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Concentrating solar power (CSP) is a high-potential renewable energy source that can leverage various thermal applications. CSP plant development has therefore become a global trend. However, the designing of a CSP plant for a given solar resource condition and financial situation is still a work in progress. This study aims to develop a mathematical model to analyze the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of Thermal Energy Storage (TES)-integrated CSP plants in such circumstances. The developed model presents an LCOE variation for 18 different CSP configurations with TES incorporated for Rankine, Brayton, and combined power generation cycles, under regular TES materials and nano-enhanced TES materials. The model then recommends the most economical CSP plant arrangement. Within the scope of this study, it was found that the best configuration for electricity generation is a solar power tower with nano-enhanced phase change materials as the latent heat thermal energy storage medium that runs on the combined cycle. This returns an LCOE of 7.63 ct/kWh with a 22.70% CSP plant efficiency. The most favorable option in 50 MW plants is the combined cycle with a regular TES medium, which has an LCOE of 7.72 ct/kWh with a 22.14% CSP plant efficiency.

Appropriate fertilization methods for a particular crop based on real limiting nutrients and crop demands are cost-effective and wise utilization of fertilizers for long-term agricultural productivity. An experiment was done to assess alternative fertilizer types and rates for better maize production during main cropping season of 2018 and 2019. The fertilizers were set depending on the study area's limiting nutrients, which include NPS and NPSB at various rates. There are seven treatments in the experiment: (1)no fertilizer; (2) NPS: 69N, 54P2O5, 10S; (3) NPS: 92N, 72P2O5, 13S; (4) NPS: 115N, 90P2O5, 17S; (5) 69N, 54P2O5, 10S, 1.05B NPSB; (6) 92N, 72P2O5, 13S, 1.4B NPSB and (7) 115N, 90P2O5, 17S, 1.7B NPSB. Treatments were placed out in a randomized complete block design and replicated three times on two farmers' fields. The study showed that using NPS mixed fertilizer had a substantial impact on maize output when compared to the control. Treatment 2 (NPS; 69N, 54p2o5, 10S) yielded significantly greater maize yield over control at (P2O5, 10S) had the largest net benefit (30908.5 ETB/ha). As a result, maize producers in the area of study should use NPS with the nutrient ratios of 69N, 54P2O5and 10S.

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a federation of five provinces, and Baluchistan is the largest province. It covers almost 40% of the total area of Pakistan. The critical issue relating to local power generation through renewable energy is the absence of area-specific production capacity and economic viability data for the different renewable energy technologies. This paper addresses one of the issues by assessing the area potential and economic feasibility of external electrification of the vocational training school building by using an on-grid PV system with net metering for bidirectional energy transportation. The economic feasibility reveals that the electricity generated using solar PV costs Rs. 4.89 per kWh with a NEPRA feed-in tariff rate of Rs.8.64 per kWh to sell back electricity to the distributor company. It is considerably cheaper than conventional electricity, which is now Rs.22.65 per kWh for a sanctioned load above 5KW. Similarly, the current solar PV system is easy to install and environmentally friendly also reduced CO_2 emissions by 5030 kg, SO_2 by 21.8kg and NOx by 10.8 kg per year.

Renewable energy sources are essential to reduce the negative impacts on the environment caused by burning fossil fuels. Using solar photovoltaic installations in recent years means that decision-makers must consider infrastructure renewal decisions. An expenditure framework to achieve the optimal renovation period of photovoltaic modules is proposed here from an economic standpoint. This approach includes not only the investment and maintenance costs but also energy and emissions savings. A sensitivity analysis was carried out using a case study in south-eastern Spain, achieving that the optimal renovation period ranges between 17.0 and 24.7 years. Many factors are studied to identify those with the greatest influence on this indicator. Installing a solar power system is always a profitable choice considering that the installation lifetime is 25 years. Neglecting the influence of these limits may cause potential savings not fully exploited., CRUE-CSIC, Springer Nature, research project "DESENREDA" through the 2021 call "Estancias de movilidad en el extranjero Jose Castillejo" of the Ministerio de Universidades CAS21/00085, project "Hi-Edu Carbon" Erasmus Plus Programme, Key Action KA22021, action type 2021-1-SK01-KA220-HED-000023274

In this paper, the emphasis is given to coal as being the most important energy raw-material in Turkey. The additional electricity can be produced by improving the low capacity utilization rate of thermal power plants. An evaluation has been made for the purpose of classification of coal fields on economic feasibility basis with respect to the power plant development by considering the possible operational costs for electricity generation.(1)

One of the utilizations of a multipurpose dam that has socio-economic value during its operation iselectricity generation. The addition of a hydropower component to a PPP project is quite a challenge due to substantial uncertainty related to hydrological aspects that will impact electricity production and revenue, as well as high initial investment costs for generating units. This study aims to map the technical potential of hydropower and evaluate the economic feasibility of hydropower in the Merangin Dam PPP Project. The potential for power and energy generation is obtained through simulations of the hydropower operation for 19 years using hydrological data, HEC-HMS model generated-data, and dam engineering design. According to the results, the technical potential of hydropower can produce, on average, power of Pp = 103.8 MW during peak load, Pb = 98.53 MW during base load, and total energy of 636.66 GWh/year. The economic potential is evaluated through social cost-benefits analysis (SCBA) by estimating the additional benefits obtained from the hydropower compared to the PPP structure of the Merangin Dam without hydropower. Through SCBA, the addition of hydropower to the Merangin Dam PPP structure has an EIRR value of 35.24%, NPV of Rp. 2.104.212.122.723,- and BCR = 3.06. Based on these indicators, the provision of hydropower plants is considered economically feasible because the benefits that will be generated and obtained by the community are higher than the economic costs incurred.Keywords: Technical potential, economic feasibility, hydropower plant, multipurpose dam, PPP

