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In this paper, Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) with an electrically-assisted turbocharger (E-turbo) is investigated. This is a promising concept for future green transport, since it can realize very high thermal efficiencies for a wide range of renewable fuels. The combination of RCCI with an E-turbo requires a new approach to manage the energy flows of the engine due to constraints on the storage of electrical energy. The E-turbo shows most potential to increase the engine's thermal efficiency by improved tracking performance of the desired intake conditions. To exploit the full potential of the E-turbo during transients, a dynamic decoupling feedback controller is designed. A supervisory controller based on Pontryagin's Minimum Principle is composed to maximize the brake thermal efficiency while the battery of the E-turbo remains charge sustaining. The supervisory controller determines setpoints for the feedback controller and ensures therefore optimal engine operation during transients. For the simulated, real-world based transient-cycle, fuel savings of 0.64 [%] are realized by the developed supervisory control, while remaining charge sustaining.

Renewable energy sources cannot guarantee long-term and stable output supply when they are given energy consumption at the load end. At the same time, traditional solar and utility power supply systems cannot guarantee the priority of using solar energy to generate electricity, which has certain limitations. In this regard, an energy control strategy for achieving smooth and no backflow switching and prioritizing the use of clean energy solar energy under a joint power supply system of a solar power grid and a municipal power grid is proposed, which is used for a conventional combined power supply system of a contactor switching circuit. A topology of low voltage power grid is proposed, which effectively reduces the impact on the solar power grid and the municipal power grid during the system switching process combined control mode for controlling the current phase and repetitive control at the output end of the solar power grid in the combined power supply mode, and adding a feedforward control method for the grid voltage is adopted to ensure that the solar grid and the municipal power prioritize the use of clean energy solar energy and, at the same time, ensure the maximum utilization of solar energy. This paper chose the combined power supply system with the solar power grid and the municipal power grid as the object of this research. The topology structure and controlling strategy of the power supply system were comprehensively and deeply researched, and on this basis, the combined power supply system prototype was designed on the foundation of DSP28335 and CPLD. Moreover, hardware parameters are designed in the system, and an energy management optimization algorithm based on the system is developed on the corresponding experimental platform. The experimental results show that the proposed energy control strategy can effectively reduce the impact on the solar power grid and the municipal power grid during the system switching process, ensure that the solar power grid and the municipal power grid have no backflow combined power supply and give priority to the use of clean energy solar energy.

Multizone sound field reproduction aims to create different acoustical environments in regions without physical isolation. For a real reproduction system, it is always expected to improve system performance and reduce measurement effort. In this paper, a two-zone sound field reproduction is investigated with a proposed region control method. Conventional multipoint method only controls sound field at limited number of measurement points. However, the proposed method tries to control the sound field energy over the whole region. Considering the system's diverse work environment, different interpolation methods are applied in the proposed method. Simulations are conducted under free field and reverberation condition in order to deeply compare with conventional method and another harmonic domain method. Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves better performance than the conventional multipoint method in free field and reverberant environment. On the other hand, the region control method proposed in this paper is free from microphone array geometry requirement, which means the method is more convenient for the practical application.

In previous project we made a home automation system, where we can control our appliances through Blynk app and Google assistant with the help of IFTTT. As an extension we will provide feedback to user whether the appliance is on or off. We will also use sensors like LDR for measuring light intensity in this project to make it smart. We will also include security system where in we have sensors to doors and windows and give buzzer along with an alert message to the user. On a whole we will provide a smart home automation system.

Vehicles have made extraordinary commitment to the development of current culture by fulfilling the requirements for more prominent portability in everyday life. The development of Internal Combustion Engine has contributed a ton to the car area. In any case, a lot of harmful discharges as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons (HCs, etc have been messing contamination up, a dangerous atmospheric devation, and annihilation of the ozone layer. As the current pattern proposes, this method of transport is probably going to supplant inside burning motor (ICE) vehicles soon. Every one of the primary EV segments has various innovations that are at present being used or can get conspicuous later on. Improved control assignment approach strategies are fit for securing ideal force taking care of, obliging framework errors, and fitting ongoing applications can fundamentally improve the powertrain productivity at various working conditions. Rule-based techniques are just organized and effectively implementable continuously; however, a restricted optimality in force dealing with choices can be achieved. Enhancement based strategies are more fit for achieving this optimality at the cost of expanded computational burden. Over the most recent couple of years, these improvement based strategies have been being worked on to suit continuous application utilizing more prescient, recognitive and man-made reasoning apparatuses. This paper presents a conversation about these new patterns continuously improved control assignment approach. Consequently HEVs give better fuel economy contrasted with ICE based vehicles/regular vehicle. Energy management techniques are the calculations that choose the force split among motor constantly to improve the fuel economy and advance the presentation of HEVs.

