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Well-intended policies often have negative unintended consequences if they fail to foresee the different ways in which individuals may respond to the new set of incentives. When widespread and persistent, these may lead to a net reduction of social welfare. Focusing on the case of anti-drug policies, in this paper we show that the recent unprecedented surge in the growing of illicit coca crops in Colombia was the result of a naive and untimely policy announcement during peace negotiations between the government and the FARC guerrillas. On May 2014, the parties’ peace delegations issued a press release announcing that coca-growing farmers would receive material incentives for voluntary crop substitution once a final agreement had been reached. To evaluate the anticipation effect of this announcement we exploit the cross sectional variation on both the cost advantage of growing coca (using an ecological measure of coca suitability) and the expected benefits of doing so (using a predicted measure of where the material benefits would h ave b een t argeted). Coca plantations levels remained high even after the implementation of the announced incentives’ scheme. We explain this persistence by documenting that the surge in coca growing is differentially higher in areas with presence illegal armed groups, that benefited financially from availability of a key input in the drug trade.

This paper investigates the relationships between the global oil market, stock markets, and economic policy, focusing on China and the US. We use a time-varying parameter stochastic volatility vector autoregression model to examine the transmission mechanisms between fluctuation in the global oil price, the volatility of the Chinese and US stock markets, and economic policy uncertainty in China and the US from 2003 to 2020. We observe significant correlations between the volatility of the two countries’ stock markets and fluctuation in the global oil price. Compared with the Chinese stock market, the US stock market has a greater impact on the global oil market. We also find that an increase in economic policy uncertainty in the two countries exacerbates fluctuation in the global oil price, particularly during times of crisis. In turn, greater fluctuation in the global oil price increases stock market volatility and economic policy uncertainty in both countries.

Iraq suffers from economic and social problems and challenges, the most important one which is unemployment and the weak ability to generate income and employment. The importance of the benefiting from the experiences of countries in the field of developing small projects, where the active role of the state in drawing the features of a strategy to enhance the competitive advantages of projects in an attempt to overcome the obstacles that these projects suffer from, whether in terms of administrative aspects or the absence of organizations responsible for guiding investors or in terms of commercial and technical support The financial environment and the lack of an institutional framework and an incubating legislative environment, as well as infrastructure as basic ingredients for the development of the small projects. The small projects sector has the ability to achieve economic and social benefits due to its major role in expanding the production base, diversifying sources of income, creating job opportunities for the unemployed, especially young people, and expanding the investment circle. In Iraq, we find that small and medium-sized projects that have stopped working for several reasons need great support in light of the difficult circumstances that are characterized by the instability of the economic situation and the situation in the Iraqi market of dumping various commodities, the high general level of prices, the lack of influence of the exchange rate on local prices and the lack of profitable investment opportunities The absence of credit facilities. Where all these factors combine to pose difficult challenges for owners of small and medium projects to be reflected on the Iraqi economy.

Can tax regimes shape the incentives of governments to engage in armed conflict? India’s Maoist belt contains a large share of the country’s most valuable mineral deposits. Indian mining royalties benefit the States, but they are set by the central government. States are largely responsible for counter-insurgency operations within their territory. Therefore, the royalty regime could shape the incentive of states to support counter-insurgency efforts. This paper exploits the introduction of a 10% ad valorem tax on iron ore that was responsible for a 10-fold increase in royalty collections by the affected State governments. In a panel of district-level violence outcomes between 2007 and 2013, we find that the royalty hike was followed by a significant intensification of violence in districts with iron ore deposits compared to other areas. We also show that the higher royalty rates are followed by an increase in illegal mining activity, suggesting that the control of mineral resources underpins the observed intensification in violence.

This article refers to the economic diplomacy of Türkiye and illustrates some changes during the history of the country’s political and economic diplomacy. The background of the economic diplomacy process has been clarified and detailed information has been included. Bipolar and unipolar periods are analysed within the framework of economic and political diplomacies in their natural state. The development process of the Turkish economic diplomacy strategy is identifi ed during particular periods in Turkish history. The structural transformation of Türkiye as regards its inward-oriented to outward-oriented economic policies has been evaluated. The mechanisms of Türkiye’s multi-directional foreign policy, bilateral trade, and diplomatic relations between Türkiye, the EU and other countries are examined. The role of dependence and interdependence in economics are given in the context of economic globalisation. For this research, the historical methodology has been used. It is suggested that collaborative problem solving with all the institutions involved in economic and political decisions could lead to better outcomes for the country in the international arena.

