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El derecho de la energ?a es una rama especializada del derecho con sus propios principios y reglas, que la podemos definir como ese conjunto de normas que regula lo concerniente a la electricidad, hidrocarburos, fuentes energ?ticas, eficiencia energ?tica, entre otros temas, en los que se establecen derechos y obligaciones para cada una de las actividades que se realizan. La energ?a tiene su importancia en los m?ltiples beneficios que trae a la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos, y las oportunidades que ofrece a muchos profesionales. Entre los profesionales a destacar en el derecho de la energ?a, podemos mencionar a los abogados, quienes son una pieza fundamental en la elaboraci?n de las normas tanto legales como reglamentarias, en la asesor?a tanto a instituciones p?blicas como a los agentes del sector privado, en los tr?mites a realizar para los permisos, concesiones y otras autorizaciones que se requieren para el desarrollo de las actividades, y para presentar recursos y acciones en beneficio de los usuarios. Los abogados vamos ganando espacios importantes en el sector energ?a, el cual es muy complejo y competitivo y a medida que transcurren los a?os se van desarrollando otras actividades que representan nuevos retos. El derecho de la energ?a tiene su base en el derecho administrativo, por ende, se basa en principios como la legalidad, el debido proceso, la transparencia, entre otros, sin embargo, tambi?n tiene principios estructurales que est?n basados en la seguridad del suministro, cobertura y accesibilidad, y la sostenibilidad socioecon?mica y ambiental. Energy law is a specialized branch of law, with its own principles and rules, which we can define as the set of rules that regulates matters concerning electricity, hydrocarbons, energy sources, energy efficiency, among other issues, establishing rights and obligations for each of the activities carried out. Energy is important due to the multiple benefits it brings to the citizens quality of life, and the opportunities it offers to many professionals. Among the professionals to highlight within the branch of energy law, we can mention lawyers, who are a fundamental piece in the development of both legal and regulatory standards, in advising both public institutions and private sector agents, in carrying out procedures for the permits, concessions and other authorizations that are required for the development of the activities, and to present resources and actions for the benefit of the users. Lawyers are gaining importance within the energy sector, which is very complex and competitive, and as the years go by, other activities that represent new challenges are being developed. Energy law is based on administrative law, therefore, it is based on principles such as legality, due process, transparency, among others, however, it also has structural principles that are based on security of supply, coverage and accessibility, and socioeconomic and environmental sustainability.

В статье представлены основные проблемы электроэнергетики, такие как потери электрической энергии. Проведён анализ источников потерь в электрических сетях., The article presents the main problems of the electric power industry, such as the loss of electrical energy. The analysis of sources of losses in electric networks is carried out.

The number of electrical vehicles (EVs) on the road has increased in recent years, including battery-electric vehicles (BEV), hybrid-electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs), and fuel-cell electric vehicles (FCEV). This mode of transportation is expected to eventually replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, based on current trends. Each key EV component integrates several technologies that are either currently in use or have the potential to become prominent in the future. Environmental, power systems, and other industries may be adversely affected by electric vehicles (EVs). With sufficient EV penetration, the current power system could be subjected to severe instabilities; nevertheless, with proper management and coordination, EVs can significantly contribute to the success of the smart grid concept. Moreover, EVs have the potential to significantly cut transportation-related emissions of greenhouse gases. However, there are still considerable barriers that EVs must overcome before they can completely replace ICEs. The purpose of this study is to review all the relevant information available on EV architectures, battery energy sources, charging processes, and control approaches. Its goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of current EV technology.

Artículo científico. Wind Engineering XX(X):1–7 ©The Author(s) 2021 Reprints and permission: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/ToBeAssigned www.sagepub.com/ Wind turbines represent a growing energy source worldwide. In many cases, operating in turbulent and changing wind direction spots. In this work, we use a wind tunnel to analyse the effect of the turbulence in a wind turbine provided with a Wind Lens flow concentrator, under yaw conditions, for turbulence intensity values of 10% and 15%. Measurements are made of the power coefficient as a function of the Tip Speed Ratio using two types of Wind Lens, CiiB5 and CiiB10, at yaw angles from 0 to 30 . In general, for the turbine with Wind Lens, an increase of the yaw angle causes a reduction of the power coefficient. If the turbine operates with the CiiB10, the stronger the turbulence, the greater performance is obtained. In conclusion, for the case of turbulent flow and yaw = 20 or less, the Wind Lens turbine offers better performance than without the flow concentrator.

Resumen Introducción. La apendicectomía por laparoscopia se considera el patrón de oro en el tratamiento de la apendicitis aguda. Sin embargo, su disponibilidad es limitada en nuestro sistema de salud, principalmente por los costos asociados. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre el uso de los diferentes tipos de energía y los métodos de ligadura de la base apendicular, con las complicaciones postoperatorias, al igual que describir los costos asociados. Métodos. Estudio observacional analítico de una cohorte retrospectiva de pacientes mayores de 15 años a quienes se les realizó apendicectomía por laparoscopia, en un hospital universitario entre los años 2014 y 2018. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística y lineal para evaluar la relación entre métodos de ligadura del meso y base apendicular, desenlaces operatorios y costos. Resultados. Se realizaron 2074 apendicectomías por laparoscopia, 58,2 % (n=1207) en mujeres, la edad mediana fue de 32 años. En el 71,5 % (n=1483) la apendicitis aguda no fue complicada. La energía monopolar para la ligadura del meso apendicular fue la utilizada más frecuentemente en 57,2 % (n=1187) y el Hem-o-lok® el más utilizado para la ligadura de la base apendicular en el 84,8 % (n=1759) de los pacientes. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la tasa de infección del sitio operatorio, reintervención o íleo. El uso de energía simple redujo los costos del procedimiento de manera significativa durante el período evaluado. Discusión. El uso de energía monopolar demostró ser una técnica segura, reproducible y de menor costo en comparación con el uso de energía bipolar, independientemente de la fase de la apendicitis aguda. Lo anterior ha permitido que se realicen más apendicectomías por laparoscopia y que los médicos residentes de cirugía general puedan realizar procedimientos laparoscópicos de forma más temprana. Abstract Introduction. Laparoscopic appendectomy is considered the gold standard in the treatment of acute appendicitis. However, its availability is limited in our health system mainly due to the associated costs. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the use of different types of energy and the methods of ligation of the appendicular base with postoperative complications, as well as to describe the associated costs. Methods. Retrospective observational study of a cohort of patients older than 15 years old who underwent laparoscopic appendectomy in a university hospital between 2014 and 2018. Logistic and linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between methods of ligation of the meso and appendicular base, operative outcomes and costs. Results. 2074 laparoscopic appendectomies were performed. Of those, 58.2% (n=1207) were women, median age was 32 years. In 71.5% (n=1483), acute appendicitis was uncomplicated. Monopolar energy for ligation was the most frequently used for ligation of the appendicular meso in 57.2% (n=1187) and Hem-o-lok® the most used for ligation of the appendicular base in 84.8% (n=1759) of the patients. There were no statistically significant differences in the rate of surgical site infection, reoperation, or ileus. The use of simple energy reduced the costs of the procedure significantly during the study period. Discussion. The use of monopolar energy proved to be a safe, reproducible and a lower cost technique compared to the use of bipolar energy, regardless of the phase of acute appendicitis. This has allowed more laparoscopic appendectomies to be performed and the general surgery residents to perform laparoscopic procedures earlier.

Background: The aim of the study was to demonstrate the technique of total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) with intra-corporeal endosuturing using simple sutures and basic surgical instruments and compare with TLH using electric coagulation equipment i.e. energy sources with regard to operative time, blood loss, postoperative stay and pain scores. Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken, in Max Super Specialty Hospital Saket, from June 2015 to May 2018, which included 586 cases of TLH (for benign gynecological conditions), of which 287 were performed using intra-corporeal endosuturing (Group 1) and 299 were performed using energy sources (Group 2). To avoid bias, baseline matching was done for body mass index (BMI), indications for surgery, size of uterus, previous abdominal surgeries and comorbidities like diabetes and hypertension after which there were 172 patients in each group. Results: The mean age of patients was 48.24 ± 6.76 years. All operative outcomes including operative time (104.1 ± 22.6 vs 107.6 ± 32.6 mins, p=0.25), blood loss (78.9 ± 101.6 vs 99.7 ± 177.6 ml, p=0.19), pain score (2.5 ± 1.3 vs 2.7 ± 1.2, p=0.13) and post-operative stay (2.05 ± 0.2 vs 2.07 ± 0.3 days, p=0.36) were similar between the two groups. Uterine size was the major determinant of operative time and operative blood loss. Conclusion: TLH with intracorporeal endosuturing can be performed safely and gives results comparable with TLH performed using energy sources. Advancement in suturing devices can decrease operative time further and potentially make it easier and more acceptable.