This paper analyzes the security algorithm and energy cost of wireless sensor networks in depth, and designs and implements a series of energy-optimized security solutions to ensure the secure establishment and operation of wireless sensor networks. This paper proposes an improved Ad hoc network routing protocol based on energy control. It introduces a low-energy balanced routing algorithm to reduce routing transmission energy consumption, balance network traffic, and improve the energy control performance of network routing protocols. The protocol uses a cross-layer design in this way, the route selection combines the information of the link the remaining energy. A joint function is formed by the transmit power level remaining energy. The joint function of all nodes on the path is used as the basis for route selection and applied to the route discovery stage. At the same time, the protocol introduces edge degree parameters in the establishment process, the idea of minimum energy consumption path and the introduction of energy consumption ratio parameters in the cluster skull backbone network generation process are adopted to realize the energy optimization of the path establishment process. At the same time, the protocol uses the message interaction mechanism in the path establishment process to implement a node security authentication scheme based on secret shared information without adding any routing communication messages, which effectively prevents the passive and active attacks of the attacker on the network. The results of simulation experiments prove that the secure routing protocol achieves the network’s balanced energy consumption while ensuring the secure communication of the network, and solves the energy problem.

Building energy management systems with high-level of sophistication have to control and manage a large set of actuators and other equipment and evaluate performance of each and every-subsystem on periodic basis. In the present study, a control algorithm has been developed as an engineered solution for intelligent energy control and comfort management in buildings. A hybrid genetic algorithm - particle swarm optimization based multi-objective optimization routine is developed to compute the optimal set-point level of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning and lighting systems with a view to balancing energy consumption and occupants' comfort. Occupants' comfort is evaluated for indoor air quality as CO2 concentration, thermal and visual comfort. Case studies with a different set of optimal parameters have been worked out to calculate the amount of energy consumed as well as comfort level achieved. Overall occupants' comfort was improved by 17% and daily, weekly and monthly building energy consumption was reduced by 2.5%, 7.7%, and 17.9%, respectively. The developed intelligent control strategy can be integrated with building automation systems to achieve finely tuned real-time optimized comfort management

To ensure the riveting quality and avoid riveting defects such as overdriven head or underdriven head, elastic and plastic mechanical analysis of the riveting process has been studied and a riveting energy control method is proposed in this paper. According to the target size of the driven head, the material properties, and the interference, the total riveting energy is calculated. Then, the relation of riveting duration and riveting energy is established to realize the control of the riveting impact energy in practical engineering. Furthermore, plastic dynamic impact buckling of the rivet is also analyzed to get impact buckling critical speed. Due to the dual-robot posture adjustment and countersunk self-centering ability, the working axes of the riveting tools, rivet, and hole are found to be well coaxial. The analysis shows there is little phenomenon of rivet bending in the dual-robot pneumatic riveting system and the impact buckling critical speed is much higher than the piston impact speed. Finally, finite element model is built for riveting dynamic simulation and dual-robot pneumatic riveting cell for fuselage panel assembly is developed to obtain experimental results. The comparison shows the proposed method has a good performance. The research results enhance the knowledge of energy effect of dual-robot pneumatic riveting, and thus offer positive guidance for practical application in aircraft assembly.

Considering the not well-insulated dielectric fluid in High-Speed Wire-Electrical-Discharge-Machining (HSWEDM), the equivalent electrical model of the discharge gap of HSWEDM in open circuit, normal discharge and short circuit is established and simulated. A prototype of no-resistance power-electronic-based buck-type pulse power supply is tested on a commercial HSWEDM machine. The experimental verification shows that the proposed electrical model can predict the gap conditions in real machining, and assist the discharge current and discharge energy control.