The purpose of the study is to present the history of relations between the state and big business (chaebol). The characteristic features of the change in the economic life of the Republic of Korea, related to scientific and technical progress, revolutionary processes and global challenges of the world economy are analyzed. The characteristic features of the South Korean economy are analyzed, the methods used by the state to overcome economic shocks, the role of government assistance in the field of corporate nationalization is highlighted. The methodology is based on general scientific special research methods, among which it is necessary to distinguish the dialectical method of scientific knowledge and general scientific methods of knowledge. A systematic approach was used to substantiate the patterns of development of the world economy, structural analysis (for the analysis of transformational changes in the country’s economy)..Scientific novely. The article shows that the economy of South Korea survived the economic depression, and transnational processes accelerate the transition and the formation of a total digital economy in South Korea not only in production processes, but also in all spheres of Korean society’s life and its adaptation during the Fourth Industrial Revolution. It was determined that throughout history the government of the Republic of Korea interfered in the economic activities of the state, trying to control the economy. Conclusions. It is proved that the processes of corporate transnationalization of the Korean economy played an important role in its modern formation, competitive leadership and entry into the global high-tech business environment, which resulted in the country’s rapid transition to the Fourth Industrial Revolution (digital revolution) with the integration of the latest digital technologies and their subsequent adaptation not only in the automation of production processes with minimal human intervention, but also in all spheres of life in Korean society.It is indicated that in order to apply the experience of South Korea to Ukraine, the following problems should be solved: lack of labor force reserve. a significant level of budget expenditures for social protection, an aging population, a low level of savings and a low probability of forced mobilization of funds, the political unacceptability of dictatorship and the subsequent merger of the state and big business., Метою дослідження є представлення історії відносин між державою та великим бізнесом (чеболь). Аналізуються характерні особливості ізміни в економічному житті Республіки Корея, пов’язані науково-технічним прогресом, революційними процесамита глобальними викликами світової економіки. Проаналізовано характерні риси економіки Південної Кореї, методи, які використовувала держава для виходу з економічних потрясінь, висвітлено роль допомоги з боку уряду в сфері корпоративної націоналізації. Методологія грунтується на загальнонаукових спеціальних методів дослідження, серед яких необхідно виділити діалектичний метод наукового пізнання та загальнонаукові методи пізнання. Використано системний підхід для обґрунтування закономірностей розвитку світової економіки, структурний аналіз (для аналізу трансформаційних змін в економіці країни). Наукова новизна. У статті показано, що економіка Південної Кореї пережила економічну депресію, А транснаціональні процеси пришвидшують перехід та становлення тотальної цифрової економіки у Південній Кореї не тільки у виробничих процесах, а й в усіх сферах життєдіяльності корейського суспільства та її адаптації в період Четвертої промислової революції. Визначено, що протягом усієї історії уряд Республіки Корея втручався в економічну діяльність держави, намагаючись контролювати економіку. Результати дослідження. Доведено, що процеси корпоративної транснаціоналізації корейської економіки відіграли важливу роль у сучасному її становленні, конкурентному лідерстві та входженні в глобальне високотехнологічне бізнес середовище, що вилилося в швидкий перехід країни до Четвертої промислової революції (цифрова революція) з інтеграцією новітніх цифрових технологій та подальшою їхньою адаптацією не лише в автоматизацію процесів виробництва з мінімальним втручанням людини, а й в усі сфери життя корейського суспільства. Вказується, що для застосування досвіду Південної Кореї Україні слід вирішити наступні проблеми: відсутність резерву робочої сили. Значний рівень бюджетних видатків на соціальний захист, старіння населення, низький рівень заощаджень і низька імовірність примусової мобілізації коштів, політична неприйнятність диктатури та подальшого зрощення держави і великого бізнесу.

This major paper examines the Cuban embargo as an ineffective hard power policy and explores the potential of soft, hard, and smart power as alternative approaches to resolve the failures of the 60-year-old blockade. The paper analyzes the historical context and rationale behind the embargo and assesses its impact on Cuban-American relations, regional stability, and U.S. national interests. The study argues that the embargo has failed to achieve its intended goals and has instead perpetuated a cycle of hostility, isolation, and human rights abuses. By drawing on the theoretical frameworks of soft, hard, and smart power, the paper presents policy recommendations for engaging with Cuba and promoting positive change. These alternatives include diplomatic engagement, economic incentives, cultural diplomacy, and people-to-people exchanges. The study concludes that the current embargo policy is outdated, counterproductive, and inconsistent with modern conceptions of international politics. A smarter approach is needed to address the complex issues and opportunities presented by Cuba and the wider region and to promote U.S. interests and values in a more constructive and effective manner.

El artículo analiza la evolución histórica de la inversión pública y la restricción presupuestaria en la infraestructura de transporte en Colombia durante el periodo 1960-2011, mediante la identificación de los periodos de ajustes fiscales y su relación con la evolución de la inversión en dicho sector. La finalidad es conocer las causas del deterioro progresivo en la inversión de infraestructura del sector transporte a partir del análisis de variables macroeconómicas y política económica para el sector durante el periodo de investigación. La metodología aplicada se inscribe en la complementariedad del análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de variables macroeconómicas que, junto con el análisis histórico de adopción de política económica para el sector, arroja un diagnostico integral sobre la situación actual del transporte en Colombia. The article analyzes the historical evolution of public investment and the budget constraint in transport infrastructure in Colombia during the period 1960-2011 by identifying periods of fiscal adjustment and its relationship to the evolution of investment in this sector. The purpose is to understand the causes of the progressive deterioration of infrastructure investment in the transport sector from the analysis of macroeconomic variables and economic policy for the sector during the period of investigation.The methodology is part of the complementarity of quantitative and qualitative analysis of macroeconomic variables with the historical analysis of economic policy making for the sector, resulting in a comprehensive diagnosis of the current situation in Colombia transport.

El bienestar, sus componentes y determinantes han retomado importancia en la teoría económica, y se han convertido en un tema actual y significativo. Por ello, este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer el impacto de tres variables económicas del bienestar objetivo en la felicidad (bienestar subjetivo) de los individuos, en el ámbito urbano. A través de un modelo de regresión logística aplicado a datos de la ciudad de Montevideo, se pudo observar que existe una relación significativa entre el ingreso, la riqueza y el desempleo de un individuo con la probabilidad de que se autoproclame feliz (positiva en los dos primeros casos y negativa en el tercero). Los resultados obtenidos permiten asistir a la construcción de política pública en lo que respecta a la relevancia de las variables consideradas. The well-being, its components, and determinants have regained importance in the economic theory. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the impact of three economic variables of the objective well-being on happiness (subjective well-being) of the individuals at an urban environment. Through a logistic regression model applied to data from Montevideo city, it was observed a significant relationship between income, wealth, and unemployment of a person and the probability to self-report as happy (positive in the first and second cases and negative in the third). Results allow to assist in the construction of public policy with respect to the relevance of the variables considered.

