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This review paper focuses on the application of forensic science in latent fingerprint detection by the usage of distinct nanomaterials and their benefits with respect to the quality of fingerprint images. The advantages and important results of studies conducted on latent fingerprint detection with various nanomaterials which include metal nanoparticles, metallic oxide nanoparticles, semiconductor quantum dots, carbon dots, polymer dots, fluorescent silica nanoparticles, fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles, fluorescent silica nanoparticles, conjugated-polyelectrolyte dots, aggregation–induced emission luminogens molecule incorporated nanomaterials and uncommon earth fluorescence nanoparticles are critically discussed. Some of the nanomaterials employed for latent fingerprint detection did not result in good quality fingerprint images and these disadvantages are highlighted. More studies are therefore needed to improve the latent fingerprint detection abilities of nanomaterials.

This article describes the fabrication of electrochemical devices for the detection of a key environmental pollutant, 4-Nitrophenol (4-NPh). 4-NPh is a requirement for the synthesis of organophosphate pesticides. These pesticides are mostly used in the agricultural sector to obtain a high yield of agricultural products. The use of 4-NPh in the agricultural field results in poisonous levels of this compound in the soil and water. Different techniques have been used for its transformation by biological and chemical degradation. However, these strategies not only created highly toxic pollutant but also need fast operation and time consuming processes. In this background, we have reported a broad and efficient review of the electrochemical reduction of 4-NPh as a feasible alternate method. In this review paper, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), N-doped graphene oxide, functionalized graphene oxide, metallic nanoparticles coated graphene oxide, metal oxides covered on rGO, polymer functionalized graphene oxide and hybrids materials functionalized with graphene oxide (hydroxyl apatite and β-cyclodextrin) which have been fabricated on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to enhance the electrocatalytic reduction and increase the sensor activity of 4-NPh are discussed. We have also described the effects of a few interfering phenolic pollutants such as aminophenol, hydroquinone, o-nitrophenol (o-NPh), trinitrotoluene, trinitrophenol, 2, 4-dinitrophenol (4-DNPh) and nitrobenzene. In the paper, easy and more effective electrochemical methods for the detection of 4-NPh with graphene- based nanocomposites modified on GCE for 4-NPh detection are summarized and discussed.

The most important challenge for concrete technologists is to improve the properties of concrete. The performance of the concrete in structural aspect is been taken in mind when we go for the large structures and as well as the durability which plays a major role on it. India is fast growing country with more unskilled labourers and the lack of knowledge in concrete behaviour which leads to complications in the performance of concrete. In the recent years, in India, a new technology, called magnetic water technology, has been used in the concrete industry. In this technology, by passing water through a magnetic field, some of its physical properties’ changes. Using magnetized water in concrete mixtures causes an improvement in the workability and compressive strength of concrete. In this research study, the effect of magnetized water on workability, compressive strength of concrete and tensile strength was studied, in order to obtain operative concrete with high resistance and at a lower cost. The magnetized water was prepared using the magnetic treatment system. Here we have used different grade of concrete, and obtain the better compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength under 0.2% Polypropylene fiber ratio and 1.2 T magnetic strength conditions.

A europium salt-Na[Eu(5,5′-DMBP)(phen)3]·Cl3 (Eu(III)-CPLx) was prepared by using various precursors such as 5,5′-Dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridyl (5,5′-DMBP), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and europium chloride hexahydrate (EuCl3·6H2O) by a complexation method. The red emission fluorescent Na[Eu(5,5′-DMBP)(phen)3]·Cl3/D-Dextrose (Eu(III)-CPLx/D-Dex) composite was synthesized by using an adsorption method with Eu(III)-CPLx and D-Dextrose (D-Dex). The Eu(III)-CPLx and fluorescent (Eu(III)-CPLx/D-Dex) composites were characterized by numerous techniques. The fluorescent (Eu(III)-CPLx/D-Dex) composite demonstrated a strong red emission and controlled fluorescence quenching in the solid state and was consequently used in latent fingerprint (LFP) detection. The LFPs were developed by using a powder dusting method (PDM) with Eu(III)-CPLx and fluorescent Eu(III)-CPLx/D-Dex composites on different substrates under daylight and UV-light irradiation at 365 nm. The fluorescent Eu(III)-CPLx/D-Dex composite was effectively explored for developing LFP images on various substrates and also acts as a better labeling agent for LFP detection in forensic science crime scene investigations.