Wave energy has a significant part to play in providing a carbon-free solution to the world’s increasing appetite for energy. In many countries, there is sufficient wave energy to cater for the entire national demand, and wave energy also has some attractive features in being relatively uncorrelated with wind, solar and tidal energy, easing the renewable energy dispatch problem. However, wave energy has not yet reached commercial viability, despite the first device designs being proposed in 1898. Control technology can play a major part in the drive for economic viability of wave energy and this paper charts the progress made since the first wave energy control systems were suggested in the 1970s, and examines current outstanding challenges for the control community.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of our study was to evaluate the clinical performance of a new high-frequency (HF) microwave ablation (MWA) technology with spatial energy control for treatment of lung malignancies in comparison with a conventional low-frequency (LF) MWA technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS. In this retrospective study, 59 consecutive patients (mean age, 58.9 ± 12.6 [SD] years) were treated in 71 sessions using HF spatial-energy-control MWA. Parameters collected were technical success and efficacy, tumor diameter, tumor and ablation volumes, ablation time, output energy, complication rate, 90-day mortality, local tumor progression (LTP), ablative margin size, and ablation zone sphericity. Results were compared with the same parameters retrospectively collected from the last 71 conventional LF-MWA sessions. This group consisted of 56 patients (mean age, 60.3 ± 10.8 years). Statistical comparisons were performed using the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS. Technical success was 98.6% for both technologies; technical efficacy was 97.2% for HF spatial-energy-control MWA and 95.8% for LF-MWA. The 90-day mortality rate was 5.1% (3/59) in the HF spatial-energy-control MWA group and 5.4% (3/56) in the LF-MWA group; for both groups, there were zero intraprocedural deaths. The median ablation time was 8.0 minutes for HF spatial-energy-control MWA and 10.0 minutes for LF-MWA (p < 0.0001). Complications were recorded in 21.1% (15/71) of HF spatial-energy-control MWA sessions and in 31.0% (22/71) of LF-MWA sessions (p = 0.182); of these complications, 4.2% (3/71) were major complications in the HF spatial-energy-control MWA group, and 9.9% (7/71) were major complications in the LF-MWA group. The median deviation from ideal sphericity (1.0) was 0.195 in the HF spatial-energy-control MWA group versus 0.376 in the LF-MWA group (p < 0.0001). Absolute minimal ablative margins per ablation were 7.5 ± 3.6 mm (mean ± SD) in the HF spatial-energy-control MWA group versus 4.2 ± 3.0 mm in the LF-MWA group (p < 0.0001). In the HF spatial-energy-control MWA group, LTP at 12 months was 6.5% (4/62). LTP at 12 months in the LF-MWA group was 12.5% (7/56). Differences in LTP rate (p = 0.137) and time point (p = 0.833) were not significant. CONCLUSION. HF spatial-energy-control MWA technology and conventional LFMWA technology are safe and effective for the treatment of lung malignancies independent of the MWA system used. However, HF spatial-energy-control MWA as an HF and high-energy MWA technique achieves ablation zones that are closer to an ideal sphere and achieves larger ablative margins than LF-MWA (p < 0.0001).

SUMMARYRegrasping is a manipulation to alternate between grasp configurations of an object to perform different tasks. We address a regrasping problem termed longitude regrasping to reposition a gripper along an elongated object. We propose an algorithm using the dynamics of the arm and a non-dexterous gripper to perform the manipulation. Energy control is used to toss the object up and catch it under the goal position. Clipped Linear Quadratic Regulator control approach is then applied to the gripper jaws to control the friction force on the object and to let it slide to the final goal position. The object sliding within the gripper is modeled as a semi-active linear joint where only dissipative forces can be applied to it. A set of experiments validated the feasibility of the method.

The paper is devoted to the numerical performance evaluation of the speed-gradient algorithms, recently developed in (Orlov et al., 2018; Orlov et al., 2019) for controlling the energy of the sine-Gordon spatially distributed systems with several in-domain actuators. The influence of the level quantization of the state feedback control signal (possibly coupled to the time sampling) on the steady-state energy error and the closed loop system stability is investigated in the simulation study. The following types of quantization are taken into account: sampling-in-time control signal quantization, the level quantization for control, continuous in time; control signal quantization on level jointly with time sampling; control signal transmission over the binary communication channel with time-invariant first order coder; control signal transmission over the binary communication channel with first order coder and time-based zooming; control signal transmission over the binary communication channel with adaptive first order coder. A resulting impact on the closed-loop performance in question is concluded for each type of the quantization involved.

