CVDs.Originality/valueThe workers' compensation system provides financial protection to injured employees. It extends similar protection for work-related illnesses; however, it is more difficult to prove work-related causes for illnesses. The study provides scientific evidence to support the recognition of CVDs among construction professionals as work-related diseases, mediated by work stress.

OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of exercise on emotional eating via its impact on self-regulation, mood, and body satisfaction and to evaluate the association of change in emotional eating with weight. METHODS Women participated in either manual-based (n = 44) or in-person-based (n = 50) behavioral obesity treatments with similar theory-based content and were assessed on changes in exercise outputs, self-regulatory skills usage, negative mood, body image, propensity for emotional eating, eating behaviors, and weight. RESULTS Significant overall improvements were found in all study variables (P < 0.001), with significantly greater improvements in the in-person group (P < 0.02). Changes in self-regulation (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.010 to -0.002), mood (95% CI, -0.011 to -0.003), and body image (95% CI, -0.011, -0.002) significantly mediated the exercise-emotional eating relationship. Relationships between changes in emotional eating and weight over both 6 and 12 months were significantly mediated by changes in intakes of both sweets (95% CI, 0.118-1.024 and 0.066-1.092, respectively) and fruits/vegetables (95% CI, 0.130-1.010 and 0.167-1.139, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Mechanisms of the effect of exercise on emotional eating may serve to inform future weight-loss treatments.

Obesity in childhood and adolescence is a complex health issue that has detrimental effects on the physical and psychological health of the youngster, both in the short and long term. A characteristic of obesity is the associated chronic low-grade inflammation which can result in insulin resistance. Previous research suggested that biomarkers referring to such increased inflammation may help in understanding resistance to weight loss. Whether and how psychosocial factors are related with inflammation remains to be proven. The current study consisted of 594 children and adolescents (7–19 years), of whom 480 had follow-up data, who enrolled for a ten-month inpatient multidisciplinary obesity treatment consisting of healthy food routines, physical activities and psychological treatment. The purpose of the study was to explore (1) the relationship between inflammation and psychosocial stress variables (i.e., depressive symptoms, eating behavior, concerns about eating/shape/weight, insecure parent-child attachment) (correlational and multiple regression analysis), (2) whether a lifestyle intervention for obese youngsters results in decreased C-reactive protein (CRP) values (paired t-test) and (3) which psychosocial variables influence this CRP change as indication of treatment success (multiple regression analysis with change in BMI as control variable). Results showed that the psychosocial stress variables emotional eating, external eating and attachment anxiety are related to higher CRP values. Our data further suggested that a lifestyle intervention decreases the CRP values. This significant reduction in blood inflammatory marker was besides being influenced by weight loss also dependent on psychosocial variables, more specific on self-reported attachment avoidance, as this latter was related to less CRP decrease.

IntroductionEmotional eating is an impulsive mood-regulation strategy that often follows psychological distress. Mindfulness is associated with less impulsive behaviour. Mindful eating involves a considered awareness of hunger and satiety, and conscious, non-automatic, food choices. This study examines the moderatingMaterial and methodsParticipants (N = 392) completed self-report measures on distress, mindfulness and emotional eating, after which moderation analysis was carried out.ResultsMindfulness was negatively associated with emotional eating, but only when distress was low. The most important facets of mindfulness for this were being able to describe one’s emotional state and a non-judgemental response to that state.ConclusionsThese results support previous findings that mindfulness reduces the impact distress has on emotional eating. Future research could explore interventions that enable individuals to describe their emotional state in the moment to reduce preoccupation with food during times of distress.

Improvements in the theory-based psychosocial variables of eating self-regulation, mood, and self-efficacy for controlled eating significantly predicted weight loss in community-based obesity treatments. However, in women, additional effects from reductions in emotional eating, and age and race/ethnicity are unclear. Women (N = 130) participating in a community-based cognitive-behavioral obesity treatment were assessed on changes in theory-based psychosocial variables and weight. Treatment-associated improvements in self-regulation, mood, and self-efficacy over 3 months significantly predicted 6-month weight loss (R2 = 0.26), with self-regulation change being the strongest individual predictor. Entry of change in emotional eating into the prediction model significantly added to the variance in weight change explained. Age and race/ethnicity did not further improve the predictive strength. In addition to targeting self-regulation skill development and, to a lesser extent addressing mood and self-efficacy improvements, behavioral obesity treatments should focus on emotional eating to maximize their large-scale effects on excess weight.

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on stress and eating behaviours. This study aims to determine the relationship between stress, emotional eating, and food choices among university students during the Covid-19. A total of 273 university students participated in this cross-sectional study. Online self-administered questionnaires were used to determine the stress intensity, emotional eating, and eating behaviours. All statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Almost half (49.8%) of the participants experienced high stress. In males, the high-stress group consumed sweets or sugars more frequently than the low-stress group (p

Many college students have nutrient poor and energy dense diets and are also more likely to experience poor body image, which can result in unsafe dieting behaviors for the purpose of managing weight. Intuitive eating is an alternative approach to dieting that focuses on physiological hunger and fullness cues, while eating for both satisfaction and health without restriction of any foods. This study examined the association between intuitive eating and diet quality in a college population. College students, aged 18-56 years, completed an online survey which assessed intuitive eating using the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) and diet quality using the Starting The Conversation (STC) simplified food frequency instrument. IES-2 total score was positively correlated with higher overall diet quality and was negatively correlated with fast food and chip consumption. Eating for physical rather than emotional reasons and body-food choice congruence IES-2 subscales were positively correlated with diet quality while the unconditional permission to eat subscale was negatively correlated with diet quality. Strategies that focus on eating for health and well-being and minimize emotional eating are associated with higher overall diet quality and may be incorporated in dietary interventions among college students aimed at promoting healthy behaviors.