Large migrant inflows have spurred anti-immigrant sentiment, but can small inflows have a different impact? We exploit the redistribution of migrants after the dismantling of the “Calais Jungle” in France to study the impact of the exposure to few migrants, which we estimate using difference-in-differences and instrumental variables. We find that in the presence of a migrant center (CAO), the growth rate of vote shares for the main far-right party (Front National (FN), our proxy for anti-immigrant sentiment) between 2012 and 2017 is reduced by about 12 percentage points. This effect, which crucially depends on the inflow's size, points toward the contact hypothesis (Allport, 1954).

The processes of objectively conditioned integration in the economic, political, legal, and institutional spheres of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) Member States took place step by step, starting from preferential trade agreements, passing to the customs union, the common market and other stages of integration. This process is accompanied by the gradual deepening of trade liberalization with potential partners. The selection of potential partners should be carried out through a comprehensive and detailed analysis of the structure and volumes of foreign trade of the EEU Member States (Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia) with third parties, their markets structure, existing customs regulation, trade barriers, and possible export potential. The research evaluated the EEU's possible enlargement effects on the Member States' economic indicators. The research aimed to assess the possible consequences of EEU expansion and signing free trade agreements, considering Pakistan, Korea, and Malaysia as potential trade partners. Modeling the effect of an FTA assumes horizontal zeroing of tariffs between partners. Then, using the GTAP model, a new state of general equilibrium was calculated corresponding to the changed parameters of customs and tariff regulation. In this case, most variables, such as change in GDP, production output, and export-import volumes, were estimated, manifesting the economic effect of trade liberalization.

The coronavirus outbreak in 2020 shattered economies, public health and public well-being worldwide literally overnight. In response to the pandemic, most countries implemented a delicate balance of policy stringency and economic support to ensure public health, social security and a vibrant economy. With the pandemic slowly phasing out, our article explores the effectiveness of various governmental strategies for ensuring economic growth. The proposed econometric model is tested using panel quarterly data for 49 (37 OECD þ 12 non-OECD) countries for all four quarters of 2020 and the first quarter of 2021. Our findings show that policy stringency and economic support are both negatively associated with economic growth. We also find that the stringency was largely responsive, oriented to preventing the collapse of health systems after infections had already become widespread, not towards saving human lives by preventing soaring levels of infection. While our findings appear to lend support for the view that a trade-off between human lives and the economy was inevitable, we also challenge this view by evidence that some countries were able to secure a double dividend of maintaining public health and a vibrant economy by a prudent farsighted stringency policy of preventing the virus outbreak.

Local control of land-use regulation creates a not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) problem that can suppress housing construction, contributing to rising prices and potentially slowing economic growth. I study how increased local control affects housing production by exploiting a common electoral reform—changing from “at-large” to “ward” elections for town council. These reforms, which are not typically motivated by housing markets, shrink each representative's constituency from the entire town to one ward. Results from a variety of difference-in-differences estimators show that this decentralization decreases housing units permitted by 20%, with similar effects on multi- and single-family permits. Effects are larger in whiter and higher-income towns.

The Russian economy has encountered substantial exchange rate volatility due to many endogenous and exogenous shocks, including the adoption of different exchange rate systems, the global financial crisis, sanctions, and the COVID pandemic. The economy has long experience with a managed floating exchange rate system, which motivates us to investigate the exchange rate response to domestic economic policy uncertainty, incorporating oil prices and the trade volume under different economic circumstances. We apply quantile-based time-series approaches to deal with extreme values. Our empirical investigation demonstrates that the local currency appreciates in response to increased Russian economic policy uncertainty under different quantiles of the managed floating exchange rate, but it depreciates under most quantiles in a floating exchange rate period. Our findings confirm that the Russian currency appreciates with the rise in international oil prices and trade as Russia is an oil-exporting country. Moreover, the findings are robust under the quantile-on-quantile approach. © 2021 The Authors Russian Science Foundation, RSF: 19-18-00262 This study was supported by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation , Code: 19-18-00262 . “Empirical modelling of balanced technological and socioeconomic development in the Russian regions”.

Purpose: This paper aims to test the accuracy of some Machine Learning (ML) models in forecasting inflation in the case of Turkey and to give a new and also complementary approach to time series models. Methods: This paper forecasts inflation in Turkey by using time-series and machine learning (ML) models. The data is spanning from the period 2006:M1 to 2020:M12. Findings: According to our findings, although the linear-based Ridge and Lasso regression algorithms perform worse than the VAR model, the multilayer perceptron algorithm gives satisfactory results that are close to the results of the time series algorithm. In this direction, non-linear machine learning models are thought to be a reliable complementary method for estimating inflation in emerging economies. It is also predicted that it can be considered as an alternative method as the amount of data and computational power increase. Implication: The findings are expected to be useful as a guide for central banks and policy-makers in emerging economies with volatile inflation rates. Originality: We evaluate the forecasting performance of ML models against each other and a time series model, and investigate possible improvements upon the naive model. So, this is the first study in the field, which uses both linear and nonlinear ML methods to make a comparison with the time series inflation forecasts for Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Many companies are forced to restructure themselves by right sizing due to unexpected fall in demand for their products and services created by the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID 19 not only affected the health of human beings but also their wealth across the world. Global economic parameters are showing a sign of positive growth with decreased number of COVID 19 cases across the world. Many companies are in a dilemma to rehire their former employees or to hire the new candidates to meet the increased demand. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of study are i) to analyze the key drivers for boomerang hiring and ii) to develop a conceptual process for boomerang hiring. METHODS: An exploratory methodology was designed to identify the key drivers of boomerang hiring by studying the various successful stories of those companies which had rehired their former employees. Various papers were reviewed to develop the process for boomerang hiring. RESULTS: Study showed that knowledge about the culture of the company, cost of hiring, morale booster for the existing employees, and customer retention, are the key drivers for boomerang hiring. This hiring process requires special skills from HR Managers, as this decision will impact long term success of the company. CONCLUSION: The process of boomerang hiring cannot be standardized as each organization culture is different and companies cannot have the same strategy for each candidate as every individual is different. Boomerang hiring will work as the right strategy during pandemic situation as former employees would have built relations with the customers. The customers will be happy to see the former employees who had served them better.