Many households have restricted access to various energy types and, as a result, are faced with a daily challenge of having to make appropriate energy choices to meet their energy requirements. This paper aimed to review empirical studies on the households’ energy choices and consumption patterns to establish local, regional and global trends. Our findings revealed that fuelwood, electricity, kerosene, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), charcoal, dung cakes and crop residues are the most common fuel type options available to households. Fuelwood was the most common fuel type available to the majority of the households. Our paper indicates that a significant majority of the households tend to practice energy-stacking consumption patterns. Households mostly consume fuelwood, electricity, kerosene, LPG and charcoal for cooking, lighting, water and space heating. The use of fuelwood as a major fuel by the majority of households in relation to intermediate and cleaner fuels is associated with the demographic characteristics of the households, economic status of the household, the biophysical condition of the area where the household is located and the energy supply characteristics. However, the relative importance of these factors in household energy choices varies across the globe, among regions and rural, urban and mixed settings. Our results seem to suggest that the majority of households that rely on fuelwood to meet their energy needs and requirements may relatively earn less income to afford cleaner fuels, are located closer to fuelwood resources, have larger family sizes, low level of education and possibly do not have adequate access to cleaner fuels. Our study indicates that there are weak correlations between the identified 12 factors, except in a few cases where there are moderate positive and negative and mostly significant linear relationships between some factors. The findings of this study have major implications for household energy use policies, plans and strategies.

Photovoltaic systems have become a common solution for, both small residential buildings as well as large service buildings. When buildings are being designed, it is important to focus on the aspect of the object’s energy efficiency as lowering the energy consumption of a given facility is crucial. The article discusses the use of photovoltaic panels such as so-called BAPV (Building Applied Photovoltaics) and BIPV (Building Installed Photovoltaics) installations as well as photovoltaic thermal systems (PV/T), which generate both electricity and heat. The role of PV installation in so-called zero energy buildings and proposals for future research and solutions are also discussed.

Статья представляет собой интервью зам. главного редактора журнала К.С. Дегтярева с А.А. Лукашовым – доктором географических наук, профессором кафедры геоморфологии и палеогеографии географического факультета МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова, заслуженным профессором МГУ. Тема интервью – потенциально интересные, с точки зрения перспектив освоения геотермальной энергии, регионы России. Помимо достаточно хорошо известных Кавказа и Камчатки, А.А. Лукашов обращает внимание на несколько зон с повышенным тепловым потоком, в частности, в Северо-Восточной Сибири, Байкальском рифте, на юге Западной Сибири, на Полярном Урале и в Ленинградской области, отмечая, что во многих случаях на названных территориях возможно комбинированное использование геотермальных и других местных источников энергии. Также затрагивается вопрос взаимосвязи потока геотермальной энергии с месторождениями углеводородного сырья., The article is an interview of Kirill Degtyarev, the deputy chief editor of the journal, with Andrey A. Lukashov, a chair professor of Department of Geo-morphology and Paleogeography in Geographical Faculty of Lomonosov Moscow State University, professor emeritus of Lomonosov MSU, Dr. habil. of geographical sciences. The point is potentially interesting regions of Rus-sia referring to exploitation of geothermal resources. Besides the well known Caucasus and Kamchatka, A.A. Lukashov focuses on the several zones with higher geothermal heat flow, including North-East of Siberia, Baykal Rift, South of Western Siberia, Polar Urals, and Leningrad region, noting also, that combined use of the geothermal and other local energy sources on these areas is possible in a number of situations. He also touches the issue of in-terconnection between geothermal flows and hydrocarbon fields.

Man, at difference with other living beings consume a large quantity of energy for its multiple needs which increase with rise of world population and their development. This increase has speed up from the time of the industrial revolution. At present, the world year energy consumption is of 556 exajules, or 160,000 terawatts. From 1,800, the consumption has increased exponentially from 5600 to 160,000 terawatts, due to the increase in population from 1,000 to 7900 million, and the rise of material progress. In addition, energy consumption is very different into one country from others, it varies in kilowatts-hour from 26,500 for Norway to 180 for Nigeria. Thus, a direct relationship exists between energy consumption and the GDP of a country. Regarding the energy sources the 85% comes from fossil fuels so that their use has two negative effects: their depletion and the rise of pollution. However, at present there is a direct relationship between energy consumption, and quality of life. Rise in energy consumption has an impact in ecological problems. A Christian understanding of the problem according to the Laudato si’ of Pope Francis implies the need to use an integral ecology. El hombre, a diferencia de otros seres vivos, consume una gran cantidad de energía para sus múltiples necesidades que va aumentando con el incremento de la población y de su desarrollo material. Este aumento se ha acelerado desde la revolución industrial. Actualmente, el consumo de energía mundial anual se estima en 556 exajulios, o 160.000 teravatios. Desde 1800 el consumo ha aumentado de forma exponencial desde 5.600 a 160.000 teravatios, al aumentar tanto la población de 1.000 millones a 7.900 millones como el desarrollo de los países. Además, el consumo es muy diferente de unos países a otros. En kilovatios-hora por persona y año varía entre 26.500 de Noruega y 180 de Nigeria. Existe, por lo tanto, una relación directa entre el consumo de energía y el PIB de los países. Por otro lado, el porcentaje actual de las fuentes de energía es de 85% de combustible fósiles de lo que siguen dos efectos negativos: el agotamiento de los recursos y el aumento de la contaminación. Sin embargo, se da una relación directa entre consumo de energía y calidad de vida. Además, el consumo de energía incide fuertemente en los problemas ecológicos. Una visión cristiana del problema, de acuerdo con la Laudato si’ del papa Francisco, implica la necesidad de introducir una ecología integral.

Inappropriate agricultural practices consume more input energy and emit higher greenhouse gases (GHGs) which cause global warming and climate change, thereby threatening environmental sustainability. To identify energy and carbon-efficient varieties and nutrient management practices, the present study was undertaken during the kharif season of 2018 and 2019 in a split-plot design with three varieties of fodder maize (African Tall, J-1006 and P-3396) and four nutrient management practices such as N0: Absolute control, N1: 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), N2: 75% RDF + plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) + Panchagavya spray and N3: 50% RDF + 25% farmyard manure (FYM) + PGPR + Panchagavya spray). Results indicated that variety J-1006 and applying 75% RDF + PGPR + Panchagavya spray produced significantly higher dry fodder yield. Among the varieties, J-1006 recorded the highest total energy output (224,123 MJ ha−1), net energy (211,280 MJ ha−1), energy use efficiency (17.64), energy productivity (0.98 kg MJ−1), energy profitability (16.64), and lowest specific energy (1.03 MJ ha−1). Regarding nutrient management, 75% RDF + PGPR + Panchagavya spray fetched the highest total energy output (229,470 MJ ha−1) and net energy (215,482 MJ ha−1). However, energy use efficiency, energy productivity, and energy profitability were significantly higher with integrated nutrient management (N2 and N3) over 100% RDF. Concerning the carbon estimation, J-1006 resulted in a significantly higher carbon output (5479 kg CE ha−1), net carbon gain (5029 kg CE ha−1), carbon efficiency (12.46), carbon sustainability index (11.46), and significantly lower carbon footprint per unit yield (CFy) (131.3 kg CO2-e Mg−1). For nutrient management, the application of 75% RDF + PGPR + Panchagavya spray showed significantly higher carbon output (5609 kg CE ha−1) and net carbon gain (5112 kg CE ha−1). However, significantly higher carbon efficiency, carbon sustainability index, and lower CFy were reported with integrated nutrient management over 100% RDF. Overall, selecting the J-1006 variety and applying 75% RDF + PGPR + Panchagavya spray for fodder maize cultivation could be the most productive in terms of dry fodder production, energy, and carbon efficiency approach.

Despite improved electrification rates and several government policies introduced to encourage rural households to switch from traditional to modern fuels, most South African households still rely on firewood for their energy needs. This study sought to assess the factors that influence the use of firewood in Ga-Malahlela village in the Limpopo province. To this end, a structured questionnaire was administered to 67 households. Microsoft Excel and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences were used to code and log in the data. The chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between the choice of energy source(s) and socio-economic factors. It was established that firewood was still widely used: by 61% of the participants for cooking, by 64% for space heating, and by 46% for water heating. For lighting, electricity was used by 98.5% of the participants, while liquefied petroleum gas was used by 1.5%. The dependency on firewood was mainly due to the socio-economic status of the surveyed households, which included income, education level, household size, and preference. Rural firewood reliance continues, due to socio-economic factors such as indigence, preference, and the inaccessibility of services like free basic electricity. It is therefore recommended that the Polokwane Local Municipality should play a part in assisting poor communities with cleaner, cost-effective fuel alternatives such as solar energy, biogas, and liquefied petroleum gas.