In this paper, the motor-table system is realized to plan the minimum input energy trajectory (MIET) based on Hamiltonian by minimum input energy control (MIEC) approach. In the motor-table system, the unknown parameters are identified by particle swarm optimization. We can identify the parameters experimentally and the MIEC methods are implemented to find the MIET. The adaptive tracking controller is proposed to track the MIET to overcome the nonlinear friction force and external disturbance. Moreover, trapezoidal trajectory and regulator control are compared with the MIET by the proposed adaptive tracking controller. Finally, the MIET based on the adaptive tracking controller can obtain the minimum energy control input and robustness performance for the motor-table system. The numerical simulations and experimental results are demonstrated the proposed strategy successfully.

In this paper, we propose the minimum energy control input based on Hamiltonian strategy for the motor-table system. The energy equation of the motor-table system contains of the input energy, dissipation energy, potential energy and output energy, and includes electrical and mechanical energies. The methods of the minimum control effort (MCE), minimum input energy control (MIEC), minimum dissipation energy control (MDEC) and trapezoidal trajectory energy control are compared for the motor-table system. From the numerical results, we can find that the MIEC and MDEC approaches can obtain the same minimum input energy. Traditionally, the MCE approach was regarded as the minimum energy control in the previous study. However, we have demonstrated that the MCE approach is not the minimum energy control in this paper.

At present, the DC micro-grid power supply system based on new energy generation has become the primary developmental direction for improving the endurance of an unmanned surface vehicle (USV). In this study, an adaptive energy control strategy based on the moving average filtering algorithm is proposed to solve the severe impact of the pulsing load mutation on the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) in the DC micro-grid. The moving average filtering algorithm is used to filter the pulsating load power, and a battery slows the power change. Meanwhile, the super capacitor compensates for the instantaneous power mutation, optimizing the charge and discharge process of the battery. In addition, gain-varying adaptive control for the terminal voltage of the supercapacitor is adopted to stabilize it near the reference value, which solves the problem of voltage off-limit caused by the unequal output and absorption energy of the supercapacitor. The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can effectively and quickly suppress the power fluctuation caused by the load mutation of the photovoltaic DC micro-grid system, improve the quality of the system output power, and enhance the reliability and stability of the system.

We propose a novel concept of the robot of energy control based on parallel cyber-physical-social systems for the next generation of energy and electric power systems. We thoroughly investigate its knowledge automation technologies and discuss its main challenges in preparation of promising evolution from Energy 4.0 to Energy 5.0 in China.

A dual fuzzy control strategy is proposed for the complex energy management problem in a multi-energy-source hybrid power system vehicle with fuel cell + Li-ion battery + super capacitor. According to the efficiency characteristic of each energy source in a fuel cell hybrid power system (referred to as FCHPS), a control scheme with a dual fuzzy control strategy is devised, in which the main fuzzy controller controls the fuel cell to ensure its power output. It is controlled by a sub-fuzzy controller that regulates the power output and braking energy recovery of the Li-ion battery and super capacitor. Simulation verification and comparative analysis were carried out under a world light vehicle test cycle (referred to as WLTC) conditions using MATLAB+ADVISOR. With a dual fuzzy control strategy, fuel cell hybrid vehicles meet dynamics requirements and the fuel economy of these vehicles is generally 6.7% and 6.4% better than power following control and single fuzzy control, respectively. Li-ion batteries are also capable of handling reduced average currents.

In this study, the energy deposited at the welding interface was controlled by changing the stand-off between the flyer and base plates. Pure titanium (TP 270C) and duplex stainless steel (SUS 821L1) were welded under 5- and 15-mm stand-offs, respectively. When the stand-off was 5 mm, the average wavelength and average amplitude of the welding interface were 271 and 61 μm, respectively; at 15 mm stand-off, the average wavelength and average amplitude of the welding interface were 690 and 192 μm, respectively. The differences between the two welding conditions were compared using a tensile test, fracture analysis, a 90° bending test, Vickers hardness, and nanoindentation related to the mechanical properties of materials. The experimental results indicated that the sample with a 5-mm stand-off had better mechanical properties.