Objective: The Covid-19 pandemic has led to dramatic changes in lifestyle across populations. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between fear of coronavirus, emotional eating behavior and physical activity levels in individuals aged >65 years, and to determine the differences between individuals who did and did not gain weight during the pandemic.Material and Methods: The study included individuals aged >65 years who were not diagnosed with Covid-19. Participants’ demographic information, Fear of Coronavirus (Covid-19) Scale scores, Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ) scores, and physical activity levels according to the General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ) were recorded with an online questionnaire.Results: The study included a total of 156 participants (72 females, 46.2%; 84 males, 53.8%). The average age was 71.86 ± 7.13 years. The average change in body mass index (BMI) between February 2020 and January 2021 was 0.80 ± 1.32 kg/m2. Participants were divided into two according to change in body mass index during the pandemic as weight-gain (WG, n=104) and non-weight-gain (NWG, n=52) groups. The two groups were not different in terms of descriptive characteristics, the Fear of Covid-19 Scale scores, and physical activity levels (p>0.05). The WG group scored statistically higher in EEQ, and the EEQ type-of-food subscale (p=0.027, p=0.029, respectively). Current BMI, overall EEQ score, and EEQ disinhibition and type-of-food subscores were weakly positively correlated with the change in BMI (p˂0.05). Conclusion: The change in BMI during the Covid-19 quarantine was associated with the EEQ overall score and its subscales among elderly adults. Physical activity levels were similar between participants who did and did not gain weight during the pandemic, and participants who gained weight were more prone to emotional eating.

Meaning in life (MIL) is crucial in promoting health behaviors; nevertheless, the mechanism underlying the relationship between MIL and health behaviors remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationships between MIL and eating behaviors (i.e., healthy and emotional eating), and the mediating roles of positive and negative affect. A total of 113 Chinese undergraduate students (83.2% women; mean age = 19.84 years) were recruited to complete 14 consecutive days of assessments on MIL, positive and negative affect, healthy eating, and emotional eating. The proposed multilevel structural equation model showed that the within-person indirect effects of “MIL → positive affect → healthy eating” and “MIL → negative affect → emotional eating” were significant. These findings suggested that on within-person levels, daily MIL is positively associated with same-day healthy eating directly or indirectly via positive affect; daily MIL is negatively associated with same-day emotional eating via negative affect. Therefore, more attention should be paid to increasing daily MIL when designing interventions for health behaviors.

The present study aimed to extend existing research by examining adolescent–parent dyadic associations among adaptive and maladaptive family meal characteristics, positive and negative emotion suppression, and emotional eating. Participants included a community-based sample of adolescents and parents (N = 1646 dyads) who participated in the National Cancer Institute’s Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating Study. Dyad members both completed measures assessing family meal characteristics (family meal importance beliefs, family mealtime television watching), emotion suppression, and emotional eating via online surveys. Actor–partner interdependence models were used to examine dyadic associations among the assessed family meal characteristics, positive and negative emotion suppression, and emotional eating. Multiple within-person (e.g., adolescent–adolescent, parent–parent), cross-dyad member (e.g., adolescent–parent, parent–adolescent), and divergent adolescent versus parent dyadic effects were identified that differed based on the extent to which participants suppressed positive versus negative affect. For example, whereas adolescents’ stronger beliefs in the importance of frequent family meals were associated with lower levels of their own suppression of positive emotions and, in turn, lower levels of both their own and their parents’ emotional eating, these mediational associations were only identified at the within-person (not cross-dyad member) level among parents. Collectively, these findings attest to the complexity of associations among the assessed risk and protective family meal characteristics, the suppression of differentially valenced emotions, and emotional eating that manifest at the adolescent–parent dyadic level. Findings also support the continued use of a family-based perspective to further the understanding of factors that are associated with emotional eating. Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

Objective: Emotional eating is prevalent among college women. Deficits in interoceptive awareness, or the ability to perceive and identify internal sensations, are associated with emotional eating. Separately examining the specific components of interoceptive awareness, appetite and emotional awareness, in relation to emotional eating may improve prevention and treatment of emotional eating in college women.Participants: 143 women at an urban Northeastern university.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using self-report measures of interoceptive awareness, appetite and emotional awareness, emotional eating, and depression. Simultaneous regression analyses examined the independent association of appetite and emotional awareness with emotional eating, controlling for depression.Results: Consistent with hypotheses, lower interoceptive awareness was associated with higher emotional eating. Appetite and emotional awareness, were each uniquely associated with emotional eating independent of depression, even when entered simultaneously.Conclusions: Future prevention and treatment of emotional eating in college women should target improvements in appetite and emotional awareness.