Energy has become one of the most important fields of international policy since many countries are now aware that traditional (fossil) energy sources are finite. The European Union and China among the others try to ensure their sustainable energy supply and energy security. Both of them are net importers, their growing economy based on external energy sources. The Middle – East Africa and Eurasia have been the energy supplier regions in the world, but today the taut situation in those regions and the fierce competition between the EU and China force them to find new energy fields. The Arctic region is rich in hydrocarbon and other energy sources that have not been exploited yet. That is why the EU and China pay more attention to this region. This article attempts to reveal the different energy policies of the EU and China towards the substantial fossil energy resources of the Arctic taking into consideration the increasing need for renewable energy sources and the growing demand to phase out fossil fuels, particularly coal. First, a brief overview of the energy sources and institutions of the Arctic region illuminates the major role of the Arctic Council, then the European Union’s and China’s energy policy and their current energy situation are analyzed. The next paragraphs reveal the recent steps, future targets, and achievements of the European and Chinese energy policy towards the Arctic. These paragraphs describe the Neo-Liberal energy policy of the European Community and the Realist or Neo-Liberal ways of Chinese energy strategy, unfortunately, based mainly on fossil fuels. However, due to increasing political pressure because of climate change and environmental pollution, the development of renewable energy sources is imperative, often integrated into one “more sustainable” system with the traditional fossil energy sources. The central question is: Whose policy will win the battle for the Arctic region’s energy sources? It means whose policy will be more effective to obtain energy sources, both fossil and renewable ones. Finally, it sums up and compares the differences between the two international actors’ energy policy regarding their strategies for explorations of fossil fuels and renewables and highlights the different ways and tools of their energy diplomacy.

With the rapid development of clean energy, the combined cooling and heating power (CCHP) and hybrid energy storage system (HESS) have become matured significantly. However, further optimizing the configuration of the energy supply system and adjusting the output of distributed micro-sources and energy storage units are still attractive issues. This paper focuses on the two-stage optimization strategy of the microgrid system, including CCHP and HESS. The details of the operating characteristics and mathematical models of distributed micro-sources in the system are presented. The energy storage architecture is used for mathematical modeling, and the optimization model is analyzed from the two perspectives of energy supply and demand, which explores the feasibility of improving the economic operation of the micro-energy system. The two-stage optimization model in which the first stage is to determine the optimal installation capacity of various equipment and the second stage determines the optimal operation plan of the system by obtaining the system’s capacity configuration. The simulation results show that the CCHP system can reduce the operation cost by 4.61% and 6.48% for winter and summer, respectively, also reduce fuel cost consumption by 3.01% and 3.68% for winter and summer, respectively.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-26T06:52:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T14:36:43Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S0001-37652021000501305.pdf: 233311 bytes, checksum: 9ff4a9bab8fb33ef35a038c1de57c650 (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The objective of this study was to evaluate high-concentrate diets and two energy sources on intake, performance and meat quality parameters of feedlot Nellore heifers. Twenty-eight heifers (200 +/- 22.5 kg BW) were randomly assigned to four treatments in a 2x2 factorial arrangement: two concentrate levels (70 and 80%) and two energy sources (corn and corn germ meal). At the end of day 112, heifers were slaughtered. There was no interaction (P>0.05) of concentrate levels and energy sources for dry matter intake, unlike crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes. The concentrate level of 80% and corn, allowed the highest CP (1.17 kg/day) and NDF (4.05 kg/day) intakes. Final BW (P

This dataset presents price growth forecasts for conventional energy sources. It should be noted that the Ministry of Economy forecasts a more than two-fold increase in oil prices (although these forecasts may be greatly underestimated) over 23 years, an almost two-fold increase in natural gas prices and a 40% increase in coal prices.

Человечеству все сложнее полагаться на ископаемое топливо для получения электроэнергии, поэтому изменения, связанные с источниками энергии, происходят с беспрецедентной скоростью. Необходимо в кратчайшие сроки преобразовать крупнейший в мире сектор экономики – энергетику – в более устойчивый, безопасный и доступный для всех. Данная статья посвящена современным источникам энергии, в частности, инновациям в области гидроэнергетики., It is increasingly difficult for humanity to rely on fossil fuels to generate electricity, so changes related to energy sources are occurring at an unprecedented rate. It is necessary to transform the world's largest economic sector – energy – into a more sustainable, safe and accessible for everyone as soon as possible. This article is devoted to modern energy sources, in particular, innovations in the field of hydropower.

Un análisis de los últimos programas oficiales de la educación primaria pone de manifiesto que el tema de las fuentes de energía debe abordarse en esta etapa educativa. Tras utilizar un modelo de planificación, se diseñó la propuesta de enseñanza «Si se necesita más energía… que no se hagan más centrales». El trabajo presenta los resultados del seguimiento de su puesta en práctica a partir del diario del maestro y de las respuestas de los alumnos en sus cuadernos de trabajo. También se realiza un análisis de la adquisición de competencias durante el proceso de aprendizaje. An analysis in the latest official programs of Primary School shows up that the sources energy subject must be tackled on this educational period. Afterwards a planning model was used, there was a proposal designed for teaching: "If more power is needed... Not necessary more stations". The research has the results of monitoring in practice, according to the teacher diary and pupils' answers in the notebooks. We also analyze the competences achieved during the learning process. Una anàlisi dels últims programes oficials de l'educació primària posa de manifest que el tema de les fonts d'energia s'ha d'abordar en aquesta etapa educativa. Després d'utilitzar un model de planificació, es va dissenyar la proposta d'ensenyament «Si es necessita més energia ... que no es facin més centrals ». El treball presenta els resultats del seguiment de la seva posada en pràctica a partir del diari del mestre i de les respostes dels alumnes en els seus quaderns de treball. També es realitza una anàlisi de l'adquisició de competències durant el procés d'aprenentatge.

This study investigates the causal relationship between renewable energy sources and clean environmental economic growth among South Asian economies. This study comprises the panel data sets for eight (8) South Asian countries, and data start from 2003 to 2017. This study implies a Hausman test to identify which particular tests are more suitable and selected a fixed effect test and granger causality test for effective analysis perspective. Moreover, this study further relies on the panel vector error correction model (PVECM) test to suggest for long-run relationship existence among variables. Furthermore, the evaluation of the panel and the dynamic ordinary least squares regression shows that the production of renewable energy has compelled an effect on economic growth. While other sources of energy for instance, hydropower, geothermal, wind, and solar, have valuable and considerable influence on the economic growth of South Asian economies. The results reveal with these remarks the existence of positive associations among productions of renewable energies, energy dependence, and gross domestic product per capita. The obtained results reveal that renewable energy sources show a momentous effect on the economic growth of South Asian economies.

В статье рассмотрены идеи о мировом господстве США, рассмотрены подходы к определению геопо�литического доминировании, основные тезисы о том, что опасным вызовом американскому геополитиче�ского доминированию авторы идеи видят в возможной согласованной позиции государств, расположен�ных на территории Евразии, Центральной Азии и на Постсоветском пространстве. Изучены альтернатив�ные точки зрения других авторов идей стратегического геополитического влияния, указывающих на то, что США вступили в фазу заката своего могущества и вырождения демократии, превращаясь в "хищниче�скую державу", и в источник международной нестабильности. Про-анализированы современные тенден�ции к налаживанию координирования деятельности государств Центральной Азии и Постсоветского про�странства, име-ющих возможность противостоять указанным целям США в данном регионе, The article deals with the ideas of the US world domination, the approaches to the definition of geopolitical dominance, the main theses that the authors of the idea see as a dangerous challenge to the American geopolitical dominance in the possible coordinated position of the states located on the territory of Eurasia, Central Asia and the Post-Soviet space. Alternative points of view of other authors of the ideas of strategic geopolitical influence are studied, indicating that the United States has entered the phase of decline of its power and the degeneration of democracy, turning into a "predatory power" and a source of international instability. The article analyzes the current trends towards establishing coordination of the activities of the states of Central Asia and the Post-Soviet space that have the ability to counter the specified goals of the United States in this region.