This study reports the first new approach of using nitrogen functionalized carbon dots coated on zinc oxide nanoparticles (N-CDs/ZnONPs) as a novel nanocomposite for latent fingerprint detection using the powder brushing method. N-CDs/ZnONPs nanocomposite was prepared using melamine, potato peel waste and zinc acetate dehydrate as precursors. This nanocomposite was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Zeta nanosizer, Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectrometry and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The size of N-CDs was around at 50–20 nm and ZnONPs was around at 40–50 nm. The quantum yield of N-CDs increased the fluorescence intensity of the fluorophore by 5.54%. The N-CDs were coated on surface of ZnONPs to increase the quantum yield and increase the blue emission after formation of N-CDs/ZnONPs by 5.12%.The N-CDs/ZnONPs nanocomposite demonstrated extraordinary sensitivity and selectivity for Latent Fingerprint (LPF) detection on the distinctive non-porous substrates which included aluminum foil, aluminum sheets, an aluminum rod, an iron disc, a compact disc, a black mat, white marble and magazine paper. This nanocomposite acts as a labeling agent and it helped to detect LFP with clear readability ridges and high contrast fingerprint images under UV light irradiation. N-CDs/ZnONPs nanocomposite additionally demonstrated superior ability to reveal readability ridges and clarity and high contrast LFP images with 415 nm and 450 nm light sources and a yellow filter by using a Living Image Microscope. This nanocomposite exhibited advantages such as improved efficiency, a non-toxic nature, good optical properties and good results in the LFP detection of the freshly applied fingerprints. N-CDs/ZnONPs nanocomposite is, therefore, a good alternative material for detection of latent fingerprints in crime investigations. Keywords: N-CDs/ZnONPs nanocomposite, Latent fingerprint detection, Powder method

A new approach was used to prepare a hybrid material of silver chloride nanoparticles incorporated into a polyaniline-grafted D-dextrose nanocomposite (AgClNPs/PANI/D-Dex) by an interfacial polymerization method. The AgClNPs/PANI/D-Dex nanocomposite was characterized with distinct instrumental methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV–visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Zeta sizer analyzer, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). This nanocomposite was used in the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) with NaBH4 as the reducing agent and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. The catalytic reduction of 4-NP was also investigated with different catalyst dosages of the AgClNPs/PANI/D-Dex nanocomposite. This nanocomposite proved to be an excellent catalyst for the reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP with a reaction rate of 0.365 min−1. The AgClNPs/PANI/D-Dex nanocomposite catalyst was additionally reused for the reduction of 4-NP after four cycles. AgClNPs/PANI/D-Dex nanocomposite was also applied as a photocatalyst for the degradation of MB under visible light irradiation. The extent of photocatalytic degradation of MB was determined as a function of various parameters such as dosage, pH of MB solution and different initial concentrations of MB solution under visible light irradiation. This hybrid AgClNPs/PANI/D-Dex nanocomposite enhanced the electron-hole separation, provided a high surface area and improved the photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation because of the synergetic effect of AgClNPs and PANI/D-Dex to enhance the photocatalytic reaction with a reaction rate constant of 0.0298 min−1. Further, the fluorescence quenching for calculated the binding interaction between MB dye and AgClNPs/PANI/D-Dex nanocomposite was also studied. The binding interaction constant (Ka) was calculated by using the Stern–Volmer equation. Finally, AgClNPs/PANI/D-Dex nanocomposite exhibited good catalytic and photocatalytic properties.