Background Obesity and comorbid conditions are associated with worse outcomes related to COVID-19. Moreover, social distancing adherence during the COVID-19 pandemic may predict weight gain due to decreased physical activity, increased emotional eating, and social isolation. While early studies suggest that many individuals struggled with weight management during the pandemic, less is known about healthy eating and weight control behaviors among those enrolled in weight loss programs. Methods The present study evaluated weight management efforts among weight loss program participants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants’ (N = 55, 90.9% female, 36% white, Mage = 49.8) demographics and body mass index were collected two months prior to the COVID-19 statewide shutdown. During the lockdown, an online survey assessed health behaviors, coping, COVID-19 experiences (e.g., social distancing, loneliness), and weight gain. Logistic regressions examined demographics, health behaviors, and COVID-19 factors as predictors of weight gain. Results Most participants (58%) reported gaining weight during COVID-19. Weight gain was predicted by challenges with the following health behaviors: physical activity, monitoring food intake, choosing healthy foods, and emotional eating. Loneliness and working remotely significantly related to emotional eating, physical activity, and choosing healthy foods. Conclusions Loneliness and working remotely increased the difficulty of weight management behaviors during COVID-19 among weight loss program participants. However, staying active, planning and tracking food consumption, choosing healthy foods, and reducing emotional eating protected against weight gain. Thus, these factors may be key areas for weight management efforts during the pandemic.

Introduction Urinary kryptopyrroles (UKP), or the ‘Mauve factor’, was first described in the early 1960s with an observed association with psychiatric illness. Since this time, there has been growing interest in the clinical importance of UKP testing for a range of clinical conditions. However, there are substantive gaps in the available evidence to inform appropriate application and interpretation of UKP tests. With this in mind, this study describes the observed health conditions, treatments and diagnostic application of UKP by clinicians using it within their clinical practice. Methods Observational cross-sectional self-report online survey of Australian clinicians, recruited through a company that provides functional testing (including UKP analysis), who identify as having used UKP testing within their clinical practice. The survey collected data on participant demography and characteristics of their clinical practice, their approach to the diagnosis and interventions used to clinically manage elevated UKP (eUKP), and the observed clinical importance of eUKP for a range of health conditions. Results The survey was completed by 86 respondents. The majority of participants used nutritional supplements (76.7%), dietary therapy (60.5%) and lifestyle changes (58.1%) to clinically manage eUKP. Nervous system (86.0%) and gastrointestinal (64.0%) conditions were most commonly observed by respondents to be linked to eUKP. Anxiety was observed by 91.9% of respondents to be associated with eUKP and was also the condition most commonly described as markedly improving following treatment of eUKP. A number of factors were reported to be associated with eUKP by the majority of respondents including mood swings (100%), social withdrawal (92.5%), compulsive behaviour (82.4%) and emotional eating (77.8%). Implications Given the substantive gaps in evidence associated with UKP testing, this data may provide direction for researchers to design projects that reflect UKP testing as it is used in grass-roots clinical practice.

Eating disorders have the highest prevalence leading to death, most of the research is based on self-report and quantitative data. There are few qualitative studies conducted on people diagnosed with emotional eating. This study is aimed at uncovering coping strategies of students dealing with emotional eating but that have no such diagnosis. The rationale for this study is to collect and interpret data that would enable insight into the experiences and the coping strategies used by students experiencing emotional eating. The data is generated through an online open questionnaire from a sample of 8 participants, that have given consent, recruited from MMU research pool with the exclusion criteria of eating disorder diagnosis and inclusion criteria of student status and minimum 18 years of age. Being a sensitive subject, the data is collected online respecting the participant’s confidentiality and comfort. The data analysis is done by Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to explore the lived experiences of the participants. All participants are comprehensively informed about the nature and purpose of the open questionnaire. Data is kept anonymous and identifying features are removed. Participants are informed about their right to withdraw and their right to remove their data post submittance. Data is stored according to MMU procedures. Participants to be fully debriefed.

Bariatric surgery remains the most effective treatment for severe obesity, though post-surgical outcomes are variable with respect to long-term weight loss and eating-related psychopathology. Attachment style is an important variable affecting eating psychopathology among individuals with obesity. To date, studies examining eating psychopathology and attachment style in bariatric surgery populations have been limited to pre-surgery samples and cross-sectional study design. The current prospective study sought to determine whether attachment insecurity is associated with binge eating, emotional eating, and weight loss outcomes at 2-years post-surgery. Patients (n = 108) completed questionnaires on attachment style (ECR-16), binge eating (BES), emotional eating (EES), depression (PHQ-9), and anxiety (GAD-7). Multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between attachment insecurity and 2-years post-surgery disordered eating and percent total weight loss. Female gender was found to be a significant predictor of binge eating (p = 0.007) and emotional eating (p = 0.023) at 2-years post-surgery. Avoidant attachment (p = 0.009) was also found to be a significant predictor of binge eating at 2-years post-surgery. To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore attachment style as a predictor of long-term post-operative eating pathology and weight outcomes in bariatric surgery patients.

Systematic review of the relationship between emotional eating (to positive and negative emotions) and BMI