O trabalho visa dispor sobre os resultados do estudo das características eletroquímicas de supercapacitores operando com eletrólito à base de líquido iônico de baixa toxicidade, considerando a influência da temperatura de operação e do potencial nominal máximo nas propriedades eletroquímicas de supercapacitores como indicadores da estabilidade eletroquímica do eletrólito empregado nestes dispositivos. Foi utilizado eletrodo comercial de carbono ativado, combinado em várias proporções molares, eletrólito a base de glicerol e KOH e sais de ChCl e K2CO3. Na primeira parte sem o revestimento do coletor de corrente acoplado com fio de níquel, e na segunda parte com revestimento do coletor de corrente acoplado com fio de platina com tinta sintética inoxidável e inerte. Os supercapacitores com eletrólitos de líquido iônico foram comparados com supercapacitores em eletrólitos que utilizam solução aquosa KOH e eletrólito orgânico, verificando a estabilidade e o comportamento dos supercapacitores entre a temperatura ambiente e a 80 °C. Ademais, foi avaliada a influência do tipo de eletrólito na capacidade de armazenamento e resistência interna em série (ESR) dos supercapacitores. As propriedades elétricas foram investigadas em um analisador eletrônico computadorizado com disponibilidade para testes de ciclos galvanostático e voltametria cíclica, determinando a capacitância específica e resistência interna. Foram realizados, também, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e difração de raios X (DRX). As taxas de varredura de voltametria variaram de 1 a 30 mV s-1. Uma taxa de varredura mais baixa levou a uma capacitância específica mais alta com um potencial máximo aplicado de 2,1 V, tanto para os eletrólitos LIs à temperatura ambiente quanto para 80 °C. Além do aumento das concentrações molares dos eletrólitos e a elevação da temperatura do sistema para 80 °C em relação à temperatura ambiente levou a um maior valor de capacitância específica. No geral, o método do ciclo galvanostático teve um aumento na densidade de corrente elétrica, enquanto o tempo de carga e descarga diminuiu. The present work aims to provide on the results of the study of the electrochemical characteristics of supercapacitors operating with electrolyte based on low toxicity ionic liquid, considering the influence of operating temperature and maximum nominal potential on the electrochemical properties of supercapacitors as indicators of electrochemical stability of the electrolyte employed in these devices. Commercial activated carbon electrode was used, combined in various molar proportions, glycerol-based electrolyte with KOH, ChCl and K2CO3 salts. In the first part without the coating of the current collector coupled with nickel wire, and in the second part with coating of the current collector coupled with platinum wire with stainless and inert ink. Supercapacitors with ionic fluid electrolytes were compared with electrolyte supercapacitors using KOH aqueous solution and organic electrolyte, verifying the stability and behavior of supercapacitors between room temperature and 80 °C. Furthermore, the influence of electrolyte type on storage capacity and serial internal resistance (ESR) of supercapacitors was evaluated. The electrical properties were investigated in a computerized electronic analyzer with availability for tests of galvanostatic cycles and cyclic voltammetry, determining the specific capacitance and internal resistance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were also performed. Voltammetry scan rates ranged from 1 to 30 mV s-1. A lower scanning rate led to a higher specific capacitance with a maximum applied potential of 2.1 V, both for LIs electrolytes at room temperature and at 80 °C. In addition to the increase in the molar concentrations of electrolytes and the increase of the system temperature to 80 °C in relation to the ambient temperature led to a higher value of specific capacitance. In general, the galvanostatic cycle method had an increase in the density of electric current, the time of loading and discharge decreased.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы, связанные с определением правовой природы энергии и связанной с энергией деятельности. Определяется, что особенностью этих отношений является цикличность перехода правовой принадлежности энергии как объекта к отраслям права, тем самым они регулируются в комплексе публичнои частноправовых норм. Предлагаются критерии государственной правовой охраны отношений в области энергетики, выделены особенности правового регулирования посредством установления административно-правовых мер. Основным критерием правового регулирования энергетики и связанных с ней отношений определен масштаб значимости для человека и общества, что делает ее объектом государственного правового воздействия и охраны. Выводы автора основаны на проведенном анализе не только нормативно-правовой базы Республики Узбекистана, но и доктринальных позиций из зарубежного опыта. Автор, учитывая особенности становления правового регулирования энергетических правоотношений Республики Узбекистан, на основе рассмотренных вариантов и терминов отмечает не тождественность существующих в правоприменительной практике определений, так, для единообразного понимания данного явления обращает внимание на необходимость закрепления в правовой норме определения термина «энергетические ресурсы». Выводы, изложенные в статье, могут быть использованы в правоприменительной и научной деятельности., This article deals with issues related to the definition of the legal nature of energy and energyrelated activities. It is determined that the peculiarity of these relations is the cyclical nature of the transition of the legal belonging of energy as an object to the branches of law, thereby being regulated in a complex of the public legal and private legal norms. Criteria of state legal protection of relations in the field of energy and peculiarities of legal regulation by means of establishing administrative-legal measures are proposed. The main criterion for the legal regulation of energy and related relations is determined by its scale of significance for a person and society, which makes it an object of state legal impact and protection. The author’s conclusions are based on the analysis of not only the regulatory and legal framework of the Republic of Uzbekistan but also doctrinal positions from foreign experience. The author takes into account peculiarities of formation of legal regulations of energy legal relations of the Republic of Uzbekistan; based on considered options; terms note that definitions existing in law enforcement practice are not identical, therefore for a uniform understanding of this phenomenon, it pays attention to the need to consolidate definition of the term «energy resources» in the legal norm. The conclusions presented in the article can be used in law enforcement and scientific activities.

The supply of petroleum sources is finite, non-renewable and, at the current rate of consumption, it will become severely depleted by 2050. Furthermore, the use of petroleum fuel increases greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, leading to global warming which is harmful. Thus, there is an urgent need to find alternative sources of energy that are renewable, cost effective and can be produced in a sustainable manner. Non-edible feedstock biodiesels are a promising alternative fuel for reducing most petroleum fuel related environmental problems. They are attracting increasing attention due to their abundant availability and similar physicochemical properties as petroleum-derived diesel. This study carefully investigated six major non-edible vegetable oils (papaya seed oil, stone fruit kernel oil, jatropha oil, rapeseed oil, beauty leaf tree oil and waste cooking oil), that are locally available, out of 350 oil-bearing crops that could be potentially used to produce biodiesel. Four multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) methods with twelve physicochemical properties of biodiesel feedstocks and three different weightage (%) determination methods were used to rank these six feedstocks, with the view to find the best performing biodiesel feedstocks. The overall results show that the stone fruit kernel oil (SFO) was ranked as the best performing feedstock on the basis of engine performance amongst the six locally available feedstocks examined, papaya seed oil (PSO) came out as the second best, and the waste cooking oil was the worst performing biodiesel. Alkali catalysed transesterification reaction is the most widely used method for producing biodiesel from oil/animal fats due to its higher conversion efficiency in a short reaction time (30-60 min). The current study was undertaken to optimise the transesterification process for PSO and SFO with the view to increasing the efficiency of biodiesel conversion. A response surface method (RSM) based Box-Behnken design was employed to optimise biodiesel conversion processes for both PSO and SFO. Biodiesel conversion efficiencies of 96.5% and 95.8% were found for PSO and SFO at their respective optimum operating conditions. These PSO and SFO biodiesels were evaluated using a 4-cylinder, 4-stroke Kubota diesel engine. In general, both PSO and SFO blends decreased engine performance slightly compared to diesel as expected, however, SFO biodiesel blends gave about 3% better performance compared to PSO blends. On the other hand, PSO blends (20%) decreased most of the engine emissions by up to 34% except for an increase of about 5% in nitrogen oxide (NOx) compared to diesel. These emission performances are up to 14% better than the corresponding SFO emissions. Although the SFO biodiesel blends have slightly better engine performance than PSO biodiesel blends, the PSO biodiesel blends proved to be a better overall choice due to their excellent environmentally friendly attributes as they can reduce exhaust emissions to a great extent. Therefore, PSO was chosen subsequently to develop interactive relationships between three operating parameters of PSO, namely biodiesel blends, engine load, and engine speed and four responses of brake power (BP), torque, brake specific fuels consumption (BSFC), and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) for engine testing and emissions behaviour. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a statistical regression model show that load and speed were the two most important parameters that affect all four responses. The biodiesel blends parameter had a significant effect on BSFC. The engine load and engine speed were the two most important parameters that affect four of the responses (NOx, hydrocarbon (HC), particulate matter (PM) and carbon monoxide (CO)). In-cylinder peak pressures for PSO biodiesel blends were higher than for diesel irrespective of engine speed. Heat release rates of PSO biodiesel blends were found to be lower than for diesel due to lower ignition delays and lower caloric values of biodiesel. The maximum cylinder temperatures of PSO biodiesel blends were higher (3.73%) than that of diesel. To minimise the exhaust emissions, PSO biodiesel blends were mixed with two oxygenated additives, namely diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme) and n-butanol, to make ternary blends. These blends were tested for both engine performance and emissions. The addition of oxygenated additives increased the BP, torque and BTE values of PSO biodiesel ternary blends and it lowered the average BSFC by 0.5% and 17.7% compared with diesel and PSO blends (20%), respectively. PSO-diglyme-diesel ternary blend performed better than all other binary blends as well as the PSO-n-butanol-diesel ternary blend. The average reductions of HC, CO, NOx and PM of PSO-diglyme-diesel ternary blends compared with diesel were 32.4%, 61%, 0.64% and 47.4% respectively, whereas a 2.8% increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) emission was observed. The average increase of NOx, and CO2 for PSO blends (20%) compared with diesel were 4.1% and 4.5%, respectively. In conclusion, this study provided a solid base of new knowledge regarding biodiesel feedstock selection and optimisation techniques for PSO and SFO, assessed the suitability of PSO and SFO as alternatives to petroleum diesel and analysed how the emissions from these biodiesels could be reduced. These are very useful information for engine manufacturers, Government, stakeholders and policy makers to eliminate the lack of awareness of using second-generation biodiesel in Australia