This paper presents the economic feasibility of hybrid microgrid power system for three remote islands of Sumatra, Indonesia. The microgrid system simulated and analysed using Homer Pro software. Optimization results showed that the combination of photovoltaic (PV), diesel generation (G) and batteries (Batt) for microgrid power system in Mandeh and Lagundri Island area were the most economical configuration. Meanwhile, for Mentawai area, the combination of PV, Wind Turbine (WT), G, Batt was the most optimal since it has higher wind speed then the other two areas. The Mandeh area has the highest solar radiation compared to the other two areas, resulting in the lowest CoE of $0.096/kWh as well as the lowest investment and operational costs. For the fixed PV 100 kW scenario, the optimal configuration is obtained with 86 kW supplied by WT for the Lagundri location, and 67 kW supplied by WT for the Mentawai area, while the WT installation area is not recommended for Mandeh location. The power management analysis showed that the average and patterns of weather parameters including solar radiation and wind speed effect both PV and Wind electrical power production.

This study presents a performance analysis in terms of energy and other costs related to the unit cost of water produced in 16 identical community scale reverse osmosis units installed at Jaipur. The energy consumptions indicated that these plants suffer from accelerated fouling of membranes due to scaling by hardness causing substances, which results in a significant loss of useful life of the membranes. The study shows that the overall cost of water production has four major components. Energy cost varies between Rs. 0.025 and 0.079 per litre. Salary cost varies between Rs. 0.04 to 0.20 per litre. Spares and chemical cost varies between Rs. 0.01 to 0.04 per litre. In addition, repayment of capital invested has also been considered with and without solar integration to arrive at realistic cost estimates over a perceived life cycle of the system. The breakeven achieved by selling 4600–5200 litre water @ Rs. 0.2 per litre per day if repayment of capital investment is not considered, as these units were installed under CSR, while it varies between 8800 and 9600 litre if repayment of capital investment is also considered as an independent business venture. This analysis substantiates that potential exists for the long-term sustainability of these systems.

This paper presents a comprehensive experimental study of the some effective modifications which aim to improve the cumulative productivity of solar distillers, in order to reach the best modification that achieves the highest cumulative productivity of hemispherical distillates. The experimentations were carried on the hemispherical distillers which are characterized by a large area of receiving and condensation. To obtain the best modification that achieves the highest cumulative productivity, the present comprehensive studies were conducted on two experimental scenarios. In the first scenario, the influences of internal reflective (Reflective Mirrors and Reflective Aluminum Foil) on hemispherical distillers performance was studied. In the second scenario, the influences of internal reflective with El-Oued sand grains as the energy store mediums on hemispherical distiller performances was studied. To achieve this goal, we designed and fabricated three hemispherical distillers, the first distiller represents the reference case (Conventional Hemispherical Solar Still—CHSS), the second is the Hemispherical Solar Still with Internal Reflective Mirrors (HSS-IRM), and a third is the Hemispherical Solar Still with Internal Reflective Aluminum Foil (HSS-IRAF). In the second experimental scenario, the El-Oued sand grains were added to the basin of the second and third distillers as follows; where the second distiller became a Hemispherical Solar Still with Internal Reflective Mirrors and El-Oued sand grains (HSS-IRM & SG), and a third distiller became a Hemispherical Solar Still with Internal Reflective Aluminum Foil and El-Oued sand grains (HSS-IRAF & SG). The results presented that the cumulative production of reference distiller (CHSS) up to 4750 mL/m2, while use of internal reflective mirrors and El-Oued sand grains (HSS-IRM & SG) increases the production to 9400 mL/m2 day. The maximum improvement in cumulative distillate production, exergy efficiency, and thermal efficiency was recorded for utilization of internal reflective mirrors and El-Oued sand grains (HSS-IRM & SG) which reached 98, 200.9, and 96%, respectively, compared to reference case (CHSS). The economic feasibility indicated that the utilization of HSS-IRM & SG represent the good modification which reduced the cost of freshwater productivity by 49.1% compared to CHSS.

Waste management has always been one of the main challenges of developing countries. So far, several methods have been proposed to manage municipal solid waste (MSW) and reduce its environmental impact. The purpose of this paper is to determine the amount of MSW generated in two different cities in Asia and to investigate the performance of both landfill gas and anaerobic digestion methods for electric power generation. Both Tehran and Beijing have a high rate of daily waste production and can be a good case study to examine the performance of both energy generations technologies from MSW. However, the use of such technologies requires more and more detailed studies in order to encourage private and government sector investors to use them. In addition, the use of alternative energy sources such as electricity from waste is inevitable due to the current problems in the field of energy. The assessment presented in this paper includes the amount of electricity generated in both technologies, economic feasibility based on Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and Payback Time (PBT) calculations approaches, and environmental evaluation according to the global warming potential (GWP) under different three Scenarios. It was found that after a 20-year period, the amount of waste generated in regions of Beijing is 1.96% lower than in Tehran. The total electricity generated by anaerobic digestion technology is 45.2% and 41.9% higher than that of landfill gas project in Tehran and Beijing, respectively. In addition, on the average MSW management under scenarios 2 and 3 in the Tehran and Beijing could reduce GWP by 79.16 and 92.65%, respectively. The average PBT value for a 20-year period in Tehran is 1.1 and 0.67 years higher than in Beijing under landfill gas and anaerobic digestion technologies, respectively.