Introduction: metabolic syndrome (MetS) can have a bidirectional effect on emotional and restrained eating. Objectives: our aims are to find interrelations between MetS and emotional eating, restrained eating, additionally with depression. Methods: cross-sectional study. Participants aged between 18 and 63, and mostly were obese (n = 200). Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) were used to find associations between eating patterns and metabolic syndrome. Results: our study ensured evidences for physiological relations between restrained and emotional eating with MetS. Biochemical parameters showed that restrained eaters were less insulin resistant and participants with MetS had higher emotional eating and lower restrained eating. Besides, restrained eaters had lower triglyceride, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting insulin, blood glucose, and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels; and emotional eating was parallel with fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR. Conclusions: MetS had strong associations with eating behaviors as restrained, emotional and external. In line with the findings of the study, additionally, women were more susceptible to MetS than men were. In the regulation of restrictive, emotional and external eating behaviors, dietitians and psychology experts should be in cooperation to treat disordered eating patterns.Introduccıón: el síndrome metabólico (MetS) puede tener un efecto bidireccional sobre la alimentación emocional y restrictiva. Objetivos: nuestro objetivo es encontrar interacciones entre el MetS y la alimentación emocional y la alimentación restrictiva, sumado a la depresión. Métodos: se trata de un estudio transversal. Un grupo de participantes de entre 18 y 63 años, en su mayoría obesos (n = 200). Para encontrar asociaciones entre los patrones de alimentación y el síndrome metabólico se utilizaron el Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT-26), el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI) y el Cuestionario Holandés de Comportamiento Alimentario (DEBQ). Resultados: nuestro estudio mostró evidencias de relaciones fisiológicas entre la alimentación restrictiva y emocional con el MetS. Los parámetros bioquímicos reflejaron que aquellos que comían contenidamente eran menos resistentes a la insulina y los participantes con MetS presentaban una mayor alimentación emocional y una menor restricción alimenticia. Además, los que comían contenidamente tenían niveles más bajos de triglicéridos, HOMA-IR, insulina en ayunas y glucosa en sangre, frente a niveles más altos de HDL-C. Asimismo, la alimentación emocional reflejó una relación paralela con el nivel de insulina en ayunas y HOMA-IR. Conclusiones: se evidenció una notable asociación entre el MetS y los comportamientos alimenticios restrictivos, emocionales y externos. De acuerdo con los hallazgos del estudio, además, las mujeres eran más susceptibles al MetS que los hombres. En la regulación de las conductas alimenticias restrictivas, emocionales y externas, los dietistas y los expertos en psicología deben coadyuvar para tratar patrones de desórdenes alimenticios.

Background Stress and negative emotions may impact on appetite, inducing some individuals to eat less and others to eat more. This behavior has been implicated in the onset of bodyweight problems and eating disorders in childhood. The aim of our study is to evaluate factors potentially associated with emotional eating in children. Methods The present cross-sectional study derives from a survey conducted in 2021 on 8–9 years old children attending 11 primary schools. A questionnaire was administered that contained multiple-choice items relating to the children and their mothers, and touching on all the factors thought to be associated with emotional eating as behavioral traits or adherence to Mediterranean diet. A multivariable logistic regression was performed to test the association. Results Emotional undereating was positively associated with emotional symptoms (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.11–2.67); emotional overeating was positively associated with both emotional symptoms (OR 2.01; 95% CI 1.29–3.13) and hyperactivity (OR 2.80; 95% CI 1.59–4.92), and inversely associated with peer problems (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.25–0.99). Emotional undereating was also positively associated with the number of siblings (OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.03–2.18), and inversely associated with a good adherence to the Mediterranean diet (OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.08–0.84). Conclusions The study found children’s emotional eating associated with both dietary patterns and behavioral traits (in particular emotional symptoms, hyperactivity and peer problems). It could be useful to improve parents’ awareness so that they can anticipate and pay more attention to this issue. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet should also be reinforced, by means of health promotion interventions at school, for example.

Cel pracyCelem badań było określenie roli jedzenia emocjonalnego oraz wskaźnika masy ciała (BMI) w relacji między pragnieniem konsumpcji czekolady a unikaniem sytuacji społecznych związanych z jedzeniem i ekspozycją ciała u kobiet z prawidłową masą ciała.Testowano efekt bezpośredni, pośredni i buforowy oraz model moderowanej mediacji.MetodaBadaniem objęto 311 kobiet. Średnia wieku wyniosła 25,56 lat (SD = 8,99), zaś wskaźnik BMI równy był 23,19 kg/m2 (SD = 5,05). W badaniu wykorzystano Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, Kwestionariusz Postaw wobec Czekolady oraz Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire.WynikiUzyskane rezultaty pokazują, że pomiędzy jedzeniem emocjonalnym a wskaźnikiem BMI oraz unikaniem sytuacji społecznych związanych z jedzeniem i ekspozycją ciała istnieje słaby dodatni związek. Natomiast silny dodatni związek obserwuje się w odniesieniu do relacji pomiędzy jedzeniem emocjonalnym a pragnieniem spożycia czekolady. Jedzenie emocjonalne jest również istotnym całkowitym mediatorem związku między unikaniem sytuacji społecznych związanych z jedzeniem i ekspozycją ciała a pragnieniem spożycia czekolady. Natomiast, nie moderuje związku między tymi zmiennymi.WnioskiPrezentowane wyniki dowodzą, że jedzenie emocjonalne istotnie wiąże się z wskaźnikiem BMI, postawami wobec czekolady i własnego ciała u badanych kobiet z prawidłową masą ciała. Ważnym elementem jest również sam wskaźnik BMI, który wchodzi w interakcję ze stosunkiem wobec własnego ciała oraz jedzenia. Uzyskane wyniki badań dają podstawę, aby wnioskować, że jedzenie emocjonalne oraz wskaźnik masy ciała są znaczącymi elementami, na które należy zwrócić uwagę w zmianie nawyków żywieniowych oraz pracy nad akceptacją własnego ciała.