Submitted by Renato Lourenço (renato.lourenco@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2022-07-05T17:10:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) The political economy of the Workers' Party.pdf: 248741 bytes, checksum: 41ec2ea14f70fded13f16d3e3ac7318b (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Renato Lourenço (renato.lourenco@fjp.mg.gov.br) on 2022-09-15T16:28:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) The political economy of the Workers' Party.pdf: 248741 bytes, checksum: 41ec2ea14f70fded13f16d3e3ac7318b (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2022-09-15T16:28:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) The political economy of the Workers' Party.pdf: 248741 bytes, checksum: 41ec2ea14f70fded13f16d3e3ac7318b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022 Fundação João Pinheiro O artigo procura entender os principais determinantes da trajetória política-econômica seguida pelos governos do Partido dos Trabalhadores no Brasil. O período foi caracterizado por avanços significativos nas condições sociais, mas os governos falharam em avançar reformas sociais estratégicas, em reduzir as altas taxas de juros e em adotar uma política industrial coerente. As políticas adotadas conduziram, ao final do período, a uma profunda crise econômica, um componente central do impasse político subsequente. O artigo adota uma abordagem centrada no institucionalismo histórico, estabelecendo um diálogo com teorias que enfatizam o papel dos constrangimentos internacionais, a institucionalização do sistema partidário e a influência das ideias e dos grupos de interesse. A principal contribuição é oferecer uma interpretação que, integrando fatores econômicos, políticos e institucionais, contribui para o entendimento das principais decisões de política econômica. The article intends to understand key features of the economic policy trajectory followed by the Workers’ Party governments in Brazil. The period was characterized by advances in social conditions, but the governments failed to advance key social reforms, reduce high interest rates or pursue a coherent industrial policy. The policies adopted led to a deep economic crisis, a key component of the subsequent political impasse. The article adopts a historical-institutionalist approach, establishing a dialogue with theories that deal with the role of international constraints, the institutionalization of the party system, economic ideas and the influence of interest groups. The main contribution is to provide an interpretation which, by integrating economic, political and institutional factors, significantly adds to the understanding of key economic policy decisions. Governo e Política

Regional scholars have broadly studied the role of economic structure in shielding a community from economic shocks. This research has generally involved comparing diversity against specialization. This study compares differences within varying degrees of economic diversity in Canadian cities. Canada has received very little attention in this field despite the importance this knowledge could provide in shaping Canadian economic policy. This paper aims to fill in this gap by analyzing the role economic diversity played in acting as a structural buffer to the COVID-19-induced economic shock. This analysis is done utilizing a Herfindahl Hirschman Index to measure economic diversity and explore its relationship with unemployment in 24 Canadian cities between 2019 and 2021. This paper finds that both regions with a high and low degree of economic diversity experienced a similar level of unemployment.

Provides information about the resources produced by U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration. These resources cover energy statistics for U.S., states, the United States, and foreign countries. They also cover energy products as varied as coal, natural gas, nuclear energy, petroleum, and renewable energy.

This file contains the raw data for the publication "The Federal Reserve’s Response to the Global Financial Crisis and its Effects: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis of the Impact of its Quantitative Easing Programs" by A. C. Kamkoum, 2023.

This file contains the R codes for all the figures and tables (model estimation results) in the publication "The Federal Reserve’s Response to the Global Financial Crisis and its Effects: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis of the Impact of its Quantitative Easing Programs" by A. C. Kamkoum, 2023.

Автор исследует влияние неопределённости экономической политики на инвестиционные решения в Китае и России. Обе страны являются важными акторами мировой экономики и привлекают значительные объёмы иностранных инвестиций. Однако неопределённость экономической политики может повлиять на решения инвесторов о вложении средств в ту или иную страну. В статье рассматриваются различные факторы, которые способны создать неопределённость в экономической политике обоих государств, включая изменения в налоговой, валютной политике, правовой системе и торговых отношениях. Анализируются последствия такой неопределённости для инвестиций, включая снижение уверенности инвесторов, увеличение рисков и затруднения в планировании на долгосрочную перспективу. Автор статьи выделяет особенности экономической политики Китая и России, оценивает уровень неопределённости, с которым сталкиваются инвесторы, и анализирует реакцию инвестиционного сообщества на неё. Также рассматривается роль правительства в устранении или снижении неопределённости экономической политики и стимулировании инвестиций. Работа основана на анализе экономических данных, статистических показателей и итогов предшествующих исследований в данной области. Результаты и выводы статьи представляют собой практические рекомендации, в том числе для улучшения инвестиционного климата в Китае и России, включая меры, направленные на снижение неопределённости и повышение привлекательности для иностранных инвесторов., The article explores the influence of the economic policy uncertainty on investment decisions in China and Russia. Both countries are important actors in the global economy and attract significant amounts of foreign investment. However, uncertainty in the economic policy can influence the decision of investors. The author explores various factors that can create uncertainty in the economic policies of both countries, including changes in tax regulation, monetary policy, legal system and trade relations. The article also analyzes the impact of such uncertainty on investment, including reduced investor confidence, increased risks and difficulties in long-term planning. The author highlights the features of China and Russia’s economic policy, assesses the level of uncertainty faced by investors, and analyzes the response of the investment community to such uncertainty. The role of government in removing or reducing economic policy uncertainty and stimulating investment is also considered. The study is based on an analysis of economic data, statistical indicators and previous studies in this field. The article's findings and conclusions provide practical suggestions and recommendations for improving the investment climate in China and Russia, including measures aimed at reducing uncertainty and increasing attractiveness to foreign investors.

