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Written transcripts of standard pro-policy arguments + inoculation + narrative (Standard + I + N) advocacy messages. This file contains the written transcripts of the Standard + I + N advocacy messages (marked up to identify the different message components). (PDF 165 kb)

Appendix A. Details and synopses of 110 alcohol harm reduction advertisements. This file contains a detailed list of the 110 alcohol harm reduction ads used in this content analysis. For each advertisement the following details are included: ad name, campaign name, country of origin, sponsor, ad length and a brief synopsis. (PDF 56Â kb)

Wording of survey items. This file contains the exact wording of the survey items and their corresponding response scales. (PDF 464 kb)

Supplementary table. This file contains a supplementary table reporting the means and standard deviations for each outcome measure at Time 1 and Time 2 by message condition and health policy assignment. (PDF 87 kb)

Appendix B. Alcohol harm reduction advertising classification codebook. This file contains the detailed codebook used to classify alcohol harm reduction ads. The codebook consists of the list of variables examined and their definitions, along with the standardised response options. (PDF 65Â kb)

Obesity prevention advertisement descriptions. (DOC 71 kb)

Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) is a transforming retrovirus which causes Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Cellular transformation can be caused by a single viral trans-activating protein, Tax. Tax may contribute to transformation through interaction with components of the DNA damage response pathway, promoting cellular genomic instability. We examined cellular Tax complexes in an effort to elucidate potential protein-protein interactions that can model the Tax-induced molecular events. We also investigated the role of post-translational modification in regulating Tax function. We employed a direct physical analysis of Tax complexes isolated from mammalian cells using affinity purification followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis, in order to identify both Tax-interacting proteins as well as post-translational modifications of the Tax protein itself. We identified the DNA-dependent Protein Kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) as a novel Tax-interacting protein. Using bioinformatics analysis, we created a database of Tax-interacting proteins and, using this tool, identified DNA-PKcs as a predicted member of the Tax complex. Physical mapping of purified Tax protein revealed novel phosphorylation sites at T48, T184, T215 and S336. Mutational analysis demonstrated phosphorylation at T215 is associated with loss of Tax trans-activation of CREB and NF-κB-responsive promoters, while T48 preferentially affects NF-κB-responsive promoters, and T184 and 5336 have no effect on these Tax functions. We confirm the presence of DNA-PKcs and the regulatory protein Ku70 in the Tax complex by co-immunoprecipitation. Tax increases phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs and co-localizes with phosphor-DNA-PKcs within nuclear Tax Speckled Structures (TSS). Cytoplasmically-localized Tax deletion mutants cause a redistribution of phosphor-DNA-PK to the cytoplasm. Tax-expressing cells harbor significantly increased DNA-PK kinase activity, as measured in an in vitro kinase assay. Inhibition of DNA-PK activity dramatically reduces Tax-induced autophosphorylation of Chk2, a known DNA-PK substrate. Suppression of DNA-PKcs expression by siRNA has no significant effect on Tax-induced G2/M arrest. Tax shows no significant effect on cellular end-joining repair as measured by a plasmid-based in vivo end-joining assay. Tax-expressing cells show delayed dissolution of damage-induced nuclear speckles containing DNA-PK, γ-H2AX and Tax, suggesting a mechanism for impaired repair response.

Objective To examine the effect of branding, as indicated by brand name, on evaluation of the cigarette smoking experience. Design Between-subjects and within-subjects experimental study. Participants were randomly allocated to smoke a cigarette from a pack featuring a premium brand name and a cigarette from a pack featuring a value brand name. Within each condition, participants unknowingly smoked two identical cigarettes (either two premium or two value cigarettes). Setting Australia, October 2014, 2years after tobacco plain packaging implementation. Participants 81 current cigarette smokers aged 19-39 years. From apparently premium and value brand-name packs, 40 smokers were allocated to smoke the same actual premium cigarettes and 41 were allocated to smoke the same actual value cigarettes. Primary outcome measures Experienced taste (flavour, satisfaction, enjoyment, quality, liking, mouthfeel and aftertaste), harshness, dryness, staleness, harm/strength measures (strength, tar, lightness, volume of smoke), draw effort and purchase intent. Results Cigarettes given a premium brand name were rated as having a better taste, were less harsh and less dry than identical cigarettes given a value brand name. This pattern was observed irrespective of whether the two packs actually contained premium or value cigarettes. These effects were specific: The brand name did not influence ratings of cigarette variant attributes (strength, tar, volume of smoke, lightness and draw effort). Conclusions Despite the belief that brand names represent genuine differences between cigarette products, the results suggest that at least some of this perceived sensory difference is attributable to brand image. usc Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians (Indigenous Australians) have more than twice the smoking prevalence of non-Indigenous Australians. Anti-smoking campaigns have demonstrated success in the general population but little is known about their impact among Indigenous people. A total of 143 Indigenous and a comparison group of 156 non-Indigenous smokers from South Australia were shown 10 anti-smoking advertisements representing a range of advertisements typically aired in Australia. Participants rated advertisements on a five-point Likert scale assessing factors including message acceptance and personalized effectiveness. On average, Indigenous people rated the mainstream advertisements higher than non-Indigenous people and were more likely to report that they provided new information. Advertisements with strong graphic imagery depicting the health effects of smoking were rated highest by Indigenous smokers. Advertisements featuring real people describing the serious health consequences of smoking received mixed responses. Those featuring an ill person were rated higher by Indigenous people than those featuring the family of the person affected by a smoking-related disease. With limited Indigenous-specific messages available and given the finite resources of most public health campaigns, exposure to mainstream strong graphic and emotive first-person narratives about the health effects of smoking are likely to be highly motivating for Indigenous smokers. Refereed/Peer-reviewed