Emotional eating (EmE) is a strong predictor of obesity, but not well-addressed within obesity treatments. Women with high EmE participating in small group obesity treatments emphasizing either self-regulation (n = 54) or typical instruction in weight-loss methods (n = 30) significantly improved scores on EmE related to depression and anxiety, self-regulation of eating, the mood dimensions of dejection and tension, and physical activity/exercise within this 6-month study. The self-regulation group had significantly greater improvements on EmE related to anxiety, and self-regulation. Significant predictions of reduction in EmE-depression and EmE-anxiety by decreased dejection and tension, respectively, were significantly mediated by self-regulation changes. Treatment-related increase in physical activity/exercise was associated with reduced dejection and tension. Subsequent analyses suggested only 2.5 moderate physical activity/exercise sessions/week were associated with significant mood improvements. Findings indicated that high EmE can be reduced within obesity treatments via a focus on exercise-induced mood improvements and self-regulatory skill development.

Introducción. A las personas con un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria (TCA) les resulta complicado sentir o reconocer señales corporales, ya que presentan un bloqueo emocional acompañado de pensamientos obsesivos entorno al peso, comida y cuerpo. Objetivo. Describir en un grupo de mujeres con un TCA las variables conciencia y disociación corporales, actitud consciente, no enjuiciamiento, restricción cognitiva, sintomatología ansioso/depresiva y estilos de ingesta, relacionar esas variables entre sí y, por último, analizar si existen diferencias con un grupo de población general. Método. Estudio descriptivo de carácter transversal. Se realizó un muestreo incidental y participaron 31 mujeres diagnosticadas de TCA con una media de 30,32 años (DT=11,19) y 66 mujeres de la población general con características sociodemográficas equivalentes a las participantes del grupo de pacientes, donde la media de edad fue de 28,97 años (DT=9,75). Para la evaluación se emplearon los cuestionarios DASS-21, FFMQ-E, TFEQ-R18, DEBQ, SBC y un cuestionario sociodemográfico elaborado Ad-hoc. Resultados. Existen diferencias significativas entre el grupo de TCA y el grupo de población general en las variables ingesta incontrolada (p=,003), dieta restrictiva (p=,001), comer emocional (p=,001) y comer externo (p=,001). Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren la relevancia de incluir intervenciones centradas en el mindful eating en estas pacientes.

Objective:We investigated emotional eating behaviours and perceived stress during COVID-19 partial quarantine according to BMI levels in healthy adults.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:An online survey including demographic variables, eating attitude-related questions, Emotional Eater Questionnaire (EEQ) and Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS-14) was sent via online data collection platform. Self-reported weight, height and weight changes during the quarantine were also collected.Participants:A total of 506 people aged between 20–65 years who were partially quarantined due to COVID-19 participated in this study.Results:BMI was positively correlated with EEQ (r 0 ·205, P = 0·001). However, BMI was negatively linked with PSS-14 during COVID-19 (r -0·125, P = 0·001), indicating that participants with lower BMI had higher perceived stress during COVID-19. Participants gained weight during the lockdown situation (+1·20 ± 1·70 kg in men; +0·91 ± 1·40 kg in women). EEQ and PSS-14 scores of women found to be significantly higher than men (9·39 ± 5·37 in men v. 11·17 ± 5·85 in women for EEQ; 24·67 ± 8·32 in men v. 27·99 ± 7·34 in women for PSS-14). Obese participants consumed sweetened and carbonated drinks two-fold more in those compared with other participants.Conclusion:These findings suggest that partial quarantine may be closely related to emotional eating and weight gain, and participants with higher BMI showed more emotional eating behaviours. Therefore, certain precautions should be considered beforehand in order not to cause long-term eating disorder problems.

Significant cross-sectional associations between mood and weight have been made in women; however, data on associated longitudinal effects and their psychological and behavioral mechanisms are required to inform obesity treatments that mostly have limited success beyond the very short term. Women participating in behavioral obesity treatments were assessed on psychological and behavioral measures, and weight change over 12 months. A treatment focused on physical activity and self-regulation (n = 67) had significantly better improvements than a treatment centered around weight-loss education (n = 64) on measures of mood (overall mood, depression, anxiety), self-regulation, emotional eating, eating behaviors, physical activity, and weight in women with obesity. Incorporating a lagged variable design, 12-month weight loss was significantly predicted (separately) by changes in overall negative mood, depression, and anxiety. When changes in measures of self-regulation, emotional eating, and eating behaviors were sequentially entered as mediators, mood change–weight change relationships were rendered non-significant. Significant mediation paths were: mood change→self-regulation change→weight change, and mood change→self-regulation change→eating behavior change→weight change. They were unaffected by the treatment group. Findings contributed to both theory and obesity intervention architectures via a design sensitive to the dynamic psychological and behavioral changes occurring within weight-loss processes.

This article aimed to identify the behavior change techniques (BCTs) based on facilitators and barriers to lifestyle management in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) according to the behavior change wheel (BCW). This qualitative study design using inductive thematic analysis following semistructured interviews (n = 20) identified barriers and enablers to lifestyle management. These were then mapped to Capability, Opportunity, Motivation—Behavioral Model (COM-B) constructs and the corresponding Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) domains. This study included women with PCOS residing in Australia. Main outcome measures include intervention functions, policy categories, and BCTs described in the BCW. Twenty-three BCTs were recognized to influence behavior change in women with PCOS. Factors were categorized into the subcomponents of the COM-B: psychological capability (e.g., lack of credible information), physical capability (e.g., managing multiple health conditions), physical opportunity (e.g., limited access to resources), social opportunity (e.g., adequate social support), reflective motivation (e.g., positive health expectancies following behavior change), and automatic motivation (e.g., emotional eating). Future research should use this work to guide PCOS lifestyle intervention development and then test intervention effectiveness through an experimental phase to provide empirical evidence for wider use and implementation of tailored, theory-informed PCOS lifestyle programs as part of evidence-based PCOS management.