Economic conditions are well-recognised as key drivers of health and wellbeing inequalities. There is considerable interest in using major income supplementation policies (MISPs) such as Universal Basic Income to reduce such inequalities. Evaluating such interventions is challenging because they give rise to cascades of complex causal, temporal, and spatial effect dynamics. We aim to overcome some of these challenges by applying a systems lens to the problem, building towards two planned future studies: 1) evaluating the introduction of a Minimum Income Guarantee (MIG) in Scotland; and 2) using policy modelling to explore potential health and health inequalities impacts of a range of MISPs. As development work towards this future research, we will complete four work packages (WPs). Our co-produced outputs from development work will include scoping reports, systems maps, and an evaluability report for MIG, all of which will be disseminated to relevant stakeholders. We are funded by NIHR (grant number NIHR154243).

Analysis of the international implications of public expenditure and tax policies began in earnest in the mid-1980s and has since become a major line of research in public sector economics. The literature on international tax and expenditures issues is now so large and varied that a single chapter cannot begin to do it justice. Chapter 29 focuses on two of the main lines of research in the literature, both concerning taxation: (1) the taxation of mobile capital and (2) the ways in which multinational enterprises can exploit differences in nations’ tax policies to reduce their tax liabilities. The main goal is to highlight the models used to explore these issues. A number of excellent surveys of the broader literature already exist and are noted in the chapter.

In der Analyse werden Gründe für die verhältnismäßig hohe Widerstandsfähigkeit der russischen Wirtschaft 2022 untersucht. Die grundlegenden Faktoren werden im Verhalten der Unternehmen ausgemacht, die die Folgen des abrupten Abbruchs wirtschaftlicher Beziehungen mit Industrieländern gemildert haben. Gleichzeitig zeigt sich, dass der versperrte Zugang zu Technologien für Unternehmen und der Rückgang der Nachfrage Chancen für wirtschaftliche Entwicklung blockieren.

Combining formal democracy, neoliberal capitalism, and conservative Islam, the Justice and Development Party (AKP) transformed state-society relations in Turkey dramatically after its first electoral victory in 2002. Yet the elections to be held on 14 May 2023 might mark the end of an era defined as the "New Turkey" by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan himself. There are three key catalysts here. Until recently, AKP pursued an economic growth model that brought together a ruling bloc consisting of various social forces and state actors. Simultaneously, it reproduced mass consent leading to consecutive electoral victories. Yet, the current economic crisis makes the maintenance of the incumbent party's electoral support extremely difficult. On 6 February, southern Turkey was struck by the deadliest earthquakes in the country's history. The government's highly politicised yet wholly inadequate management of the crisis exacerbated the earthquakes' adverse effects, harming Erdoğan's image and posing another challenge for the ruling coalition in the upcoming elections. Despite Erdoğan's frequent attempts to sow discord among his critics, the opposition seems to have learnt its lesson from past mistakes, uniting behind the main oppositional candidate, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, who will significantly challenge the ruling coalition. The response of European politicians to Turkey's increasing authoritarianism in the recent past has not gone beyond expressing "deep concerns," focusing on short-term interests such as the containment of refugee flows and pursuing a transactional relationship with the incumbent president. The upcoming elections are a watershed moment for Turkey's threatened democratic institutions. European governments need to reconsider their approach, since a rules-based mode of engagement would benefit both the European Union and Turkish society in the long run.

This article contains an explanation of Islamic Finance in the USA, Islamic Finance in Canada, and Indonesia-US Economic Ties.

This project contains the data and code for the publication "The Federal Reserve’s Response to the Global Financial Crisis and its Effects: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis of the Impact of its Quantitative Easing Programs" by A. C. Kamkoum, 2023.

Nach wie vor herrscht große Skepsis in Bezug auf die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung. Zwei Drittel der Bevölkerung rechnen für die nächsten 12 Monate mit einer schwachen wirtschafflichen Entwicklung. Mittlerweile gehen auch 67 Prozent davon aus, dass sich ihre eigene Lage verschlechtern wird. Die aktuelle Bilanz der eigenen wirtschaftlichen Lage zeigt, dass die Auswirkungen der Krise auf die Bevölkerung wachsen, sich bisher aber noch in Grenzen halten: Der Anteil der Bevölkerung, der mit der eigenen wirtschaftlichen Lage zufrieden ist, hat sich seit 2021 von 53 auf 45 Prozent verringert; der Anteil, der die eigene Lage als schlecht beschreibt, ist seit 2020 von 8 auf 12 Prozent angestiegen. Die Einschätzung der Energieversorgung hingegen entspannt sich. Noch vor 2 Monaten rechnete die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung für den Winter mit einer ernsten Energiekrise. Aktuell befürchten das nur noch 27 Prozent. Auch das Risiko von Stromausfällen wird eher als gering eingeschätzt. Sorgen, dass die eigene Energieversorgung in den nächsten Monaten nicht gesichert sein könnte, sind geradezu erdrutschartig verfallen: Im Juli fürchteten 61 Prozent um die Sicherheit ihrer eigenen Versorgung, aktuell nur noch 30 Prozent. 44 Prozent sind mittlerweile völlig unbesorgt. Die Belastung durch Inflation wird als stark wahrgenommen, die Inflationserwartungen sind aber rückläufig. Die große Mehrheit (69 Prozent) empfindet die Preissteigerungen nach wie vor als starke Belastung, besonders die Preissteigerungen bei Lebensmitteln und Energie. 51 Prozent der Bürger und Bürgerinnen müssen sich aufgrund der hohen Inflation erheblich einschränken, wobei diese Zwänge extrem schichtgebunden sind (schwächere soziale Schichten 75 Prozent, höhere 25 Prozent). Die überwältigende Mehrheit der Bevölkerung geht davon aus, dass die Inflation kein vorübergehendes Phänomen ist. Die Sorge, dass auch die nächsten Monate von einem starken Preisanstieg geprägt sein werden, geht jedoch zurück: Vor einem halben Jahr rechneten 50 Prozent mit einer fortgesetzten hohen Inflation, aktuell 41 Prozent.