The internet of things (IoT) has been useful in different sectors and attracted more attention in researches. IoT technologies are mainly used to enable the physical objects to collect and exchange data by using wireless network protocols. Moreover, IoT technologies have been applied in different applications including energy control and monitoring. However, energy efficiency has been the main challenge in industries, when comparing the energy consumption, production and cost. Therefore, this research project develop an IoT-based Intelligent Energy Efficiency Management System to enhance energy efficiency in current industries and the Industry 4.0 by focusing on smart industries, where the results show that the data of humidity and temperature was monitored directly to the NODE-RED platform, and a notification to personal email to an operator. Thus, help an operator to act accordingly based on the change of the data prescribed on dashboard.

State estimation (SE) processes the real-time measurements and providesdatabase to energy control centre for safety control of energy systems. Tradi-tionally Weighted Least Square (WLS) and Weighted Least Absolute Value(WLAV) based algorithms have been suggested for SE but the developmentof very fast computers and parallel processing enable the system engineers tothink of employing the computationally inefficient evolutionary algorithms,which are known to be robust and stable, in solving SE problems. Thispaper suggests a most valuable player algorithm based SE involving WLSand WLAV objectives one at a time, and presents results on four IEEE testsystems for illustrating its superiority.

The paper is devoted to the consideration of existing methods of deposition of hardening coatings. The paper discusses the relationship between the coating deposition process and the control circuit for the ion current density and energy control. The analysis of deposition methods is carried out and on the basis of this analysis the CIB deposition method of hardening coatings is selected. The authors studied the features of each of the considered methods, which made it possible to identify the main advantages and disadvantages. Based on the data obtained, it шs revealed that for equal-thickness coatings, it is necessary to use control circuits for the ion current density and energy.

Many degrees of freedom are available for the branch energy control of modular multilevel converters. These degrees of freedom comprise different components of the common-mode voltage and the internal circulating currents. If all degrees of freedom are used simultaneously, undesired cross-couplings occur in the branch energy control. In the conventional branch energy control, either the internal circulating currents or the common-mode voltage are used to avoid the coupling terms. The paper presents a novel solution that uses both the circulating currents and the common-mode voltage while omitting the couplings. Thereby, the branch currents and thus the losses in the branches can be reduced without affecting the control dynamics. The proposed control approach is validated through simulations and experimentally on a downscaled converter prototype. Furthermore, the improved performance is demonstrated by means of a comparison to the conventional control. In general, the proposed control approach is expected to be especially beneficial for drive systems operated below rated speed and for a low-voltage ride-through of grid-tied converters.

Recently, a Quasi-Three-Level Operation Mode for a new modular multilevel converter topology has been proposed. This paper presents a fundamental improvement of this operation mode which is achieved through a closed-loop branch current and energy control. The proposed approach uses the available degrees of freedom of the topology to actively balance the energies of the input capacitors and module capacitors. Moreover, the branch currents are controlled during both constant output voltage levels and transitions. In comparison to the operation mode from the literature, the proposed approach enables a stable operation with reduced input capacitances, module capacitances, peak branch currents, and converter losses. This is validated through simulations.

This paper discusses a revolutionary system of interrelated computing devices and technologies known as the Internet of Things (IoT), with the objective of improving energy efficiency for both residential and commercial buildings. A thorough review of a profusion of empirical surveys and studies was carried out to fully comprehend the use of IoT to improve energy efficiency in buildings. The present study also examines methods by which these technologies can be further enhanced to provide solutions that are more requisite. Most of the studies reviewed discuss the applicability of various aspects of IoT to a specific application, and were invariably concerned with the problem of efficient heating systems in buildings. Some aspects of the core elements of IoT, such as the hardware and software required for control are analyzed in all the studies reviewed. Although the kind of application in each study is different, similar patterns are discernible in their design factors. Some common design factors include: the choice of sensors and actuators and their powering methods; control strategies for gathering data and actuating devices; collection of historical data to predict future energy use; and interaction approaches between IoT elements. Results showed that certain variables are application-specific and must all be factored into the decisions. Finally, from the studies surveyed, some areas of future research were recommended.