Primary energy consumption is increasing gradually together with population growth, urbanization and industrialization in the world. It is known that most of the energy used throughout the world is obtained from fossil fuels called primary energy sources such as coal, petroleum and natural gas. Within this context, the more the humanity continue to search for sustainable development and better living conditions, the more the renewable energy production will be a priority in whole world. As a result of all these, renewable energy sources used in the world today are classified as solar, wind, wave and geothermal, hydroelectric, biomass and hydrogen energies. Biomass energy, depending upon agriculture within the context of alternative energy politics, has found a wide range of application field in all over the world with its properties which target development and provide eco-friendly, sustainable energy production and environmental management. However, biofuel production that increases along with agricultural potential and technological levels of the countries brings about some crucial debates with itself. In this case, scientists express that algal biomasses, defined as third generation fuel, might be an alternative energy source; and that they have a lot of advantages. In recent years, algae have started to be seen as a promising energy source as a result of biomass energy researches accelerated due to increasing oil prices. The studies, in which biofuels such as biodiesel, renewable aviation fuel/biojet fuel, biogasoline/green gasoline, biobutanol, bioethanol, and methane are obtained from algal biomass, have enhanced widely. Algae are potentially best-yielding product that can be produced in large quantities of biofuels. This microscopic plant can be produced in dirty water, saltwater, deserts and in environments unsuitable for any other plant. Because they connect the carbon dioxide in the environment, it is produced especially around the power plants, thus reducing the damage caused by the carbon dioxide from the plants. One of the most important advantages of algae is that the amount of oil obtained is very high. Moreover, it is one of the other advantages that they are not affected by changing climate conditions and can be produced in high quantities in a short period of time.

The study investigated whether different dietary energy and protein sources affect laying performance, antioxidant status, fresh yolk fatty acid profile and quality of salted yolks in laying ducks. In all, 360 19-week-old Longyan ducks were randomly assigned to four diets in a factorial arrangement (2×2). The four diets consisted of two energy sources, corn (CO) or sorghum (SO) and two protein sources, soybean meal (SM) and rapeseed meal with corn distillers dried grains with solubles (RMD), and each treatment contained six replicates of 15 birds each. The experimental diets were isocaloric (metabolizable energy, 10.84 MJ/kg) and isonitrogenous (CP, 17%). The results showed that egg production, average egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion ratio were not affected by diets (P>0.05). Plasma contents of reduced glutathione (GSH), GSH/oxidized glutathione and total antioxidant capacity were lower (P

As one of the fastest growing economies and further larger consumer of energy in the world, there has been a paradigm shift in India’s energy demand. Here we evaluate the growth of Indian economy its, diversification of agriculture-based economy to industrial production, service and digital-technology based economy and deepening of income sources, although the dependence on foreign sources for energy demands has not markedly improved. This situation has placed India at the crossroads for energy sufficiency, especially under the highly fluid and changing geopolitical, strategic, environmental and economic scenarios of the World order. We attempt to understand the issue from geological perspective and address some of the impediments.

The main purpose of this paper is to present the differences in the volume of energy consumption in transport in the EU (European Union) countries. The specific objectives aim to determine the directions of changes and the degree of concentration in the volume of energy utilized by the transport sector in EU states, showing various models in this area, to establish the association between energy absorption and the parameters of the economy and in the field of transport. All EU countries were selected for research by the use of the purposeful selection method as of 31 December 2018. The analyzed period covered the years 2004–2018. For the examination of data, grading data analysis was used as one of the methods of multivariate data analysis. Descriptive, tabular and graphic methods were used to present the results. Findings reveal that there is a general tendency to reduce total energy consumption in the EU countries. The same is the case of energy in transport. Only in 2016–2018 was there an increase in energy absorption in transport. The reason was the better economic situation in this period. Road conveyance is the most important factor in energy utilization (over 90%). The share of other modes of transport was very small. Economically developing countries were the fastest in increasing energy absorption in transport per capita. In turn, highly developed states recorded slight growth and were stable in this aspect. There was a close relationship between energy utilization in transport per capita and GDP per capita. The reduction of energy consumption in transport depends on changes in road haulage, e.g., the pace of introducing innovative energy-saving technologies in automotive transport.

Different distributedenergy sourcesare described and discussed in relation to integration along with other heat sources and how these supplementary heat sources can be controlled and utilised in a DH system. Description oflegal and practical barriersalong withpricing modelsfor local DH production are presented to clarify the challenges these barriers represent. A few cases from some of the participating countries are used to show how these barriers can be handled in practice. Seasonal storage can be a possible solution for some of these challenges but are not discussed in this report A set of sketches showingpossible connections of distributed energy sourcesto district heating networks are compiled to help understanding the necessary technological solutions described in this report. The information gathered in this report will be used to investigate further the architecture of theRELaTED ULT concept,design and adaption of subsystems to facilitate the use of distributed energy resources, analyse the economic feasibility and business case and prepare and conduct demonstrations, of the RELaTED project.

The increasing global need to find alternative protein/energy sources has triggered research in the field of non-conventional feed ingredients, with insects and former foodstuffs being the most promising. Insects contain high level of protein and fat, whereas former foodstuffs contain high energy in the form of carbohydrates and fats; therefore, both should be considered as promising alternative feed ingredients for livestock production. In addition to the nutritional value, they also represent a way by which food waste biomasses/streams can be upgraded to valuable feed ingredients. This review outlines the main nutritional and safety issues of insects and former foodstuffs, and also considers the legal framework involved. The importance of the type of insect metamorphosis and tailored substrates that could lead to the production of a premium feed is also described. This is also the first time that a review discusses the nutritional quality of former foodstuffs. Energy and the main nutrient content of former foodstuff are compared with the composition of common cereals as the principal energy sources in animal feed. For both ingredients a critical review of the safety issues is provided. Based on the current data available, both insects and former foodstuffs have an excellent potential use as alternative feed ingredients for livestock production. When produced in line with the criteria set by major feed/food authorities, they are characterized by high quality and safety standards. This makes them comparable to other feed materials and ingredients currently available on the market, although their full nutritional, functional, safety and sustainability evaluation cannot be considered complete.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) represent new potential energy sources through which electricity is generated, and among numerous advantages is that the emission of harmful gases is missing. MFC is a type of biological fuel cell, a system that converts chemical energy into electrical power by microorganisms. These systems can be constructed in many ways so that there are one-chamber, two-chamber and complex MFCs. MFCs are good alternative sources of energy offering possibility of application that can be found in the biosensor industry, hydrogen or electricity production systems and wastewater treatment plants. In this paper, characterization of the sediment used in a single chamber MFC is presented. The sediment used to form the microbial fuel cell is characterized by microbiological, chemical and analytical parameters. Mikrobne gorivne ćelije (Microbial fuel cell-MFC) predstavljaju nove potencijalne izvore energije, preko kojih se generiše električna energija, a među brojnim prednostima je i ta što izostaje emisija štetnih gasova. MFC su vrsta bioloških gorivnih ćelija, sistema koji konvertuju hemijsku energiju u električnu pomoću mikroorganizama. Postoji više načina konstrukcije i među njima se nalaze jednokomorne, dvokomorne i složene MFC. Takođe, mikroorganizmi i supstrati koji se koriste u MFC, koje ti mikroorganizmi obrađuju u hemijskim procesima, mogu da budu različitog porekla i da imaju različite karakteristike. MFC su dobri alternativni izvori energije koji svoju potencijalnu primenu nalaze u industriji biosenzora, sistemima za proizvodnju vodonika ili električne energije i postrojenjima za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda. U ovom radu dat je opis sedimenta korišćenog u sistemu jednokomorne MFC, okarakterisan pomoću mikrobioloških, hemijskih i analitičkih parametara. Related to: [http://cer.ihtm.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3298]

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) represent new potential energy sources through which electricity is generated, and among numerous advantages is that the emission of harmful gases is missing. MFC is a type of biological fuel cell, a system that converts chemical energy into electrical power by microorganisms. These systems can be constructed in many ways so that there are one-chamber, two-chamber and complex MFCs. MFCs are good alternative sources of energy offering possibility of application that can be found in the biosensor industry, hydrogen or electricity production systems and wastewater treatment plants. In this paper, characterization of the sediment used in a single chamber MFC is presented. The sediment used to form the microbial fuel cell is characterized by microbiological, chemical and analytical parameters. Mikrobne gorivne ćelije (Microbial fuel cell-MFC) predstavljaju nove potencijalne izvore energije, preko kojih se generiše električna energija, a među brojnim prednostima je i ta što izostaje emisija štetnih gasova. MFC su vrsta bioloških gorivnih ćelija, sistema koji konvertuju hemijsku energiju u električnu pomoću mikroorganizama. Postoji više načina konstrukcije i među njima se nalaze jednokomorne, dvokomorne i složene MFC. Takođe, mikroorganizmi i supstrati koji se koriste u MFC, koje ti mikroorganizmi obrađuju u hemijskim procesima, mogu da budu različitog porekla i da imaju različite karakteristike. MFC su dobri alternativni izvori energije koji svoju potencijalnu primenu nalaze u industriji biosenzora, sistemima za proizvodnju vodonika ili električne energije i postrojenjima za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda. U ovom radu dat je opis sedimenta korišćenog u sistemu jednokomorne MFC, okarakterisan pomoću mikrobioloških, hemijskih i analitičkih parametara. Related to: [https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/5243]

Wearable sensors have gained popularity over the years since they offer constant and real-time physiological information about the human body. Wearable sensors have been applied in a variety of ways in clinical settings to monitor health conditions. These technologies require energy sources to carry out their projected functionalities. In this paper, we review the main energy sources used to power wearable sensors. These energy sources include batteries, solar cells, biofuel cells, supercapacitors, thermoelectric generators, piezoelectric and triboelectric generators, and radio frequency (RF) energy harvesters. Additionally, we discuss wireless power transfer and some hybrids of the above technologies. The advantages and drawbacks of each technology are considered along with the system components and attributes that make these devices function effectively. The objective of this review is to inform researchers about the latest developments in this field and present future research opportunities.