This analysis replicates the results of the first analysis under this project and extends it in a few ways.

Law 19,172 regulates the cannabis market in Uruguay in a comprehensive format, throughout the national jurisdiction and with strong state control. One of its main objectives is to reduce the illegal cannabis market. So far there is little information on whether the regulation had impacted on the illegal market. Experiences with the legalization of tobacco and gambling show that legal markets do not necessarily supplant illegal ones (Spapens, 2014; National Research Council, 2015), or at least not immediately. This project deepens the understanding of the changes in the cannabis market since the introduction of the regulation, under the assumption that this regulatory change has had consequences on both the behavior of consumers and suppliers. To do this, it uses a mixed methods approach that combines information collected with: 1) a survey of frequent cannabis users that makes up the third round of a panel started in 2014, 2) in-depth interviews with key informants, and 3) in-depth interviews with frequent cannabis users. By doing this, we will describe the evolution of consumers networks and suppliers of cannabis, which are the main ways of access and networks for users, who are the suppliers in the cannabis market (in the legal, ilegal and gray ones), and how these have changed before and after the cannabis regulation was implemented. Our hypothesis is that the regulation decreased the illegal market, generated a legal market but also a gray market, and these markets are unevenly distributed among users of different socioeconomic levels. If the implementation of the law does not allow equal access for all consumers, it is highly probable that those with more difficulties to access the legal market, will remain in the illegal one.

актуальность статьи обусловлена неразработанностью методики экономико-правового анализа для целей формирования надлежащей научной основы совершенствования института правового регулирования в области экономики, в том числе в сфере организации особых правовых режимов хозяйствования. Цель статьи состоит в установлении взаимосвязи экономической и правовой политики в области организации особых режимов осуществления предпринимательской деятельности и выявления перспектив ее дальнейшего укрепления. Поставленные задачи были решены с использованием общенаучных методов (анализа, синтеза, формальнологического, системно-структурного методов) и формально-юридического метода. Посредством анализа действующих нормативных правовых актов Российской Федерации, регулирующих особые правовые режимы хозяйствования, и их проектов автор пришел к выводу о целесообразности создания единого закона, систематизирующего правила формирования и функционирования особых режимов осуществления хозяйственной деятельности, определяя это как одно из перспективных направлений нормотворческой политики и научных исследований в области правового регулирования экономических отношений. Установлена необходимость проведения дальнейших научных исследований, направленных на выявление путей консолидации экономической и правовой политики как в рассматриваемой области, так и в целом, поскольку только надлежащим образом разработанный метод экономико-правового анализа может обеспечить выявление путей совершенствования института особых правовых режимов хозяйствования., the relevance of the article is due to the undeveloped methodology of economic and legal analysis for the purpose of forming a proper scientific basis for improving the institute of legal regulation in the field of economics, including in the field of organization of special legal regimes of economic management. The purpose of the article is to establish the relationship between economic and legal policy in the field of the organization of special regimes of entrepreneurial activity and to identify prospects for its further strengthening. The tasks were solved using general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, formal-logical, system-structural method) and formal-legal method. By analyzing the current regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation regulating special legal regimes of economic activity and their projects, the author came to the conclusion that it is expedient to create a single law systematizing the rules for the formation and functioning of special regimes of economic activity, defining it as one of the promising areas of normative policy and scientific research in the field of legal regulation of economic relations. The necessity of carrying out further scientific research aimed at identifying ways to consolidate economic and legal policy both in the field under consideration and in general is established, since only a properly developed method of economic and legal analysis can provide identification of ways to improve the institution of special legal economic regimes.

This article introduces educational human resource researchers to Minnesota’s unique tax-base sharing program in the Twin Cities metro region. It also introduces a social justice methodology called cooperation analysis for school finance research, and specif- ically its concept of structural justice. It applies cooperation analysis to tax-base sharing in the Twin Cities metro region, focusing on human resource expenditure and overall indicators. The analysis finds that the Twin Cities metro region has the highest overall co- operation of any metro region in relevant datasets and the second highest cooperation in human resource expenditure, making it a model to highlight and replicate nationally. However, the analysis also finds that overall cooperation around resource distribution need not imply cooperation in resource expenditure, specifically on human resources. Furthermore, tax-base sharing does not impact cooperation with respect to student population imbalance, nor does it mitigate expropriation with respect to district debt service, trapping the regions’ districts in cycles of austerity.

This file contains the coded data for the publication "The Federal Reserve’s Response to the Global Financial Crisis and its Effects: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis of the Impact of its Quantitative Easing Programs" by A. C. Kamkoum, 2023.

This article contains an explanation of Islamic Finance in the USA, Islamic Finance in Canada, and Indonesia-US Economic Ties.