It is well-known that the state-feedback control law based on the speed gradient method can stabilize the pendulum's energy. This control employs measurements of the pendulum's angular displacement and angular velocity. In the present paper, we aim to stabilize the pendulum's energy by using the angular measurement only. We suggest a time-delay implementation of the above state-feedback control law. The resulting delayed static output-feedback practically stabilizes the pendulum's energy. We propose a precise characterization of the energy deviation bound that depends on the delay value. A numerical example demonstrates the efficiency of the results.

This study has been developed to analyse the fuzzy logic rules in thermal energy assessment of box type solar cooker under local climatic condition in Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. Different cooking test of food stuffs has been produced with vessels viz., copper, aluminium, bottom side and bar plate is coating black paint mixed in Nanoparticles (Al2O3) for the system. The influence of the solar cooker parameters are performed to the following in fuzzy logic rules. It has been established a cooker to thermal act of (15.14%), Nanoparticles adeptness are (7.10%). It is received to give the shortly time for the enhancement of the cooker affordable to a manufacture.

The output energy control is developed for 1-D string model with fixed endpoints. It is considered a practical situation where a finite number of spatially-sampled sensing and actuation are available. First, the speed-gradient method is generalized in the present framework to pump/dissipate the energy of underlying model to a desired level provided the state feedback is available. Next, Luenberger-type observers are additionally developed over collocated position and/or velocity measurements to be involved into the output feedback synthesis. Capabilities of the proposed synthesis and its robustness features are illustrated in numerical simulations.

In terms of the in-depth development of organic dyes, targeted and selective energy control is becoming a more and more important objective. Herein, four indoline sensitizers based on D-π-A-π-A construction were designed and synthesized with exactly the same donor and acceptor segments. Their molecular planarity was regulated by introducing various side chains into donor bridges. Interestingly, along with an improvement of planarity at a donor bridge, the HOMO levels of the dyes lift gradually, and more importantly, their LUMO levels remain at around the same value. Besides, better molecular planarity is obviously preferred to obtain higher charge injection efficiency but, an overly planar molecule may cause an overly high HOMO level, leading to poor dye regeneration efficiency. Furthermore, an appropriate side chain also restrains charge recombination to some extent, while an overly large side chain gives more chance for I3- to recombine with charge in the conduction band. Accordingly, our results demonstrated that regulation of planarity at a donor bridge not only provides targeted and selective control of the HOMO of the dye, but also enable fine adjustment with multiple interfacial charge transfer processes. Molecular planarity deserves to play an important role in the design of organic dyes, providing a significant strategy for the further development of organic sensitizers.

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials and pilot trial studies to compare the effectiveness of intermittent fasting (IF) and continuous calorie restriction (CCR) in overweight and obese people. The parameters included body mass index (BMI), body weight, and other metabolism-related indicators. A systematic search in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted up to January 2022. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to measure the effectiveness. Publication bias was assessed using Egger’s test. The stability of the results was evaluated using sensitivity analyses. The significance of body weight change (SMD = −0.21, 95% CI (−0.40, −0.02) p = 0.028) was more significant after IF than CCR. There was no significant difference in BMI (SMD = 0.02, 95% CI (−0.16, 0.20) p = 0.848) between IF and CCR. These findings suggest that IF may be superior to CCR for weight loss in some respects.