Contemporary research stresses the need to reduce mankind’s environmental impacts and achieve sustainability. One of the keys to this is the construction sector. New buildings have to comply with strict limits regarding resource consumption (energy, water use, etc.). However, they make up only a fraction of the existing building stock. Renovations of existing buildings are therefore essential for the reduction of the environmental impacts in the construction sector. This paper illustrates the situation using a case study of a rural terraced house in a village near Brno, Czech Republic. It compares the life-cycle assessment (LCA) of the original house and its proposed renovation as well as demolition followed by new construction. The LCA covers both the initial embodied environmental impacts (EEIs) and the 60-year operation of the house with several variants of energy sources. The results show that the proposed renovation would reduce overall environmental impacts (OEIs) of the house by up to 90% and the demolition and new construction by up to 93% depending on the selected energy sources. As such, the results confirm the importance of renovations and the installation of environmentally-friendly energy sources for achieving sustainability in the construction sector. They also show the desirability of the replacement of inefficient old buildings by new construction in specific cases.

This study aimed to identify some socioeconomic factors affecting local people in central Riyadh area for the utilization of wood and other energy sources in cooking and heating in order to develop some recommendations for conserving woodlands. The study results revealed that gas is the most common energy source used for cooking with a mean usage level of 2.79 (SD=0.58). On the other hand, wood ranked first for heating with the highest mean, usage level of 1.90 (SD=1.06). However, electricity and gas as sources of energy for heating ranked second and third with mean usage level of 1.81 and 0.80 respectively. The study revealed that local people with the university education were significantly making higher use of electricity for both cooking and heating and those with no formal education ranked the highest on wood use for both cooking and heating. In addition, those living in traditional houses significantly used more wood for cooking than those living in villas and apartments. Also, local people with high income levels significantly were using more electricity for heating than others. The study recommended conducting extension and environmental awareness raising programs to enhance local residents’ adoption of wood substitutes, promoting employment opportunities for unemployed locals, and subsidizing prices of alternative energy sources.

The aim of the article is to present the most important elements to be implemented in the European Union energy policy in the 2030 perspective in the context of sustainable development of the Member States. The solution to the too high emissivity of individual economies in the European Union is the energy mix, which will establish a compromise in the so-called the triad of EU policy goals. This is undoubtedly a current climate challenge for the modern world, which also has a direct impact on the economic situation of EU countries. The basis of the presented considerations and recommendations is a literature review on the subject and a statistical analysis of empirical data of the largest statistical organizations in the EU and the world. The starting point for the analysis is the assessment of the state of the energy sector in the EU. Therefore, the goals and tasks until 2030 result from many conditions of the energy sector. The article provides recommendations for the EU on future climate and energy policy, analysing the practices of member countries empirical and data compiled by the world's largest organizations and institutions, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the World Nuclear Association (WNA), Eurostat, and the International Energy Agency (IEA). The strategic goals of the EU climate and energy policy presented in the study show the necessary challenges for the implementation of sustainable development in the analyzed sector, which is the driving force of world economies. The conclusions were presented in accordance with the current economic efficiency of various energy sources and the necessity to seek a compromise among the so-called a triad of goals defined in EU policy. Web of Science 13 19 art. no. 5191

[ESP] La demanda de energía eléctrica se ha ido incrementando a través de los años debido al desarrollo que han tenido el sector industrial y de transporte, sumándose además el aumento de la población mundial y el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías que requieren mayor cantidad de energía. Por ello, y con el propósito de generar la energía eléctrica necesaria para suplir a estos sectores, el consumo de combustible ha presentado un aumento significativo. Así, la energía consumida en el año 2010 fue de unos 153,000 TWh y se prevé que para el año 2020 esta cifra ascienda a 184,000 TWh, siendo la mayor parte de esta energía proveniente de combustibles fósiles, aunque el futuro de esta tendencia es incierto. Además, la población mundial se está concienciando cada vez más de los efectos negativos medioambientales que está provocando el llamado “efecto invernadero” y, como consecuencia, se están creando una serie de políticas energéticas con el fin de reducir la generación de gases y partículas contaminantes. Una alternativa para reducir la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles y, a la vez, reducir las emisiones de los gases tóxicos causantes del efecto invernadero, es el uso de fuentes de energías renovables como la solar fotovoltaica y la eólica, así como el uso de pilas de combustibles para almacenamiento de energía, todas ellas a instalar en el mix energético. En este sentido, los nuevos agentes renovables que se conecten a la red eléctrica trifásica de baja tensión deben controlarse adecuadamente y cumpliendo con las legislaciones energéticas vigentes. En este sentido, deben diseñarse nuevas y sofisticadas estrategias de control con el propósito de controlar adecuadamente las corrientes de línea de los inversores de conexión a red utilizados en los agentes renovables cuando existan perturbaciones en la red eléctrica de baja tensión, tales como las variaciones de su frecuencia nominal, los desequilibrios en las tensiones trifásicas y la presencia de contaminación armónica de baja frecuencia. Por todo lo anteriormente mencionado, esta tesis está enfocada en el estudio de varios algoritmos de control y sincronización utilizados en inversores en fuente de tensión (VSI) para conexión a red que operan como los acondicionadores de potencia para los sistemas renovables. Los estudios realizados se aplican a un sistema fotovoltaico, pero pueden extenderse a cualquier tipo de agente renovable utilizado en un sistema de Generación Distribuida. [ENG] Throughout decades, the electric power demand has been rising due to the growth of the industrial sector and transportation, and the development of new technologies that require more energy together with the increase of the global population have led to a higher fuel demand needed for the electric energy generation. The global energy consumption in 2010 was 153,000 TWh and it is expected an increment to 184,600 TWh by 2020, the majority provided by fossil fuels, although the future of these trend is uncertain. Besides, greenhouse effect is causing environmental changes that concern mankind and the creation of new energetic policies is a fact. An alternative for reducing the fossil fuel dependence and the reduction of the greenhouse gas emission is the use of clean and infinite renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic, wind, as well as fuel cells for energy storage, which have been installed in the energetic mix. In this context, new renewable agents are connected to the 3-phase utility grid and must be properly controlled according to power electrical legislations. For this, new and sophisticated control algorithms are to be designed in order to control properly the line currents of the grid-connected inverter when variations of the nominal frequency, voltage unbalances and low-order harmonics are present in the 3-phase utility grid voltage. This thesis is focused in the study of several control and synchronization algorithms used in grid-connected Voltage Source Inverters (VSI) working as the power conditioner circuits for renewable energy systems. The study of these algorithms is carried out using a grid-connected photovoltaic system, but they can be extended to any renewable agent in any distributed generation system., Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

в статье рассматривается гражданско-правовое регулирование право пользование некоторые категории земельных участков. Изучено также гражданско-правовое регулирование право пользование земельных участков исходя из опыта зарубежных стран, дано теоретическое и практическое рекомендации по совершенствованию законодательства данного проблемы., the article deals with civil legal regulation of the right to use certain categories of land plots. Civil legal regulation of the right to use land basing on the experience of foreign countries has also been studied, and theoretical and practical recommendations have been given to advancing the legislation of this problem.