Microalgae have the potential to utilize the nutrients in livestock urine and manure (LUM) for the production of useful biomass, which can be used as a source of bioindustry. This study aims to evaluate the economic benefits of LUM feedstock that have not been clearly discussed before. Two types of photobioreactors were designed with a capacity of 200 m3 d-1. Using the experimental data, the economic feasibility of the suggested processes was evaluated via techno-economic analysis. Itemized cost estimation indicated that the submerged membrane photobioreactor has a lower unit production cost (5.4 $ to 5.1 $ kg−1) than the conventional photobioreactor system (14.6 $ to 13.8 $ kg−1). In addition, LUM-based growth is another good option for reducing the unit production cost of biomass. The revenues from lowering the cost of LUM treatment significantly contribute to enhancing the economic profitability, where the break-even prices were 1.18 $ m−3 (photobioreactor) and 0.98 $ m−3 (submerged membrane photobioreactor). Finally, this study provides several emerging suggestions to reduce microalgal biomass production costs.

The use and development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are promoting the technological transformation of individual mobility, consumer electronics and electric energy storage. At their end of life, the complex compounds are disposed by different recycling technologies with defined secondary raw material production. The applied depollution temperatures of the process routes influence not only the recycling efficiency but also the process expenditure, design, medium and costs. Different pretreatment strategies in terms of dismantling depth and depollution temperature are existing. Furthermore, manual and mechanical methods for cell opening are distinguished, which together with the depollution leads to a respective organic solvent evaporation. In this contribution to LIB recycling, the influence of different dismantling depths, achieved by manual cell opening, on the thermal depollution of the LIB cells regarding the mass difference originating by organic solvent evaporation are quantified, in order to determine cell and equipment properties for a safe cell opening. As a result, combinations of thermal depollution and manual cell opening are discussed regarding technical and economic feasibility. The process medium and equipment properties for a safe cell opening are determined. Furthermore, recommendations for future industrial LIB waste management are presented.

Food waste management is increasingly being emphasized globally due to its economic and environmental impacts and strategic transformation towards sustainability. This can be observed from the increasing number of zero food waste (ZFW) initiatives that are being adopted by communities and institutions, including universities. Food waste composting, in particular, is increasingly being used for food waste recovery on university campuses. Campus sustainability managers are often challenged with the interrelated impacts of economic and noneconomic factors when selecting a composting system and the sensitivity and risks involved in such a decision. Reviewed research highlights the need for a comprehensive assessment of economic and operational feasibility in order to adopt an effective on-campus food waste composting system. This paper presents a methodological framework for assessing the feasibility of on-campus food waste composting systems. In addition to the composting project's economic feasibility, the framework utilizes the analytical hierarchy process to integrate noneconomic criteria into the assessment of composting alternatives. The framework then analyzes the sensitivity of the present worth of each composting system to projected changes in the economic parameters used. The framework also models the impacts of variability in the operational parameters of the composting system. Assessment values are then integrated into a normalized ranking of the alternative composting systems. The framework is illustrated through the assessment of three alternatives for installing on-campus food composters in a major university. The results provide insight and guidelines for adopting economically effective food waste recovery systems and ZFW initiatives for green and sustainable university campuses. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:964-977. © 2021 SETAC.

A energia solar fotovoltaica é uma das principais alternativas de energia renovável do mundo. Sua capacidade de renovação infinita e o barateamento nos últimos anos das placas solares, aliado ao aumento das tarifas de energia elétrica no Brasil, fez com que nos últimos anos a energia solar ganhasse bastante força. Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a viabilidade econômica da instalação de um sistema de geração fotovoltaica conectado à rede de distribuição para uma residência localizada no município de João Pessoa, no estado da Paraíba. Para isso, foi analisado o cenário atual de ofertas e oportunidades desse sistema, foi dimensionado um sistema de geração fotovoltaica para uma residência, a partir de dados como tarifa, consumo local diário, potência dos módulos, tipos de fixação e considerados valores climáticos da região. Para a análise de viabilidade, foram empregados métodos, como: o Valor Presente Líquido, a Taxa Interna de Retorno e o Payback Descontado. Por fim, verificou-se a viabilidade do sistema em residências, e que, à medida que os valores de tarifas elétricas aumentam, o sistema torna-se cada vez mais viável.

Purpose The paper aims at developing a global ranking system determining a country's appeal as a destination for money laundering. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses principal component analysis (PCA), with a mix of standardised and unstandardised components relating to attractiveness, economic freedom and money laundering risk to come up with an index of money laundering appeal. Findings Four components relating to economic feasibility, financial liberty, government spending and tax regime are critical in influencing a country's money laundering appeal. Research limitations/implications This paper attempts to use a standardised and replicable methodology to condense into a single measure the complex and multifaceted phenomenon of a country's appeal as a destination for money laundering, thus avoiding the difficulty associated with precisely calculating illicit financial flows. Practical implications The ranking system could be used to determine the destinations attractive for laundering money. Such information can be used to come up with more effective preventative strategies to combat phenomena responsible for the stagnation of economic growth through tax evasion, corruption and creation of non-competitive markets. Originality/value It is the first attempt to use a statistical technique to understand the underlying components of a country's money laundering appeal.