espanolDe Saenz de Oiza puede decirse que su pensamiento y ensenanza eran tan ricos, que cada alumno podia aprender en el campo que mas le atraia, como en el de lo que ahora denominariamos arquitectura bioclimatica. En sus apuntes de Salubridad e Higiene aparece ya el titulo de “Bioclima”, el capitulo sobre “Clima y fisiologia” podria ser parte de los Manuales Bioclimaticos clasicos. En un articulo resulta imposible mostrar las acciones en esta linea en todas las obras de Saenz de Oiza, pero si se pueden analizar algunos ejemplos; se comentan algunos de Torres Blancas, la Ciudad Blanca de Alcudia, el Banco de Bilbao en Madrid y la Casa de Juan Huarte en Formentor. Su manejo de la orientacion, influencia del sol, sombras, ventilaciones naturales y aprovechamiento del regimen de vientos, diseno de las envolventes, uso de la inercia termica, las propiedades de los materiales o el color es apreciable. La ensenanza de Francisco Javier Saenz de Oiza, tanto la que realizo como profesor, como la que se desprende de sus escritos, proyectos y obras, y la que surge cuando se analizan sus edificios desde un punto de vista de adecuacion bioclimatica es modelica, aunque a veces no se haya hecho explicita en toda su profundidad y contenido. Sus soluciones se dirigen a la busqueda del edificio de piel sensible, a su intencion de conseguir el control energetico y el confort fisiologico, objetivos coincidentes con las necesidades de la arquitectura actual. EnglishIt can be said that Saenz de Oiza’s thought and teaching were so rich, that each student could learn in the field that attracted him most, as well as in what we would now call bioclimatic architecture. In his notes of Health and Hygiene the title of “Bioclimate” appears already, and the chapter on “Climate and Physiology” could be part of the classic Bioclimatic Manuals. In an article it is impossible to show the actions related with this aspect in all Saenz de Oiza’s works, but some examples can be analyzed; Torres Blancas, the White City of Alcudia, the Bank of Bilbao in Madrid and the House of Juan Huarte in Formentor are discussed. His handling of the orientation and the influence of the sun, shadows, natural ventilation and wind regime, his design of the envelopes and his use of thermal inertia and properties of the materials or the color are appreciable. The lesson of Francisco Javier Saenz de Oiza, the one he made as a professor, the one that emerges from his writings, projects and works, and the one that arises when his buildings are analyzed from a bioclimatic adaptation point of view is exemplary, although sometimes it has not been made explicit in all its depth and content. His solutions are aimed at the search for the building of sensitive skin and his intention to achieve energy control and physiological comfort, objectives that matches the needs of the current architecture

The DC microgrid has become a typical distribution network due to its excellent performance. However, a well-designed protection scheme still remains a challenge for DC microgrids. At present, researches on DC microgrids primarily focus on the topology structure, control method and energy control, while researches on fault analysis, detection and isolation have not drawn enough attention. Therefore, this paper intends to depict the current research status in different relative areas and review the proposed protection strategies in order to help researchers to have a clear understanding on DC microgrid protection. Meanwhile, to solve the protection issues and promote the development of the DC microgrid, this paper points out the key areas of future research. The future protection research directions lie in the development of novel protection devices, which are based on electronic technology to provide loose protection constraints and the improvement of suitable protection schemes. In addition, the novel concept of coordinated strategy of control and protection of the DC microgrids is explained.

Hypothalamic neurons implicated in energy homeostasis (Agrp, POMC, orexin, MCH) display fast, nutrient-independent dynamics. They do not simply mirror the slowly changing internal nutrient levels, but adapt rapidly to diverse external cues. Moreover, instead of eating, neonatal Agrp cells stimulate mother-attracting vocalisations, illustrating heuristic energy control beyond nutrient sensing or dietary self-control.

Published in IFAC-PapersOnLine (51)11:758-763, 2018; International audience; This work is a positioning research paper for energy efficient building based on ICT solutions. Through the literature about the solutions for energy control of buildings during operational phase, a 3-layers model is proposed to integrate these solutions: first level consists in communication technologies, second level is about data modelling and third level is related to decision-making tools. For each level, key research topics and remaining problems are identified in order to achieve a concrete step forward. 1. CONTEXT AND PROBLEMATICS Through studies on ICT solutions for energy control of buildings, a 3-layers model is proposed to integrate these solutions and position a new way for energy efficiency. The building sector is the largest user of energy and CO 2 emitter in the EU, estimated at approximately 40% of the total consumption (Sharples et al., 1999). According to the International Panel on Climate Change (European Union, 2010), 30% of energy used in buildings could be reduced with net economic benefits by 2030. Such a reduction, however, is meaningless unless "sustainability" is considered. Because of these factors, healthy, sustainable, and energy efficient buildings have become active topics in international research; there is an urgent need for a new kind of high-technology driven and integrative research that should lead to the massive development of smart buildings and, in the medium term, smart cities. From a building lifecycle perspective, most of the energy (~80%) is consumed during the operational stage of the building (European Union, 2010) (Bilsen et al., 2013). Reducing building energy consumption may be addressed by the physical modifications which can be operated on a building like upgrading windows, heating systems or modifying thermic characteristics by insulating. Another possible path to reduce the energy consumption of a building is to use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). According to the International Panel on Climate Change, a reduction of energy even greater than the 30% can be targeted by 2030 by considering ICT solutions. In support of this claim, some specialists believe that ICT-based solutions have the potential to enable 50-80% greenhouse gas reduction globally. In this respect, ICT innovation opens prospects for the development of a new range of new services highly available, flexible, safe, easy to integrate, and user friendly (Bilsen et al., 2013). This, in turn, should foster a sophisticated, reliable and fast communication infrastructure for the connection of various distributed elements (sensors, generators, substations...) that enables to exchange real-time data, information and knowledge needed to improve efficiency (e.g., to monitor and control energy consumption), reliability (e.g., to facilitate maintenance operations), flexibility (e.g., to integrate new rules to meet new consumer expectations), and investment returns, but also to induce a shift in consumer behaviour.