Summary Complications related to energy sources in the operating room are not well-recognized or published, despite occasionally dramatic consequences for the patient and the responsible surgeon. The goal of this study was to evaluate the risks and consequences related to use of energy sources in the operating room. Patients and methods Between 2009 and 2015, 876 adverse events related to health care (AERHC) linked to energy sources in the operating room were declared in the French experience feedback data base “REX”. We performed a descriptive analysis of these AERHC and analyzed the root causes of these events and of the indications for non-elective repeat operations, for each energy source. Results Five different energy sources were used, producing 876 declared AERHC: monopolar electrocoagulation: 614 (70%) AERHC, advanced bipolar coagulation (thermofusion): 137 (16%) AERHC, ultrasonic devices: 69 (8%) AERHC, traditional bipolar electrocoagulation: 32 AERHC, and cold light: 24 AERHC. The adverse events reported were skin burns (27.5% of AERHC), insulation defects (16% of AERHC), visceral burns or perforation (30% of AERHC), fires (11% of AERHC), bleeding (7.5% of AERHC) and misuse or miscellaneous causes (8% of AERHC). For the five energy sources, the root causes were essentially misuse, imperfect training and/or cost-related reasons regarding equipment purchase or maintenance. One hundred and forty-six non-elective procedures (17% of AERHC) were performed for complications related to the use of energy sources in the operating room. Conclusion This study illustrates the risks related to the use of energy sources on the OR and their consequences. Most cases were related to persistent misunderstanding of appropriate usage within the medical and paramedical teams, but complications are also related to administrative decisions concerning the purchase and maintenance of these devices.

El consumo energético residencial es un sector muy importante dentro de la demanda de energética por ello en este presente trabajo se analiza su comportamiento desde el año 2000 hasta el año 2015 tanto para España como para Andalucía. Al igual que otros muchos sectores se ha visto envestido por la crisis económica, por lo que en este trabajo se demuestra que existe relación entre la renta de los hogares y el consumo energético residencial, a través de regresiones lineales. Así como también se pretende comprobar el origen de la fuente de donde procede el consumo energético de los hogares para comprobar cuánto de importantes son las energías renovables y cuánto de importantes son las energías no renovables. Por último, se realiza una descomposición del consumo energético en una serie de factores explicativos y de los que se les analiza su evolución a lo largo del tiempo. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que en los años de expansión económica el consumo energético de los hogares aumenta mientras que en los años de recesión disminuye. De todo este proceso se obtienen unas conclusiones generales. Residential energy consumption is a very important sector within the energy demand, therefore, in this present work, its behavior is analyzed from the year 2000 to the year 2015 for both Spain and Andalusia. Like many other sectors has been affected by the economic crisis, therefore, this work shows that there is a relationship between household income and residential energy consumption, through linear regressions. It also aims to verify the origin of the source from which the energy consumption of households comes to see how important renewable energies are and how important non-renewable energies are. Finally, a separation of energy consumption is carried out in a series of explanatory factors and from which their evolution is analyzed over time. The results obtained show that in the years of economic expansion the energy consumption of households increases while in the years of recession it decreases. From all this process, some general conclusions are obtained. Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Economía

Degrading effect of energy generation from fossil fuel are extensively discussed and debated leading to paradigm shift to renewable energy generation. Energy generation from PV panels is the best alternative for state of Qatar which gets abundant sunlight throughout the year. Development of energy generation from PV panels helps in achieving the notion of “Energy Security”. Energy security refers to availability of reliable, cheap and quality power for consumption from customer point of view. Development in power electronics helps in achieving this idea by developing and operating converters circuits with good efficiency, efficacy, reliable, robust and free from maintenance. Encouraging the nurture and development of local energy suppliers will help in minimizing the cost of installation and maintenance. Including these economic constraints in the design of converters has become a crucial factor in developing industry oriented products through academic research. Suitability of several power converters for synchronizing the power generated from PV panels to utility grid. Recently developed Impedance source based converters are highly suitable for synchronizing the power generated from renewable energy to the utility grid. They eliminate the need for extra dc-dc converter by boosting the input voltage supplied from PV panels. Impedance source based converters are categorized as: Z Source Inverter and quasi Z Source Inverter (qZSI). qZSI is preferred due to its higher performance and continuous input current. Several methods are discussed in the literature to achieve boosting of input voltage. Inverter control requires modification in conventional Sine-Triangle compared based PWM. Operation of qZSI at different MPPT algorithms is also discussed. Cascaded qZSI operation to achieve higher power rating are also discussed. Implementation of advanced control techniques such as Model predictive control is also presented. Energy efficient qZSI achieved through different methods are also discussed. This paper presents novel control algorithm for control of qZSI as Front-End Converter (FEC) during non-sunshine hours. During sunshine hours, qZSI is controlled to inject active and reactive power into the grid. In absence of sunlight, qZSI can be operated as FEC to control reactive power management with the utility grid. To validate the proposed control algorithm, simulation results are presented for grid-connected qZSI powered from solar panel as shown in Fig. 1. Simulation results are formulated into following three sections: (a) Control of qZSI for active and reactive power management, (b) Transient response for qZSI to FEC transition and (c) Control of FEC for reactive power management.Control Algorithm: Control algorithm must satisfy the following requirements: a) When controlled as qZSI, i) Boosting of input voltage must be controlled to achieve the desired output rms voltage ii) Current injected into the grid can be at any power factor – unity, lagging or leading. b) Smooth transition from qZSI to FEC. c) When operated as FEC, i) DC Bus Voltage must be maintained constant and ii) Controlled reactive power management must be achieved. Proposed control algorithm is as shown in Fig. 2. It consists of two types of control blocks. Control blocks which are specific to a type of control algorithm and other which are common for both. Converter reference voltage generation and conventional Sine – Triangle comparison is common to control algorithms of both the inverters. For control of the inverter as qZSI, condition of Vin>Vth must be satisfied which means voltage generated from PV panels is sufficient for grid synchronization. During this mode, S1 and S3 are closed and S2 is opened. qZSI control consists of grid current control and dc bus voltage (Vdc) control. Active and reactive power demand is converted to current proportional and passed through PI controller to generate the converter voltage reference. DC Bus voltage controller gives the shoot-through duty cycle (D). Based on the value of D, shoot-through pulses are ORed with conventional pulses generated by sine-triangle comparison. When Vin>Vth is not satisfied, then the position of relays is changed. S1 and S3 are opened and S2 is closed. Due to this, the solar panel is disconnected from the inverter. The dc bus formed due to series connection of C1 and C2 must be controlled from the grid voltage. The dedicated control block shown in Fig. 2 for FEC generates the active current reference and add it up with required reactive current reference to give the grid current reference. This is passed through PI Controller to give the converter voltage reference. Conventional Sine-triangle comparison is performed to generate switching pulses.SIMULATION RESULTS To verify the control algorithm, the simulation results are shown in Fig. 3. Up to t = 2 sec, the inverter is operated as qZSI injecting controlled active power into the grid. At t = 2 sec, the relays are operated disconnecting the solar panel at the input and now inverter is controlled as FEC. Due to this, the dc bus voltage shoots up which is controlled with the control algorithm. To maintain the dc bus voltage, active current is drawn from the grid. Active current drawn is negligible compared to reactive power managed with the utility grid. Figure 3(a) shows the response of dc bus tracking during the operation. In qZSI mode, active power injection is controlled as shown in Fig. 3(b) and Fig. 3(c). When the inverter is controlled as FEC, reactive power absorbed and supplied are shown in Fig. 3(d) and Fig. 3(e) respectively.

Article tackles the idea of environmental and participatory democracy in Poland. Due to Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters known as the Aarhus Convention people should be involved in decisions concerning environment and energy issues in the country. All large investments, and those are certainly investments in energy infrastructure, are associated with a variety of interest groups and organizations. The main goal of this article is to show the decision making processes do not come across the knowledge and public information on nuclear energy in Poland. We present the context and background for the structural model of energy decisions using and reinterpreting survey data from 2014 and 2015 from the opinion polls on various sources of energy in Poland. From this point of departure we distinguish the micro-, meso- and macro- level of energy decisions.

Objectives. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of sows’ of different parities and the supplement of coconut oil for piglets, on the development of litter. Materials and methods. A total of 51 sows of different parities and their 642 piglets were used in the trial. Each piglet was weighed and identified at birth in a sequential order. They were randomly distributed in two treatments (CG=control group and TG=test group). TG piglets had the first access to a dosage of 3.0 ml of coconut oil 12 hours after birth, and the second at 36 h after the first. Piglets were weighed at 21 days. In order to analyze the effect of the coconut oil supplement as a function of the weight at birth, piglets were grouped according to their weight (0.600 to 0.900 kg; 1.000 to 1.499kg; 1.500 to 1.999 kg; and 2.000 to 2.499 kg). Results. Sows parity affected the number and weight of born piglets. Sows in 4th, 5th and 7th parity had a larger litter than those from the 2nd parity. Sows from 2nd and 3rd parity had a lower number of piglets but heavier litter. No effect of the coconut oil supplement on neonatal piglets’ performance was found. Conclusions. The coconut meal was neither beneficial to neonatal piglets nor to those with low weight at birth, which usually present low body energy.RESUMENObjetivo. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del número de partos y el suplemento de aceite de coco en lechones recien nacidos. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 51 cerdas de diferentes partos y sus 642 lechones. Cada lechón se pesó y se identificó al nacer en orden secuencial. Fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos (CG = control y TG=tratamiento). Lechones TG tenían el primer acceso a una dosis de 3.0 ml de aceite de coco 12 horas después del nacimiento, y el segunda a las 36 h después de la primera. Los lechones fueron pesados a los 21 días. Con el fin de analizar el efecto de los suplementos de aceite de coco con relación al peso al nacer. Los lechones fueron agrupados de acuerdo con su peso (0.600 a 0.900 kg; 1.000 a 1.499 kg; 1.500 a 1.999 kg y 2.000 a 2.499 kg). Resultados. El número de partos afectó el peso y el número de lechones nacidos. Cerdas en cuarto, quinto y séptimo parto, tuvieron una camada mayor que las de segundo parto. Las cerdasde segundo y tercer parto tuvieron menor número de lechones y con peso mayor. No se encontró efectodel suplemento de aceite de coco en el desarrollo de los lechones recién nacidos. Conclusiones. Loaceite de coco no es favorable para los lechones recién nacidos, tampoco para aquellos con el bajopeso al nacer, que normalmente presentan la energía corporal baja.