Nearly a year after its formation, the Nation Alliance, consisting of six opposition par­ties ("Table of Six"), finally started to act like a full-fledged electoral alliance against the ruling bloc under President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The six opposition leaders have long been criticised for failing to take concrete steps towards embodying a viable po­lit­ical alternative to the People’s Alliance of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) since they publicly signed the joint manifesto for Turkey’s transition into the "Strengthened Parliamentary System" in February 2022. Although the alliance has yet to announce its joint presidential can­didate, it has manifested an unprecedentedly comprehensive joint platform in nine policy areas, including the rule of law, public administration, social policy, economy, and foreign policy. The 200-page joint document provides a comprehensive overview of what changes Turkey can be expected to go through in the short and medium terms should the Nation Alliance manage to defeat President Erdoğan's ruling bloc in the up­coming elections, which will probably take place on 14 May 2023. Even though it would not immediately offer a solution to various issues in Turkey-EU relations, a pos­sible opposition victory could bring bilateral relations back to an institutional frame­work, whereby both parties can cooperate in a productive way to work out their problems and focus on common interests. (Autorenreferat)

The portability of pension rights is an increasingly important issue in the Caribbean. The large and increasing flows of migrant workers, including both permanent and temporary migrants, the small size of the domestic economies and the process of regional integration and economic openness call for effective means to make pensions portable. This document presents a select survey of the literature on pension portability and reviews the progress made by the Caribbean countries as well as some remaining challenges in the light of the international experience.

This project contains the data and code for the publication "The Federal Reserve's Response to the Global Financial Crisis and Its Long-Term Impact: An Interrupted Time-Series Natural Experimental Analysis" by A. C. Kamkoum, 2023.

Investment incentives were originally created particularly to support the inflow of foreign capital into transforming economies. Today, they are also available in the developed countries of Western Europe, where they no longer fulfil their primary function but have become a standard and popular economic policy tool allowing the government to emphasise its impact on the country’s positive economic development (e.g., falling unemployment and reductions in unemployment benefits or recovery of public finance). Like any comprehensive system, the system of investment incentives has its supporters and opponents who cannot agree on their justification. The question is, whether they are efficient from the point of view of the government, as their provider. This is even more prevalent if the given investment was realised without investment support. Using the data of investment incentives provided by CzechInvest and selected macroeconomic indicators (Czech Statistical Office), as well as regression analysis of time series dependences, the aim of this paper is to verify the impact of investment supported by incentives (independent variables) on the macroeconomic climate of the Czech Republic (dependent variables) from 1998 to 2019. Based on the research findings, investment incentives cannot be described as an effective economic policy tool that clearly leads to the regions’ economic development. They contribute to an inflow of investments into (not only) structurally problematic regions (i.e., with higher unemployment or a lower economic level), but the positive impact of these investments on the macroeconomic climate is statistically negligible – not only at the regional level (NUTS 3), but also at the level of the whole economy (NUTS 1). In addition, the question remains as to whether or not the supported investments in the given region would have been implemented without the possibility of using incentives.

Context: Against a backdrop of dwindling oil resources and increasing unemployment rates, the government of Oman has set out to diversify its industry and establish a knowledge-based economy. In this context, forming a highly-skilled Omani workforce is considered to be of crucial importance. Yet, the national TVET system suffers from low social status, poor quality, and limited labour market connectivity. This paper offers an analysis of Oman's TVET system in the socio-economic and cultural context of a rentier state. Approach: We draw on the political economy of skills and socio-cultural approaches that understand TVET systems and the broader skills regimes in which they are embedded as part and expression of particular patterns of the social organisation of work. This helps to locate TVET systems' strengths and weaknesses in the context of their underlying social relations instead of considering them as mere dysfunctionalities at the systemic level. This paper draws on an unpublished study on TVET for industrialisation commissioned by an Omani line ministry in cooperation with an international organisation. For this study, the authors carried out a literature review, undertook two field trips to Oman in 2018 and 2019 and conducted forty semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from government, private companies, business associations, and TVET and higher education institutions. Findings: Our analysis highlights how skill formation in Oman is shaped by the socio-economic and cultural context of the Omani rentier state. First, the availability of cheap expatriate labour and Omanis' traditional preference for public sector jobs culminate in poor incentives for employing Omani nationals in the private sector. Second, reluctant employer attitudes towards national skill formation deepen quality issues in the TVET system, especially with regard to work-based training. This reinforces negative perceptions of the local workforce, which in turn contribute to biased employment patterns. Both social processes mutually reinforce each other, eventually preventing the emergence of strong national skill formation dynamics. Conclusions: While immediate structural change appears challenging, it is evident that reforms of the TVET system alone will not lead to its sustainable improvement. More research into how skill formation relates to Oman's specific socio-economic structures, how employment dynamics relate to educational credentials and how cultural traditions shape educational and work practices is needed.

A growing literature has identified a coherent economic model associated with populist governments in Central and Eastern Europe. This model runs counter to some aspects of the former neoliberal consensus in the region and to established theories of good governance. Considering three cases which are representative of these developments – Poland (since 2015), Hungary (since 2010), and Romania (2016–19) – we argue that a major unexplained puzzle is the relatively good economic performance of such governments. We develop three interrelated explanations for this apparent puzzle and test them using quantitative data. First, macroeconomic data show that the populist rhetoric of these parties is not associated with classical macroeconomic populism. Second, government accounting data show that public spending has been targeted towards specific groups and has not led to increasing tax burdens. Third, firm-level data on business confidence and institutional perceptions show no obvious negative effects associated with these governments.

The main goal of this article is to examine whether shocks had a permanent or temporary effect on international tourist arrivals in Morocco for its top 8 source countries. For this purpose, we apply the linearity test and the linear and nonlinear unit root tests. The results show that the series with linear characteristics are tourist arrivals from the UK and US and those with nonlinear characteristics are tourist arrivals from Belgium, France, Spain, Italy, Netherlands, and Germany. The unit root tests reject the null hypothesis of a nonstationarity in tourist arrivals from all countries except Germany. The implication of these findings is that the shocks had a temporary effect on tourism arrivals from seven markets to Morocco. Therefore, Morocco's tourism sector is a sustainable industry as external shocks have not had long-term disruption in the flow of tourist arrivals.