Objective: to review clinical and economic studies on the pre-dialysis stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the cost-effectiveness of medical interventions used to detect CKD and prevent its progression.Material and methods. Articles were collected from the bibliographic databases PubMed, Cochrane Library and eLibrary for 2010–2020. Keywords for the search: ‘chronic kidney disease (CKD)’, ‘cost-effectiveness’, ‘economic evaluation’, ‘economic burden’, ‘cost’, ‘healthcare’. After the selection and elimination of the repeated articles, we reviewed 36 Russian and foreign studies on the economic burden of CKD and the clinical and economic effectiveness of various medical interventions of the CKD pre-dialysis stage.Results. We found 21 studies on the economic burden of CKD. A significant part of them (n=6) was performed in the United States.The methodology for assessing the economic burden varied significantly from study to study. Studies on medical interventions at the CKD predialysis stage can be divided into three groups: Group 1 (n=9) – studies on the clinical and economic effectiveness of screening programs; Group 2 (n=3) – studies on the clinical and economic effectiveness of nephroprotectors and other drugs that slow down the course of CKD; and Group 3 (n=3) – studies on the clinical and economic effectiveness of multidisciplinary care. We concluded on the clinical and economic feasibility of most interventions that were used to detect CKD and prevent its progression.Conclusion. We did not find any scientific data that could currently serve as a justification for the clinical and economic feasibility of CKD control programs in the Russian Federation. At the same time, studies conducted in foreign countries on the screening for CKD and some interventions aimed at slowing the progression of CKD suggest that in the Russian Federation, such approaches can be justified not only clinically, but also economically. It is necessary to conduct domestic research on the clinical and economic feasibility of interventions aimed at identifying and treating CKD at an early stage.

El presente trabajo se desarrolló durante la época seca del 2014 en el sector Los Lojas, Daule provincia del Guayas, Ecuador. Como objetivo general se tuvo que proponer nuevas tecnologías de nutrición en el cultivo de arroz para mejorar la productividad y rentabilidad del mismo. Objetivos específicos: a) Determinar el mejor momento de aplicación de Bioneat Ag 14 (14-0-0). b) Evaluar las características agronómicas de los tratamientos. c) Realizar un análisis económico de los tratamientos. Los factores estudiados fueron aplicaciones de Bioneat Ag. 14, en dosis de 4L/ha, en distintas épocas del cultivo (macollamiento, iniciación de la panícula y floración), para lo cual fueron combinados de la siguiente manera: macollamiento e iniciación de la panícula; macollamiento y floración; iniciación de la panícula y floración; y macollamiento, iniciación de la panícula y floración. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completamente al azar (DBCA), con cuatro repeticiones. Se midieron variables agronómicas y se realizó el análisis de presupuesto parcial con la finalidad de medir la factibilidad económica del uso de este producto. El mayor rendimiento fue de 7415.5 kg/ha arroz paddy con la aplicación de 4L/ha de Bioneat Ag 14 en tres fases del cultivo: macollamiento, iniciación de la panícula y floración. En la mayoría de las variables estudiadas no se tuvo diferencia estadística. En días a floración, peso de mil semillas y rendimiento se logró tener significancia estadística. El tratamiento siete fue el de mayor rendimiento.

Many airports are converting their ground fleets to electric vehicles to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase airport operation sustainability. Although this paradigm shift is relevant to the environment, it is necessary to understand the economic feasibility to justify the decision. This study used life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) to compare the economic performance of electrified ground fleets in the airport with a conventional fossil fuel fleet. Three different charging systems (plug-in charging, stationary wireless charging, and dynamic wireless charging) for pushback tractors and inter-terminal buses at a major hub airport were considered in the analysis. Although the conventional fossil fuel options present the lowest initial cost for both fleets, they cost most in a 30-year analysis period. Among three electric charging infrastructures, the plug-in charging station shows the least accumulative cost for pushback tractors, and their cost differences are negligible for inter-terminal buses. Although the electric ground fleet is proved to show economic benefits, the most cost-effective charging infrastructure may vary depending on driving mileage and system design. The use of LCCA to analyze new systems and infrastructures for decision making at the project level is highly recommended.

У статті розглядається організація та правове регулювання контролю технічного стану резервуарів для нафтопродуктів, що зберігаються у державному резерві. Здійснивши аналіз чинних нормативно правових актів автором відзначається, що експертне обстеження виконується з метою: перевірки відповідності параметрів резервуару вимогам технічної документації; визначення якості виготовлення, монтажу, ремонту, реконструкції, модернізації резервуарів; визначення технічного стану резервуару, його складових частин, деталей або елементів; визначення виду та оцінки поточного технічного стану резервуару, умов та строку подальшої безпечної експлуатації резервуару з урахуванням режимів роботи резервуару; визначення потреби у проведенні ремонту, модернізації, реконструкції або необхідності виведення резервуару з експлуатації за технічним станом. Зроблено висновок що сьогодні нормативно-правове забезпечення діяльності щодо експертного діагностування резервуарного парку для зберігання нафтопродуктів у системі держрезерву потребує вдосконалення. Належне підтримання якісного стану резервуарного парку забезпечуватиме і відповідні умови для зберігання нафтопродуктів, при цьому слід відзначити, що зазвичай, таке зберігання є довготривалим, відмінним від комерційного (короткострокового) зберігання. Експертне дослідження резервуарів для зберігання нафтопродуктів має багатоаспектне значення, адже воно дає можливість гарантування належного зберігання певних видів матеріальних цінностей довготривалий час, дає можливість недопущення втрат, пов’язаних із можливістю технологічних аварійних ситуацій в системі резервуарного парку, та одним із шляхів подовження гарантійного терміну експлуатації резервуарів для зберігання нафтопродуктів, які знаходяться в належному робочому експлуатаційному стані, та можуть забезпечити належне функціонування. Тому, регулярне та належне експертне діагностування резервів системи держрезерву це не тільки технологічна необхідність, а і економічна доцільність, яка забезпечує раціональне використання державних коштів.