El distanciamiento social por COVID-19 puede ser una experiencia asociada a emociones desagradables y estrés, capaz de exacerbar la ingesta emocional de comida y bebidas alcohólicas como forma de afrontamiento. Con el objetivo de explorar la conducta alimentaria y el consumo de alcohol durante el distanciamiento social por COVID-19 e identificar las variables psicosociales asociadas a dichas conductas, se diseñó un estudio transversal exploratorio, descriptivo y correlacional, con aplicación de una encuesta en línea, a una muestra no probabilística de 1110 mexicanos. A partir del análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, se encontró que las variables: estrés, conductas negativas, ansiedad, sexo femenino, convivencia con un familiar con diagnóstico de COVID-19 y lugar de residencia en el interior de la República Mexicana son factores que predicen el consumo excesivo de comida durante el distanciamiento físico, mientras que el apoyo social es un factor protector (R2= .286). Por otra parte, el modelo para el consumo de alcohol durante la cuarentena incluyó las variables estrés y ansiedad como predictores, así como sexo femenino, edad, ocupación y distracción como factores protectores (R2= .205). Se concluyó que las variables psicosociales identificadas posibilitan el diseño de estrategias de intervención orientadas a mitigar y/o potenciar el efecto de dichas variables sobre la conducta alimentaria y el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas en situaciones altamente estresantes como la crisis sanitaria actual.

Food addiction (FA) is a construct that has gained interest in recent years but its relevance in Mexican population is still unexplored. The present study has the aims of explore FA in a community of Mexican population, as well as identifying the risk patterns associated with it, in relation to the different etiological factors that have been described such as impulsivity, emotional regulation and eating styles. Furthermore, to identify a predictive model of FA severity. The sample consisted of 160 female and male university students of Pachuca city in Mexico, who volunteered to participate in the study. Assessment included multidimensional measures for FA, eating disorder severity, eating disorder styles, emotional regulation and impulsivity. A screening of FA-probable was registered for 13.8% of the sample, while 8.1% met criteria for FA-present. The FA-present group differed from FA-absent in the impulsivity levels and in emotional eating style. Patients with FA-present differed from FA-probable in the impulsivity levels. Differences between FA-probable versus FA-absent were found in the restrained eating style. Path analysis evidenced that FA severity was directly associated with older age, worse eating style profile and higher impulsivity levels, and indirectly related with the ED symptom levels. Our findings suggest that it is possible to establish a specific predictive model of the development of FA and its severity in Mexican population to implement adequate prevention and treatment strategies. Level III: evidence obtained from well-designed cohort or case–control analytic studies

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender on eating disorders (restrained eating, binge eating, orthorexia nervosa, and emotional eating) among a sample of Lebanese adults.This cross-sectional study, conducted between January and May 2018, enrolled 811 participants selected randomly from all Lebanese Mohafazat. The mean age of the participants was 27.6±11.8 years. The majority were females (66.5%), had a high level of education (73.2%), and low income (77.9%). This study used the following scales: body dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory-second version, binge eating scale, Dutch restrained eating scale, orthorexia nervosa scale (ORTHO-15 scale), emotional eating scale, perceived stress scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.Body dissatisfaction was positively correlated to restrained eating (r=0.293, P0.001), emotional eating (r=0.073, P=0.042) and binge eating (r=0.250, P0.001). The interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender was significantly associated with more restrained eating (Beta=0.01, P0.001) and orthorexia nervosa (Beta=-0.09, P0.001), but not with emotional (Beta=-0.43, P=0.103) and binge eating (Beta=-0.08, P=0.358). When stratifying the analysis by gender, the results revealed that higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with more restrained eating in both genders, but particularly among women. Body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with higher emotional eating in men only and with higher orthorexia nervosa tendencies and behaviors in females only.The interaction between body dissatisfaction and gender was significantly associated with orthorexia nervosa and restrained eating but not with binge or emotional eating. Higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with higher restrained eating, more pronounced in women, while it was significantly associated with higher orthorexia tendencies (lower ORTO-15 scores) in women only. Body dissatisfaction was associated with emotional eating in men only.

This quality improvement project used the resources of a multidisciplinary setting (health care providers, dietitians, and psychotherapists) to improve the treatment of patients diagnosed with obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2). This approach resulted in generally positive outcomes for the patients in terms of knowledge of healthy lifestyle choices, weight, body mass index, and waist circumference.

An exploration of familial, parental, and individual feeding and eating behaviors during the coronavirus pandemic.