The food bank has become a charitable safety-net for those who have been failed by the social security system in times of austerity and during the Covid-19 pandemic. In this article we evidence the rise of food banking in the context of declining social security, examining the decade of austerity in the UK and the Covid-19 period. We also contextualise the process of normalisation of food banks as a new safety-net in a reduced welfare state. We argue that the welfare state has failed to address a fundamental ‘Want’ – namely, food security.

This study analyzes the infuence of directors with political connections on corpo‑ rate social responsibility (CSR). Using a sample of Spanish savings banks (cajas) during the period 2004–2013, we analyze the infuence of political directors on the CSR of these entities, focusing on their ideology and regional identity. Our results indicate that the higher the proportion of directors with political ties on the board, the greater the allocation of resources to CSR activities. In addition to this positive efect of board politicization, we fnd that political directors’ liberal ideology posi‑ tively afects CSR, both directly and in moderating the relationship between political directors and CSR. Our results also validate that political directors’ regional iden‑ tity boosts the positive efect they have on CSR. Finally, we encounter various dif‑ ferences depending on the nature of the projects funded through CSR. Therefore, our study demonstrates the importance of delving into the characteristics of political directors to elucidate their efects on corporate policies., Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature. This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Grant ECO201785356), the UAM - Comunidad de Madrid (SI3-PJI-2021-00276) and it benefted from the Professorship Excellence Program in accordance with the multi-year agreement signed by the Government of Madrid and the Autonomous University of Madrid (Line #3).

Problem statement. Taxes as an economic concept have two meanings. First, they are the financial basis for the existence of the state, the basis for the development of all spheres, and the performance of various functions by the state. Second, the income of legal entities and individuals is redistributed through taxes. Therefore, the use of taxes and their administration affects not only each business entity or individual but also all social groups. Other countries have experience in the formation and implementation of tax policy, which can be implemented in domestic practice to improve relations between the state and business entities in taxation.Recent research and publications analysis. A number of scientists in their works study the foreign experience of the state in the taxation sphere, in particular, they pay attention to the problems of tax harmonization for certain types of taxes. A number of scientists have studied the contradictions and prospects of tax harmonization for certain EU member states. Many pieces of research of domestic scientists are also devoted to the problems of adaptation of tax legislation and tax policy to the requirements of the European Union. The entrepreneurial development contributes to the processes of formation and strengthening of the middle class in the country, which is an imperative of time for Ukraine. Western countries have made an evolutionary way of middle-class formation based on entrepreneurial development. Support of entrepreneurial development is not only an economic but also a social and political task to strengthen the state.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. It is important to consider the processes of the formation and implementation of tax policy in terms of stimulating economic activities of business entities. Such researches and implementation of their results in practice lead to additional impetus in connection with the signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union. Paper main body. Taking into account the general EU legislation during the formation and implementation of tax policy in Ukraine will help to prepare the country for European integration and increase the effectiveness of cooperation between the state and business entities. Provisions on the state support for entrepreneurial development are provided in particular by Articles 379, 383, and 404 of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, according to which the parties shall cooperate to: promote the development of innovation policy through exchange of information and best practices.Stimulating economic activities of business entities in European countries is multifaceted; considerable attention is paid to the problems of small and medium business development. A key document on EU policy in the area of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is the Small Business Act for Europe, by which EU countries are guided. The implementation of this document is facilitated by the European Small and Medium Business Support Program “Competitiveness of Enterprises and Small and Medium-sized Enterprises” (COSME). Ukraine officially joined this program in 2016. European researchers have found out that SMEs face higher costs than large enterprises. The following recommendations prevail over those developed for the governments of certain EU member states to reduce the total costs for administering corporate taxes (Total Enterprise Tax Compliance Costs): reducing the frequency of changes in the tax legislation, disseminating clearer and more timely tax accounting guidelines, using online platforms for consulting and tax payments, etc.The European Small Business Portal is a positive foreign example of supporting SMEs through information on potential financial opportunities. It provides information on the types and conditions of obtaining financial support for different areas of business activities in the EU as a whole. Similar business activities support systems operate at the level of individual countries. Implementation of the state support policy for producers in the EU is aimed at achieving different goals, including promoting economic growth without distorting significantly the competition. Over the last few years, the EU member states have tended to increase the role of tax support for innovation activities and reduce the role of other types of government assistance for research, development, and innovation. Some EU states supplement the standard list of tax instruments to stimulate innovation activities with additional benefits that can be provided to low-income companies. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The analyzed European experience makes it possible to identify certain trends in the formation of tax policy instruments aimed at intensifying the activities of business entities. First, they focus on simplifying the conditions for entrepreneurship, especially SMEs. Second, tax legislation is being harmonized in the EU member states, although the new EU members observe some negative economic consequences of this process. Third, specific recommendations have been developed for a number of countries to improve tax policy, including reducing the variability of tax legislation, disseminating tax accounting guidance, etc. Fourth, preferential taxation is aimed at, first of all, stimulating the innovation activities of business entities.

Brexit repatriates agriculture policy and subsidies after over 40 years of determination by the European Commission. The paper starts by describing the baseline at Brexit, noting the relatively small economic contribution, the problems of competitiveness given the UK’s geology and geography, and the poor environmental outcomes. The scope for improvement is correspondingly large, and in particular through the impacts of the new agricultural policy based upon public money for public goods and for England, the Environmental Land Management Schemes. Larger and more long-term impacts will come through new trade agreements, through new technologies, including digitalization, robotics, and genetics, and through carbon farming and offsets. Finally, the paper sets out a framework for a future assessment of the impact of Brexit.