The purpose of this article is to provide a case for advancing methods in Arctic shipping towards a more complete approach. A methods assessment was used to identify core concepts in Arctic shipping and to develop a modelling approach that integrates together policy, alternative fuels, emissions and microeconomic theory - enabling the exploration of financial and implicit damage costs, opportunities and environmental risks within Arctic shipping. The integration of these paradigms can lead to more detailed insights into the economic feasibility of Arctic routes under different policy scenarios. The results indicate that by 2035 under both a business as usual and an Arctic zero emission ECA policy scenario, combined Arctic-Suez transits becomes financially viable for a Handymax wet bulker with a moderate ice class. By 2050 the transpolar route becomes accessible for 5 months for these vessels. The results also show that implicit damage costs cannot be overlooked and that it is possible to advance towards more holistic methods for assessing economic and environmental risks and opportunities in Arctic shipping. Through the incorporation of these factors, this framework can be used to assist policymakers with maximising societal welfare.

The submitted paper deals with the shopping mall project that will be supplied with solar power. The selected location was "La Playa Store" shopping center located in the city of Azogues, south of Ecuador. This type of building has at least two characteristics worth studying i) the available surface on the roof, ii) the characteristics of the energy demand curve. This evaluation process establishes the energy requirement of the installation; that is, the energy potential available depending on the surface of its roof, to design a solar plant according to international standards and local ARCONEL 003/18 regulations. The tools used for the involving simulation were the Lumion software, an IFC file created and imported into the Solarius Pv energy simulator, a software specialized in the design of photovoltaic systems. The designed photovoltaic system has a projected annual energy generation of 9,3695.26 kWh; an installed price per watt of $1.1 with viable results at the end of the fifth year of implementation with an IRR of 7.33% and NPV of $390.51. As this is a commercial facility, a constant and flat consumption throughout the day is expected, so implementing solar energy would reduce the actual power requirements by 32.63%

The market for space solar power (SSP) is developing. This analysis utilizes a case study of SSP for remote mine operations to determine its economic feasibility. We employ a discounted cash flow (DCF) evaluation and then assess the sensitivity of the DCF model to changes in its underlying assumptions. The results indicate that there are scenarios for SSP where it is considered a viable power alternative. Further, a discussion of the assumed manufacturing and transportation costs decreases to expand the market is given.

With the rising need for utilizing renewable energy instead of traditional energies in electricity generation across the world, a broad assessment of these energies' performance is required to make the most of them everywhere. This paper looks at the techno-economics of renewable energy resources for a distant health clinic in a rural location of southern Iraq. Cost, dependability, and availability are the parameters that were considered in this study, which took into consider the power load in this scenario. Because of its efficacy, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique was chosen for the suggested study. Results showed that the respective optimal values for number of photovoltaics (NPV) equal to (10), number of wind turbines (NWT) equal to (5), and number of batteries (NBT) of (33), cost of energy (COE) of (0.518 US$/kWh), loss power supply probability (LPSP) of (0.073%), reliability (REL) of (99.927%) and renewable factors (RF) of (100%) with (66 %) solar energy penetration, and (34%) wind energy penetration. Finally, it was discovered that implementing a hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is an effective way to address the electrical demands of remote rural regions in Iraq and other developing countries with similar climates.

As estruturas de pergolados são leves e vazadas, formadas pelos apoios, pilares e vigas, podendo ser ou não cobertas. Essas estruturas, geralmente, são construídas com materiais convencionais como, por exemplo, madeira, concreto ou aço, entretanto devido à tipologia da estrutura tem-se com uma das possibilidades a utilização de materiais não-convencionais como, bambu, tubos de papelão etc. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é propor a utilização de tubos de papelão para a construção de pergolados em praças públicas, promovendo construções mais sustentáveis e servindo como medida prática para a conscientização ambiental da população. Para isso, foi feito um estudo do local para a implantação de um projeto piloto e todo o desenvolvimento do projeto foi feito com o auxílio das ferramentas computacionais AutoCAD, SketchUp e Lumion. Nos resultados apresenta-se o projeto do pergolado com todos os elementos construtivos, dimensões dos tubos de papelão, além de uma análise de viabilidade econômica, comparando a construção do pergolado com tubos de papelão à construção com a utilização de um material convencional. Com este estudo pode-se concluir que os tubos de papelão têm propriedades satisfatórias de durabilidade e resistência para a construção de pergolados, além de apesentarem viabilidade técnica, ambiental e econômica.