Fiber composites are the having an good scope in construction industry as they are light in weight, durable, economic, and resistant to temperatures. Many researchers concentrate on the composites for the industrial flooring with the fibers. The main objective of this paper is to review the fiber reinforced epoxy for industrial flooring. Epoxy can be used as flooring elements in industries as they deliver good performance. Since, natural and synthetic fibres can be used with filler matrices, which are very much cheaper than the conventional steel fibres reinforced composite concrete flooring and other type of composites here fibre is considered for reinforcing with epoxy or polymer concrete filler matrix. Fibre-polymer and fibre-concrete composite properties has been reviewed for testing procedure for flexural test, bending test, tensile test and based on the results, it is clear that the fibre-polymer concrete composite, which has good mechanical properties and performance than the mentioned composites, can be made for industrial flooring

Porous graphitic carbon nitride (pg-C3N4) was synthesized from bulk g-C3N4 (Bg-C3N4). First, bulk g-C3N4 was prepared by a thermal method with poly-condensation of melamine as a precursor. The pg-C3N4 was synthesized from Bg-C3N4 under ultrasonic treatment in a sulphuric acid medium. Thereafter, pg-C3N4 was combined with commercial silica gel (Slg) to give a fluorescent Slg/pg-C3N4 powder. These prepared materials were characterized by means of distinctive instrumental techniques consisting of UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–visible), fluorescence spectroscopy (FL), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and live cell microscopy. The fluorescent Slg/pg-C3N4 powder was used as a labeling agent for the development of latent fingerprints (LFP) on different surfaces such as glass slides, aluminum foil, aluminum sheets, aluminum rods, a compact disc (CD), iron discs, coins, a tea cup and spoon. The LFP images were additionally captured through the use of ultraviolet radiation at 365 nm due to the fluorescent nature of the Slg/pg-C3N4 powder. The LFP images have been also investigated using different commercial powders such as ZnSO4, TiO2 and Iodine vapor for comparison with fluorescent Slg/pg-C3N4 powder. The Slg/pg-C3N4 powder was used to investigate the LFP images submerged in fresh water. Ultimately, the different fluorescent backgrounds of LFP images had been demonstrated using live cell microscopy with pg-C3N4 and Bg-C3N4. The fluorescent Slg/pg-C3N4 powder exhibited potential as a good labeling agent with excessive sensitivity, rapid detection and an eco-friendly nature. This fluorescent Slg/pg-C3N4 powder was also used to develop the LFP images under conditions that are likely to simulate real crime scenes to establish whether this material can be used in real forensic investigations.

Heavy metals are becoming a huge problem in the environment and lead is one of them. Lead is disposed into water systems from huge industries such as paint industry, mining, and electroplating. In this study, manganese oxide coated fly ash (MnO2-CFA) was synthesized and characterized. The BET surface area of CFA MnO2-CFA was 18.4196 m2/g, 3 times more than the raw CFA (5.9231 m2/g). Batch adsorption experiments indicated that the uptake of Pb2+ fitted well in a Elovich kinetics model while the adsorption isotherm best fitted the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 141 mg/g at 40 °C and a pH of 7. Thermodynamic parameters obtained proved that the adsorption of Pb2+ ions using the MnO2-CFA was endothermic and spontaneous. Furthermore, the adsorbent was highly selective towards Pb2+ in the presence of Mn2+, Zn2, Ni2+and Cd2+. The Pb2+ removal % from a real water sample spiked with 30 mg/L Pb2+ was found to be 83.33%. The spent adsorbent was further applied in latent fingerprint detection which showed that Pb2+-MnO2-CFA produced clearer latent finger print (LFP) images compared to MnO2-CFA. LFP images were still clear 8 days after application of the spent adsorbent, proving that Pb2+-MnO2-CFA is a promising labelling agent.

The semiconductor metal oxide consisting of TiO2 nanoparticles has been applied for the environmental remediation of toxic substances from environmental samples. TiO2 nanoparticles have been used as a photocatalyst for the degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater samples and have demonstrated potential as an effective photocatalyst. This includes applications for the decontamination of compounds from contaminated samples under both UV and visible light irradiation. Although these nanoparticles have been easily utilized for this application, the electron–hole recombination rate and bandgap energy level could be very high. There are therefore numerous reports on TiO2 nanoparticles coated onto biopolymers of chitosan, alginate, and carboxymethyl cellulose and conducting polymers of polypyrrole, polythiophene, and polyaniline to give polymer TiO2 nanocomposites as the photocatalyst. Such studies have been implemented for the photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes under UV and visible light irradiation in an attempt to improve the photocatalytic activity by lowering the electron–hole recombination rate and the bandgap energy. Moreover adsorptive photocatalytic degradation is favored since this provides a surface onto which the pollutants are adsorbed first and thereafter undergo photocatalytic degradation. This chapter therefore provides an overview of TiO2 as a photocatalyst with respect to its advantages and disadvantages. In a critical review in the recent trends on supporting TiO2, other support materials are discussed, and future research perspectives are also critically evaluated.