Aiming at the data stream obtained in the energy control system of a cigarette factory, a data stream pattern analysis method is proposed which provides support for anomaly detection and other applications by detecting and tracking the pattern and extracting the evolution between the patterns. In this paper, the concept and definition of pattern tracking method for data streams are proposed, as well as the measurement criteria of pattern similarity. On this basis, the paper introduces in detail how to generate and cluster the hypercube grids, store the grid, generate the pattern and track the pattern on the real-time data stream. The paper also defines and describes the dynamic process of the generating, retreating, mutating, dividing and merging of the data stream pattern. The algorithm in this paper is applied to the real data stream collected in the energy control system of Ningbo cigarette factory, identifying and analyzing various feature of the data stream pattern, which can effectively describe the physical changes of the energy system.

We report our experimental observation of a single and stable defect mode arising in the non-Bragg bandgap of surface water waves by introducing a defect element into a water channel with periodically corrugated sidewalls. By investigating the existence of the non-Bragg defect mode and its frequency shifting, we find that unlike the Bragg defect mode which arises within an extended region around the Bragg gap in the spectrum, the non-Bragg type defect mode exists within a much smaller region. It is further proved by the experiments that the frequency shifting property of the defect mode in the non-Bragg gap is comparable to that of the Bragg type. The results show that the location of the defect mode in the bandgap is dependent on the length of the defect element. The ability to tune the defect modes for surface water waves would guide existing and next-generation wave energy control and coastal protection technologies.

Energy storage technology plays a role in improving new energy consumption capacities, ensuring the stable and economic operation of power systems, and promoting the widespread application of renewable energy technologies. Several new developments, ideas, approaches, and technologies have been introduced into this area from fields including materials, knowledge manage, electricity, control, and artificial intelligence. Based on the technical characteristics of renewable energy, this study reviews the roles, classifications, design optimisation methods, and applications of energy storage systems in power systems. First, we introduce the different types of energy storage technologies and applications, e.g. for utility-based power generation, transportation, heating, and cooling. Second, we briefly introduce the states of an energy storage system, along with its operation processes and energy storage capacity. Third, a comprehensive review is conducted on artificial intelligence applications in regards to optimisation system configuration, and energy control strategy, along with the applicability of different energy storage technologies. Finally, several issues and insights are discussed, offering new inspiration and concepts for the future study of integrated energy storage systems.

To describe the influence of design parameters on energy consumption, a structured information description framework oriented to energy-saving design of machinery equipment is proposed, which is composed of two sub-models: the energy consumption description model, and the design – energy consumption information correlation model. Firstly, the energy consumption composition of running procedures is analysed and the energy balance equations based on the kinetic energy theorem are built. Furthermore, a structured energy consumption description model – energy breakthrough structure (EBS) – is proposed; EBS is composed of some interrelated energy factors, and the energy factors are divided into two types: the energy element (EE) and the energy control unit (EC), where EE is the basic energy consumption description unit, and EC is the upper lower of energy factor, which is determined by the lower-level EE and EC. The relationships among energy factors can be divided into three types: Or, And, Proportional And; ...