No Brasil, a utilização da energia eólica vem crescendo e sua participação aumentando na diversificação da matriz energética. Ela se mostra uma das principais fontes de energia limpa e sustentável. Porém, a maioria dos projetos e produtos no mercado têm ênfase em geração eólica com potência elevada, o que requer muito investimento. Tendo isso em vista, o objetivo deste trabalho é realizar uma análise técnica e econômica da utilização de microgeradores eólicos grid tie comerciais para atender a demanda energética de uma residência unifamiliar na cidade de Santa Vitória do Palmar, no Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando dados atuais e reais de taxas e encargos. Na elaboração deste trabalho foram simulados 16 cenários com diferentes tipos de aerogeradores de acordo com o sistema de bandeiras tarifárias vigente da ANEEL. Para a análise econômica, foram utilizados os métodos de Valor Presente Líquido, Taxa Interna de Retorno, Payback Simples e Payback Descontado, juntamente com a metodologia LCOE para comparar a relação custo-eficácia dos geradores. Para a análise técnica foi levado em consideração as velocidades mínima, nominal e máxima de cada aerogerador, bem como a potência e a energia elétrica gerada a partir da curva de potência, a demanda energética da residência, a distribuição de probabilidade de Weibull, a velocidade e a direção dos ventos na cidade. Em conclusão, este trabalho alcançou seus objetivos mostrando seis cenários viáveis técnica e economicamente, sendo quatro cenários ideais, com uma residência de maior consumo, e dois cenários reais.

Rainwater undergoes various processes before it is suitable for residential use. Moreover, it needs to be sent to a residential distribution reservoir. We investigated and analysed the economic fea...

Resources estimation is one of the critical tasks to evaluate the economic feasibility of a mineral deposit. Traditional prediction workflows, which often involve kriging and inverse distance weigh...

The authors thank the Autonomous University of Baja California and the Master and Doctorate program in Architecture, Urbanism and Design (MyDAUD) for the support provided to carry out this study, the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACyT) for the scholarship provided for the completion of master’s degree studies, as well as the RUBA construction company. The building and construction industry represents 36% of the world’s final energy use and 39% of carbon emissions, while the residential sector is responsible for 22% of total energy consumption and 17% of carbon emissions. Therefore, energy consumption reduction measures are required by this sector, without affecting the living conditions of its occupants. In Baja California, Mexico, the more commonly used construction systems in mass-built housing are concrete block walls and cast in place insulated reinforced concrete roof deck. These systems negatively affect comfort conditions, especially in hot summer periods, and therefore increase energy consumption, particularly in areas with an hot-dry climate, such as Mexicali, Baja California. The objective of this article is to determine the cost-benefit of two passive design strategies applied in the housing envelope, which are thermal insulation and ventilated facade. A commercial model of mass-built housing was taken as a benchmark case. Building energy simulations were carried out with the Design Builder® program, whereby the performance of the house was evaluated without passive design strategies (benchmark case) and with applied strategies, that is, variations in thickness and position of the materials that make up the layers of the walls and roof. Additionally, the net present value (NPV) criterion was used to obtain the costs and benefits of the design strategies. The results show the differences in cooling demand, indoor operative temperature, and the total costs, in Mexican pesos, of the application of the strategies; the results show that there are significant energy savings, which contribute to reducing carbon emissions to the environment and provide economic savings for the user.

Introduction. Fires in high-rise buildings and structures constitute a grave danger both to the people inside, valuables, and the building structure. More often than not, fires develop on the external surface of construction facilities that are in operation or inside those facilities that are under construction, and they give rise to the problem of using standard fire extinguishing solutions and require the employment of mobile machinery by fast response units of the fire-fighting service who apply fire extinguishing agents from the outside of a building. The purpose of this article is to substantiate the in expediency of, or, on the contrary, the need to make the proposed amendments to Federal Law No. 123-FZ of July 22, 2008 “Technical Regulation of Fire Safety Requirements”.The scope of the problem. The analysis of the effectiveness of various methods of application of fire extinguishing agents used to extinguish outdoor fires in high-rise buildings has shown the insufficiently high efficiency of ground-mounted machinery, which preconditions the need to make an enquiry into the possibility of using aircraft to extinguish high-rise buildings and structures. Given the need to ensure effective fire extinguishing, meet safety and economic feasibility requirements, an autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (AURA) was selected as the delivery vehicle. Systems using various fire extinguishing agents and methods of their application were used for fire extinguishing purposes, including a pulsed water application system, capsules containing the fire extinguishing composition, high-pressure water mist and compressed air foam. Their applicability at the height of 300 meters has determined their choice.Research results. The testing task was to confirm the possibility of application of fire extinguishing agents to the fire seat in the course of the flight of an unmanned aerial vehicle, to identify the effectiveness of fire extinguishing agents and to assess the stability of extinguishing agents applied to the fire seat. To ensure safety, testing was carried out at the height not exceeding 10 m, and the results confirmed the possibility of using the above substances to extinguish fires.Conclusions. The research has confirmed the possibility of using unmanned aerial vehicles and various methods of fire extinguishing by means of the horizontal application of extinguishing agents inside high-rise buildings and structures, if extinguishing agents are applied from outside of a construction facility.