In recent years, metal oxide semiconductors have been explored as photocatalysts for the degradation of organic contaminants in water/wastewater. The uniqueness of these oxide materials is in their ability to harness energy in the UV/Vis range, their relative ease of synthesis, low cost, and their general high surface ratio to mass, etc. Thus, these materials have consequently drawn much profound interest in environment applications, particularly pharmaceutical drugs for photocatalytic degradation. Furthermore, the non-toxic nature of most metal oxide semiconductors means they are convenient for water treatment works, resulting in safe drinking water for humans and safe environments for aquatic mammals. Pharmaceuticals are emerging pollutants that are increasingly being found in water systems. They have been detrimental to the human and animal health. In this article, pharmaceutical drugs abatement from water via photocatalysis process using oxide-based advanced metals such as TiO2, ZnO, Fe2O3,WO3, and Bi2WO6 is discussed. Degradation of various drugs at laboratory scale have been assessed and examples cited. Various approaches to metal oxides modifications and synthesis methods to improve degradation efficiency have also been discussed. Effects of experimental/operational parameters in the degradation process have been compiled and compared. Finally, a short preview of degradation of pharmaceuticals pilot scales is also highlighted.

In this study, the synthesis of nitrogen-doped zinc oxide nanoparticles with a cabbage like morphology (N-ZnONCBs) by a hydrothermal method using zinc acetate dihydrate as a precursor and hydrazine monohydrate as a nitrogen source is reported. N-ZnONCB were characterized using UV-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Fourier Transmittance Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and EDX elemental mapping. N-ZnONCBs were tested for their photocatalytic capabilities in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under UV-light and visible light irradiation for about 0 to 80 minutes and 0 to 50 min respectively. The N-ZnONCB catalyst demonstrated improved photodegradation efficiency (98.6% and 96.2%) and kinetic degradation rates of MB (k = −0.0579 min−1 and k = −0.0585 min−1) under UV light and visible light irradiation at different time intervals. The photodegradation study was also evaluated with different dosages of N-ZnONCB catalyst, different initial concentrations of MB and variation in the pH (3, 5, 9 and 11) of the solution of MB under UV light and visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation intermediate products were obtained by liquid chromatography mass spectra (LC-MS) and also complete mineralization was determined by using Total Organic Carbon (TOC) studies. This photocatalyst was also tested with 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) under visible light irradiation at different time intervals. Fluorescence and quenching studies were performed for the binding interaction between the N-ZnONCB catalyst and MB dye. A Zetasizer was used to find the charge and average size of the N-ZnONCB catalyst and also the charge of the N-ZnONCB catalyst before and after MB dye solution adsorption. The N-ZnONCB catalyst was also tested for its photostability and reusability with a percentage degradation rate of MB (93.2%) after 4 cycle experiments. These results have clearly demonstrated that the N-ZnONCB catalyst can be applied for the photocatalytic degradation of MB from wastewater samples.

A simple and sensitive electrochemical method was developed to determine the concentration of Sudan I in chili powder based on silver nanoparticles decorated graphene oxide modified glassy carbon electrode (AgNPs@GO/GCE). The voltammetry behaviour of Sudan I on modified GCE was investigated in phosphate buffer medium (PBS) with various pH ranges and the electron transfer properties were studied. It is found that the AgNPs@GO/GCE can catalyse the reduction of azo group, N N followed by electrochemical oxidation of -OH group present in Sudan I dye molecule. Quantitative detection of Sudan I present in food products was carried out by amperometry method in which reduction potential was fixed at −0.77 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The amperometry method showed an excellent performance with a sensitivity of 6.83 μA mM−1 and a detection limit of 11.4 × 10−7 M L−1. A linear calibration graph was constructed in the ranging 3.90 × 10−6 to 3.19 × 10−5 M L−1. The method was successfully applied for the determination of Sudan I in red chili powder samples.