As conventional energy sources deplete, the need for developing alternative energy resources which are environment friendly becomes more imperative. Vegetable oils are attracting increased interest in this purpose. The methanolysis of vegetable oil to produce a fatty acid methyl ester (FAME, i.e., biodiesel fuel) was catalyzed by commercial ionic liquid and its chloride modification. The imidazolium chloride ionic liquid was frequently chosen for the synthesis of biodiesel. The dual-functionalized’ ionic liquid is prepared by a direct combination reaction between imidazolium cation and various metal chlorides such as CoCl2, CuCl2, NiCl2, FeCl3 and AlCl3. Imidazolium tetrachloroferrate was proved to be a selective catalyst for the methanolysis reaction at a yield of 97% when used at 1:10, catalyst: oil ratio for 8 h at 55 °C. Operational simplicity, reusability of the used catalyst for 8 times at least, high yields and no saponification are the key features of this methodology. The dynamic viscosity and density of the upgraded vegetable oil decreased from 32.1 cP and 0.9227 g/cm 3 to 10.2 cP and 0.9044 g/cm 3 respectively, compared to those of the base vegetable oil. The objective of this study was the synthesis and characterization of biodiesel using commercial ionic liquid and its chloride modification. The ionic liquid catalysts were characterized using FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, DSC, TG and UV.

Sustainability of current energy policies and known mid-term policies are analised in their multiple facets. First an overview is given about the trend of global energy demand and energy production, analysing the share of energy sources and the geographic distribution of demand, on the basis of statistics and projections published by major agencies. The issue of sustainability of the energy cycle is finally addressed, with specific reference to systems with high share of renewable energy and storage capability, highlighting some promising energy sources and storage approaches.

Electric vehicles (EV), including Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV), Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), are becoming more commonplace in the transportation sector in recent times. As the present trend suggests, this mode of transport is likely to replace internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in the near future. Each of the main EV components has a number of technologies that are currently in use or can become prominent in the future. EVs can cause significant impacts on the environment, power system, and other related sectors. The present power system could face huge instabilities with enough EV penetration, but with proper management and coordination, EVs can be turned into a major contributor to the successful implementation of the smart grid concept. There are possibilities of immense environmental benefits as well, as the EVs can extensively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transportation sector. However, there are some major obstacles for EVs to overcome before totally replacing ICE vehicles. This paper is focused on reviewing all the useful data available on EV configurations, battery energy sources, electrical machines, charging techniques, optimization techniques, impacts, trends, and possible directions of future developments. Its objective is to provide an overall picture of the current EV technology and ways of future development to assist in future researches in this sector. A Comprehensive Study of Key Electric Vehicle (EV) Components, Technologies, Challenges, Impacts, and Future Direction of Development

The problem of water resources management aims to calculate the optimal energy bids of a set of hydro plants and to estimate costs for consumptive and nonconsumptive volumes of water, when meeting European and local regulations, consumption requirements and basin rights of use, respecting environmental flows, possible congestions in the electric transmission system and other important concerns. The goal of this thesis is to advance in the development of an effective tool for the management of hydro basins with different economic, social, policy, normative, restrictions and resources characteristics. In first case, an optimisation problem for calculating the best offers of a set of hydro power plants is proposed, considering ecological flows and social consumptions. In the simulations, the costs related to the social consumptions and ecological requirements are compared in a relatively small real Spanish basin, for short-term (24-hour) planning. In second case, an improved representation of the market and the optimization of the hydro plants are integrated in a nested algorithm, to calculate local prices and optimal energy bids in a congested electrical system. The algorithm is applied to a real basin in Italy. In a third case, uncertainties in the resources, improved representations of the hydro plants and environmental constraints are integrated in a large basin, in southern Spain. Stochastic scenarios are used to evaluate the significance of uncertainties in a 72-hours horizon. The study provides a new tool for the coordinated management of large basins, complying with ecological restrictions and governmental regulation on water resource allocation and considering the technical characteristics of hydropower plants and the hydropower production profits. El problema de gestión de recursos hídricos busca determinar las ofertas óptimas de energía para un conjunto de centrales hidroeléctricas y también una estimativa de los costos del agua para los volúmenes consutivos y no consuntivos, cumpliendo normativas europeas y locales, las necesidades de consumo y los derechos de uso de las cuencas, las posibles congestiones en el sistema de transmisión eléctrica y otras cuestiones relevantes. El objetivo de esta tesis es avanzar en el desarrollo de una herramienta eficaz para la gestión de cuencas con diferentes características económicas, sociales, políticas, normativas, restrictivas y de recursos. En el primer caso estudiado, se propone un problema de optimización para el cálculo de las ofertas óptimas de un conjunto de centrales hidroeléctricas, en una cuenca española relativamente pequeña, considerando los flujos ecológicos y los consumos sociales. En las simulaciones de planificación a corto plazo (24 horas), se comparan los costes relacionados con los consumos sociales y los requisitos ecológicos. En el segundo caso de estudio, se integran en un algoritmo iterativo una representación mejorada del mercado y la optimización de las centrales hidroeléctricas, a fin de calcular precios locales y ofertas óptimas de energía en un sistema eléctrico congestionado. El algoritmo es aplicado a una cuenca real en el Norte de Italia. En el tercer caso de estudio, las incertidumbres asociadas a los recursos y una representación mejorada de las centrales hidroeléctricas, junto con las limitaciones ambientales, se integran en un modelo que representa una cuenca real de tamaño significativo en el sur de España. Se utilizan escenarios estocásticos para evaluar la influencia de las incertidumbres en un horizonte de 72 horas. El estudio proporciona así una nueva herramienta para la gestión coordinada de grandes cuencas, cumpliendo con las restricciones ecológicas y la regulación gubernamental sobre asignación de recursos hídricos, teniendo en cuenta las características técnicas de las centrales hidroeléctricas y los beneficios de producción de la energía hidroeléctrica. Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y Automática Presidente: Luis Fernández Beites.- Secretario: María Ángeles Moreno López de Saa.- Vocal: Juan Ignacio Pérez Díaz

Studies have shown that students’ awareness of the goals and purposes of the laboratory activityis important for their possibility to participate in and learn from the activity. While practical activitiesoften have been considered to be a central part of science education, relatively few studies haveexamined laboratory work in situ. In this paper we addressed these issues by examining (a) whatpurposes are distinguished when students’ work with a laboratory assignment and (b) how thesepurposes are made continuous with the teacher’s aim with the assignment. The data was based onclassroom observations from two ordinary laboratory settings, one from a chemistry class in lowersecondary school and one from a physics class in the natural science programme in upper secondaryschool. Although both student groups acknowledged their teacher’s intentions with the practical andcould act towards the more student centered purposes of the activity, e.g. describe what happens withthe copper and measure the speed of a small vessel respectively, there were differences regarding thepossibilities the students had to act toward the activity’s final aim. The results showed that these factorscan be referred to the amount of purposes introduced by the teacher as well as those that arosebecause of contingences, and the connection of these purposes to students’ prior experiences.

This paper studies recent trends of the world energy supply. Factors affecting changes in the state policy of the European energy strategy are identified. The role of renewable energy sources in solving energy problems is revealed. The mechanism of the EU renewable market development is illustrated. The main changes in the dynamics and structure of energy consumption are identified. The major participants in the modern European renewable energy market are demonstrated. A set of measures to build a new energy policy in EU is formed.

According to the current circumstances that are related to the effectiveness of the tightened European Union (EU) environmental legislation, which sets minimum requirements for the heat and power sources of energy that are part of the Slovak Electricity System (SES) source mix, an article was prepared to summarize the information regarding energy and environmental legislation, which is in force as in the EU as in Slovakia. This information was completed with a description on the current situation and requirements for the safety and reliability of the “new” mix of sources and technologies of electricity production within the SES in terms of energy and economic efficiency and environmental consequences.