The analysis of degradation mechanisms of photovoltaic (PV) modules is key to ensure its current lifetime and the economic feasibility of PV systems. Field operation is the best way to observe and detect all type of degradation mechanisms. This paper presents the main signs of degradation on 56 m-Si PV modules caused by outdoor exposure after a period of 22 years in Seville, Spain. Results are compared with other research works conclusions that analyse the degradation of identical PV cells and same manufacturer, after an exposure period of 12, 15 and 17 years. The analysis was conducted by visual inspection, infrared thermography, electroluminescence (EL) and electrical performance evaluation. The mean peak power degradation has been 30,9% in the 22 operation years, equivalent to 1,4% per year, which corresponds mainly to a loss in short-circuit current and, in a less degree, to loss in fill factor and open circuit voltage. The most significant defects found were severe browning, milky pattern and oxidation of the metallization grid. Those defects seem turns severe failures when exposure period is more than about 20 years and could explain the high degradation rate based on a comparison performed with other research works.

Ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) is an innovative treatment strategy for a myriad of indications. Non-viral synthetic nanoparticles (NPs) have drawn extensive attention as vectors for RNAi due to their potential advantages, including improved safety, high delivery efficiency and economic feasibility. However, the complex natural process of RNAi and the susceptible nature of oligonucleotides render the NPs subject to particular design principles and requirements for practical fabrication. Here, we summarize the requirements and obstacles for fabricating non-viral nano-vectors for efficient RNAi. To address the delivery challenges, we discuss practical guidelines for materials selection and NP synthesis in order to maximize RNA encapsulation efficiency and protection against degradation, and to facilitate the cytosolic release of oligonucleotides. The current status of clinical translation of RNAi-based therapies and further perspectives for reducing the potential side effects are also reviewed.

Summary As oil and gas exploration goes toward deeper fields in the Brazilian industry scenario, offloading operations emerge as the most viable option to drain production. However, these operations demand expensive resources, such as shuttle tankers and support boats; operational risks, which despite being managed, limited, and mitigated to be as low as reasonably possible, are still present in some stages (i.e., ship’s approximation to the oil rig, mooring, hose connection, and so forth); and environment limiting parameters (i.e., wave height, surface-current direction, wind speed and direction, and so forth). Therefore, in this paper, we propose using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in an autonomous mode to carry out the messenger line from the shuttle tanker to the floating, production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) unit or the floating storage and offloading unit (FSO) instead of line-handling (LH) boats (for conventional operations that use those resources) or the messenger-cable-launching guns (for dynamic positioning operations). This represents a viable alternative solution to reducing costs and risks in these tasks and a possibility to eliminate some meteorologic and oceanographic limiting conditions to operations, because the UAV will be susceptible only to wind conditions, and not to sea and visibility conditions, like LHs are. We present the simulated results of the proposed methodology using a robotic operating system (ROS) and the economic gain [derived from cash-flow-cost reducing of operations, payoff time of the investment, net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return] of applying this technology, evaluating its use in a realistic scenario based on a real deepwater oil field in Brazil. The developed controller behaves very well, and simulations showed robust results. In addition, the economic study presents the proposal’s attractiveness.

The results of research on the ecological and economic justification of the choice of technologies for the reclamation of oil-contaminated land are proposed. Economic and environmental criteria for the selection of technologies for the treatment of land contaminated with petroleum products are proposed. The algorithm of implementation of the project of recultivation of the lands polluted by oil is considered, which includes an assessment of environmental damage, compensation of losses to landowners, determination of the cost of work on recultivation of the polluted lands, justification of technology and assessment of efficiency of its application. Based on a comparative assessment of the use of various technologies for cleaning up oil-contaminated land according to the proposed criteria, the economic feasibility of using biotechnologies are shown on the example of the elimination of an emergency oil spill in the Niger Delta.

The agriculture field is a fundamental industry which supports the rapid development of the nation’s economy. However, credit constraints faced by farmers have restricted the modernization in the agricultural industry. The agricultural supply chain finance is effective in promoting rural industrial revitalization and agricultural modernization, which is of great significance to the transformation and development of rural economy and agriculture in China. In this paper, the financial coordination model in agricultural supply chain is constructed, and the income distribution model of Shapley value method is introduced. The results showed that the agricultural supply chain finance can significantly improve the income of the participants in the agricultural industrial chain and verify the economic feasibility of agricultural supply chain finance.

Mineral wealth is one of the most important sources of income for primary producing countries. This industry is important in developing economic resources and diversifying income streams so that countries do not rely solely on petroleum as their primary source of income. As a result, we are seeing the emergence of geomorphology studies, with scientific results that have economic and technical dimensions, which can be relied upon when implementing development and future plans. The objective of this study has economic dimensions and morphological aspects related to the location of limestone in the Wadi Nisah area, southwest of Riyadh. It is based on a range of modern scientific tools, techniques and geographic information systems (GIS) for identifying and highlighting the presence of this rock type. The researcher has chosen this topic in order to collect spatial and geological information about the limestone in a database and locate limestone that is economically feasible using GIS and remote sensing. The researcher concluded that the Wadi Nisah area is of high economic feasibility, . The researcher recommends that the relevant authorities consider the importance of establishing a cement factory in Wadi Nisah in order to supply the local and regional market with Portland cement and similar products. In addition, modern geomorphological techniques are used to achieve the precision required for data on which we can depend to take the decisions and make assessments for establishing development projects to support the national economy.