An investigation of the relationship between weight stigma and emotional eating and whether it depends on feeling fat, irrational beliefs and past stigma experiences

Obesity, defined as a Body Mass Index (BMI; kg/m2) of 30 or above, imposes substantial economic and health problems (Birmingham et al., 1999). Indeed, obesity is strongly associated with the development of many health conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and type two diabetes (World Health Organisation, 2017; Odgen et al., 2015; Mokdad et al., 2003), with BMI being positively correlated with costs attributable to obesity, such as medication and care (Specchia et al., 2015; Dee et al., 2014). Weight gain reflects an imbalance of energy, caloric intake, and expenditure (Aronne et al., 2009). Therefore, it is important to research and understand the factors that promote energy intake and subsequent weight gain. There is evidence which supports the notion that episodic memory for recent eating has a role in both immediate and future food consumption (Robinson et al., 2013; Higgs, 2002). The premise for this relationship comes from amnesic patients. For example, evidence has shown that in patients who are unable to form episodic memories due to damage to their hippocampus, a key brain region which is associated with the encoding and retrieval of memories (Ergorul et al., 2004), patients eat multiple meals in quick succession without reporting satiety (Hebben et al., 1985). While studies with such patients are difficult to generalise, the results indicate that episodic memory for recent eating is a valuable influence on future food consumption and also suggest that episodic memory for recent eating is important in inhibiting subsequent food intake in healthy individuals (Higgs et al., 2008; Rozin et al., 1998). However, more compelling evidence for this comes from laboratory experiments with neurologically-intact individuals (see Ogden et al., 2010 for a review). Indeed, extensive research has shown that episodic memories for recent eating can be manipulated to influence food consumption. Researchers can alter the amount of attention an individual pays to food at the time of consumption, by either increasing the attention paid to food, via mindful eating practices (such as rating your fullness; Monroe, 2015), or by disrupting attention paid to food, via cognitive distraction (such as watching television (TV); Higgs & Woodward, 2009), which reduce and increase food consumption respectively (e.g., Tapper & Seguias, 2020; Seguias & Tapper, 2018; Seguias et al., 2018; Higgs, 2015; Robinson et al., 2014; Mittal, Stevenson, Oaten & Miller, 2011). We note that all these demonstrations are acute manipulations of energy intake and it remains to be established whether these effects of episodic memory for recent eating on food intake accumulate over time to result in a higher BMI. In this regard, a ‘vicious cycle’ model of obesity has recently been proposed that suggests a potential mechanism underlying a relationship between episodic memory and BMI in the longer term. Specifically, this model describes a cyclical relationship whereby eating unhealthily could impair hippocampal function, producing cognitive deficits that promote both increased intake of unhealthy foods and body weight gain, contributing further to hippocampal dysfunction and weight gain (Hargrave, 2016). Indeed, according to Davidson et al. (2009), overeating and obesity is associated with damage to the hippocampus; lesioning the hippocampus of rats, which induces memory deficits, causes increases in rats body weight (Davidson et al., 2007). In humans, there is some evidence provided by Cheke et al. (2016) suggesting poorer episodic memory for recent eating may be associated with a higher self-reported BMI. Supporting evidence from Gunstad et al. (2020) also suggests a link between episodic memory dysfunction and obesity, although several other studies failed to find any such association (e.g., Sabia et al., 2009). The relationship between episodic memory manipulations, such as cognitive distraction and mindful eating, and BMI have also been observed. In the few studies conducted to date, a negative correlation between mindful eating and BMI has been demonstrated (e.g., Moor et al., 2013; Framson et al., 2009). For example, Moor et al. (2013) examined the relationship between mindful eating and BMI in university students and found that participants who had a higher score for mindful eating had lower BMI scores, compared to individuals who had lower scores for mindful eating. However, contrastingly, a study by Taylor et al. (2015) failed to find this association in 150 college students. Nonetheless, this has implications for the development of effective mindful eating strategies for reducing obesity and overeating (e.g., Tapper et al., 2017; Tapper et al., 2009). Conversely, there are extensive findings within the literature for a positive relationship between distracted eating and BMI (e.g., Rosenthal & Raynor, 2017; Rosiek et al., 2015; Oldham-Cooper et al., 2011). For example, Kenney et al. (2017) has shown that watching TV whilst eating is associated with increased body weight, with Cleland et al., (2008) suggesting that distracted eating encourages overeating and ultimately promotes obesity. Moreover, according to Odgen et al. (2013), watching TV whilst eating has the greatest impact on BMI compared to playing a computer game, using the phone whilst eating or eating with others. Several mechanisms have been proposed for this relationship. For instance, according to Bellisle and Dalix (2001), it is possible that cognitive distractions cause the inhibition of internal signals of satiety. For example, Mazzucato et al. (2019) found that, in rats, distraction both reduces and slows down the processing of taste information in the taste cortex. Similarly, in humans, distraction diminishes taste perception due to the limited attentional capacity which results from being cognitively distracted, which then leads to overeating (van der Wal et al., 2013). However, episodic memory seems to be a leading mechanistic contender; it has been argued that distraction divides an individuals’ selective attention away from the encoding of the meal and interrupts episodic memory formation (Brunstrom & Mitchell, 2006; Moray et al., 2007), as well as disrupting the link between food intake and subsequent reductions in hunger, leading to overeating at a subsequent meal (Blundell, 1979). However, although these studies provide an insight into the long-term effects of cognition and eating behaviour, they are limited by their nature to investigate these phenomena (mindful eating and cognitive distraction) in isolation. A review of the literature indicates that there are other, maladaptive, behaviours which may be linked to obesity. Indeed, there is extensive evidence to suggest that emotional eating (i.e., consuming food due to feeling negative emotions), disinhibited eating, the tendency to overeat in response to various stimuli, and plate cleaning (i.e., the tendency to clear one’s plate when eating; Birch et al., 1987), may all be associated with a high BMI (Frayn et al., 2018; Hays et al., 2002; Robinson et al., 2015). Other mediators of eating behaviour which may be associated with a higher BMI include, eating with others, restrained eating (i.e., the intention to restrict food intake to prevent weight gain (Tuschl, 1990), and eating in the absence of hunger (Hetherington et al., 2006; Feunekes et al., 1995; de Castro et al., 1994; Timpano et al., 2012; Faith et al., 2006). Consequently, the primary aim of this novel study is to holistically investigate predictors of self-reported BMI using a large sample size, by including measures of mindful eating, episodic memory for recent eating and distracted eating (specifically including TV watching, smartphone use, playing a computer game and eating with others) in the same study. We also aim to compare the relative predictive value of each of these key outcomes with self-reported BMI. This study will also aim to replicate and extend the literature surrounding the relationship between specific mediators of eating behaviour (i.e., emotional eating, disinhibited eating, plate cleaning, eating with others, dietary restraint, hoarding, and eating in the absence of hunger) and self-reported BMI. To test the hypotheses, participants completed a novel online survey, designed using the platform Gorilla, which comprised of both validated questionnaires, the Adult Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (AEBQ; Hunot et al., 2016), and the MEQ (Framson et al., 2009), as well as several custom targeted questions surrounding their usual eating behaviour over the past twelve months (e.g., ‘How often do you eat when you are stressed?’), as well as their eating behaviour during a typical evening (e.g., ‘How often do you eat with others?’). Due to the current circumstances in which this study was conducted, this study will also examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on usual eating behaviour compared with eating behaviour before the lockdown (see Cooper et al., 2020; Oosterhoff et al., 2020; Rolland et al., 2020; Di Renzo et al., 2020). The pandemic lockdown is a very stressful event (Vinkers et al., 2020), which may have an indirect impact upon eating behaviour (e.g., Macht et al., 2000). There is evidence to suggest that higher levels of stress, as measured using level of cortisol, a hormone produced in response to chronic stress (Hellhammer et al., 2009), is associated with overeating (e.g., Groesz et al., 2012); stress can lead individuals to eat higher quantities of food (van der Valk et al., 2018). For example, according to Wester et al. (2014), on average, obese individuals have higher cortisol levels compared to non-obese individuals. Based on these findings, we predict that the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown will result in changes to people’s eating behaviours compared to before the pandemic. To assess this secondary aim, each of the custom questions were asked twice: once whilst participants are asked to consider the last twelve months (usual dietary behaviour), and again whilst participants consider the last seven days, which took place during the lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK.