Graphical Abstract Electrochemical CO2 reduction to value-added fuels and chemicals is recognized as a promising strategy to alleviate energy shortages and global warming owing to its high efficiency and economic feasibility. Recently, understanding the activity origin, selectivity regulation, and reaction mechanisms of CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RRs) has become the focus of efficient electrocatalyst design. Polyoxometalates (POMs), a unique class of nanosized metal-oxo clusters, are promising candidates for the development of efficient CO2RR electrocatalysts and, owing to their well-defined structure, remarkable electron/proton storage and transfer ability, and capacities for adsorption and activation of CO2, are ideal models for investigating the activity origin and reaction mechanisms of CO2RR electrocatalysts. In this review, we focus on the activity origin and mechanism of CO2RRs and survey recent advances that were achieved by employing POMs in electrocatalytic CO2RRs. We highlight the significant roles of POMs in the electrocatalytic CO2RR process and the main factors influencing selectivity regulation and catalytic CO2RR performance, including the electrolyte, electron-transfer process, and surface characteristics. Finally, we offer a perspective of the advantages and future challenges of POM-based materials in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction that could inform new advancements in this promising research field.

The copper rotor induction motor (CURIM) was recently introduced because it has lower rotor fusion losses than the aluminum rotor (ALRIM). Furthermore, with CURIM, it is easier to reach IE4 and IE5 efficiency levels. The CURIM is advantageous for compact motors, escalators, and electric vehicle applications. However, CURIMs present slip, power factor, temperature increase, and torque decrease problems that must be analyzed. This study compared the economic feasibility of using CURIM with ALRIM by applying discount techniques. A case study was carried out in a sugar company with a cyclical operation, where 5.5 kW motors will be installed in the intermediate conductors of the mill's feeders. The facility works three shifts between 3 and 6 months. The cost increase (DCI) of CURIM over ALRIM was between 1.1 and 1.5 times. With 3,600 h/year and 4,000 h/year of operation, the DCI greater than 10%, it was found that the payback is more than four years, and the net present value (NPV) grows linearly.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAT) to calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) have become the fi rst class of preventive medications specifically designed to treat migraines. The article examines the mechanism of action of mAT from the standpoint of a modern view of the pathophysiology of migraine, discusses the issues of immunogenicity and drug interaction. The review describes in detail the monoclonal antibody erenumab, which became available in Russia from February 2020. The action of erenumab is associated with blocking the CGRP receptor, since it is the only one of the existing mAT that competes with the CGRP molecule for binding to the receptor. This review summarizes the pharmacological characteristics of erenumab, presents in detail the results of clinical trials with an emphasis on the publications of the last year. The article also presents the role of this method of treatment in real clinical practice: the eff ectiveness and safety of erenumab in various forms of migraine are described in detail, the possibility of transition (“reverse transformation”) from chronic migraine to episodic form on erenumab therapy is shown, impressive results of treatment of intractable cases in resistant and refractory migraines are presented. Erenumab is the only one of the mAT drugs for which the results of five-year clinical observations have been published, which have proved the sustained effectiveness and safety in long-term use, as well as the economic feasibility of using this therapeutic approach.

This work investigates and compares the yield of distillate water and economic feasibility of two types of solar stills, namely the conventional solar still (CSS) and the suggested solar still (SSS...

Work is devoted to application of neural network technologies for management development of systems. In article the analysis of efficiency of introduction of neural network technologies is carried out to business processes of three Russian companies and the positive effect locates when using neural networks in several parameters.The case analysis is added with the analysis of economic feasibility of introduction of neural networks by means of an assessment of studied indicators, an assessment of satisfaction of clients, control of the personnel, an assessment of efficiency of each employee. Recommendations about application of neural networks in the organization are made.In article it is shown that in spite of the fact that many actions necessary for introduction of system, are costly and long-term, they will positively affect company activity.

There is an abundance of woody biomass in Japan. However, its economic feasibility is limited. There have been several discussions on whether generation of heat or electrical power is more suitable for woody biomass. In this study, we clarified the feasibility of generating heat and electricity from the viewpoint of biomass unit price and biomass productivity based on actual operation data for the first time. It was determined that heat production is feasible for a small-scale biomass energy use of 2,660 t/year or more. Electrical power generation is feasible only for a large-scale biomass energy use of 13,100 t/year or more, but it allows use of woody biomass with a higher unit price.

An increasing importance is given to the Economic Feasibility Study of Petroleum Projects. The reason behind that is the critical role played by the Petroleum Industry in Society, Economy and Foreign Trade. In general, Petroleum Industry is involved with the Exploitation of Oil and Gas Resources to satisfy the country's needs (households and industrial sectors) and to export these resources, in order to, gain foreign currencies which are necessary for funding the country's social and economic requirements. Petroleum Projects have diversity features in terms of location, size, capital, technology and risks. On the Other hand, because of the importance of the Petroleum Industry, high significance should be given to the Economic Feasibility Study, especially the necessary of good knowledge of the nature of Petroleum Activities, Projects and Contracts, as well as the fundamentals of Advanced Feasibility Study.

The electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2 RR) provides an attractive approach to convert renewable electricity into fuels and feedstocks in the form of chemical bonds. Among the different CO2 RR pathways, the conversion of CO2 into CO is considered one of the most promising candidate reactions because of its high technological and economic feasibility. Integrating catalyst and electrolyte design with an understanding of the catalytic mechanism will yield scientific insights and promote this technology towards industrial implementation. Herein, we give an overview of recent advances and challenges for the selective conversion of CO2 into CO. Multidimensional catalyst and electrolyte engineering for the CO2 RR are also summarized. Furthermore, recent studies on the large-scale production of CO are highlighted to facilitate industrialization of the electrochemical reduction of CO2 . To conclude, the remaining technological challenges and future directions for the industrial application of the CO2 RR to generate CO are highlighted.