Emotional eating is associated with overeating, which promotes weight gain and obesity. Emotional eating and underlying cognitive mechanisms (attention, memory) are still poorly understood. The aim of this eye-tracking study is to test whether visual hyperscanning (shorter fixations, longer visual scan paths) occurs during the perception of visual food cues (food images), particularly in emotional eaters.

Emotional eating (EE) is commonly defined as eating in response to negative emotions, though a more accurate definition might be eating that is triggered by emotions rather than hunger (Bongers and Jansen, 2016). While it is assumed that higher scores on self-report EE measures indicates the tendency of an individual to overeat when emotional, this has not been consistently demonstrated in the literature. Commonly used self-reported EE scales (e.g., Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (BEDQ) and the Emotional Eating Scale (EES)) do not consistently correlate with increased food consumption suggesting a lack of validity for the most commonly used measures of EE (Adriaanse, de Ridder & Evers, 2011; Bongers and Jansen, 2016; Braden et al., 2020). This calls to question the psychometric properties of EE measures and highlightes the need for further research to assess the psychometric properties of existing EE measures. The Consensus based Standards of Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) guidelines provides a framework for assessing the psychometric properties of self-report measures The COSMIN guidelines are informed by psychometric test theory which provides a general framework for behavioural measuring instrument development, including instrument construction, revision and modification. It does this by using statistics to determine if the measure is valid, (i.e. it measures what it claims to measure) and reliable, (i.e. it measures the construct consistently, across time and between groups). The COSMIN guidelines provide a useful framework for assessing the psychometric properties of EE measures. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of published measures of EE and to develop a revised model of EE. An online survey, hosted by RedCap, will be disseminated via emails and social media posts to the research team's networks. A systematic review was conducted to identify all published scales and sub-scales purporting to measure emotional eating. The 24 identified scales will evaluated in the current study. Construct validity will be tested using 3 additional scales(Depression Anxiety Stress scale, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire, Assessment of Quality of Life Assessment 8D). The questionnaire is estimated to take 45 minutes. A general sample is being sought, there will be no targeted participant group however targeted social media advertising will be used to recruit typically underrepresented groups e.g. males, older persons, non-university students. 2 weeks post-survey completion participants will be emailed (if they provided an email address) to remind them to retake the survey. Participants also have the choice to opt-in to a qualitative component. This component will consist of an interview conducted using the audio component of zoom. The qualitative interview will explore participants' perspectives on emotional eating.

This research will explore whether there is a direct relationship between increased binge eating habits (using the Binge Eating Scale) and increased binge drinking habits (using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test - C scale). Additionally it will look into the role of several maladaptive eating styles: emotional eating (eating in response to negative emotions), external eating (eating in response to external stimuli such as sight or smell) and restrictive eating (deliberately restricting food intake to decrease or maintain weight), in mediating the relationship between binge eating and binge drinking (using the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire). Finally, gender differences in the relationship will also be considered.

Online survey assessing reported changes to food intake in response to COVID-19 lockdown.

In this study, we will be testing food insecurity as a moderator between 1) perceived stress and emotional eating and 2) perceived stress and depressive symptoms.

Researchers at Bowling Green State University will utilize two methodologies to better understand emotional eating behavior: laboratory paradigm and ecological momentary assessment (EMA).