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Quantitative precipitation estimates over the Southern Ocean (SO) continue to suffer from a high degree of uncertainty for both satellite-based and reanalysis products with large differences present amongst them. This uncertainty arises from the absence of long-term, high-quality observations of precipitation suitable for evaluation across a range of temporal and spatial scales. Recent voyages on the Australian RV Investigator, however, have provided new observations of precipitation across this region made with both the OceanRAIN maritime disdrometer and a dual-polarized C-band weather radar (OceanPOL).The present study employs these unprecedented observations to evaluate the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals (GPM-IMERG) and the ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) precipitation products. Working at a resolution of 60 minutes and 0.25° (~25 km), the GPM-IMERG product overestimated precipitation intensity when evaluated against the OceanRAIN but captured the frequency well. Looking at the synoptic/process scale, GPM-IMERG was found to be least accurate (overestimate frequency and accumulation) under warm frontal and high-latitude cyclone conditions when cloud-top heights (CTT) were commonly between 6-8 km. In comparison, ERA5’s skill was more consistent across various synoptic conditions, except for high-pressure conditions where the precipitation frequency was highly overestimated. Using the OceanPOL radar, an area-to-area analysis (fractional skill score) finds that ERA5 has greater skill than the GPM-IMERG., The 28th IUGG General Assembly (IUGG2023) (Berlin 2023)

An efficient transport service allows a society to have economic progress and improves quality of life. Part of this structure is the issue in the determination of pricing the service of it, thus, the incomes of the offeror and good service to the user can be guaranteed. In Ecuador, the National Traffic Agency establishes a methodology that considers the offer of kilometers and operating costs. However, this methodology does not establish how to get and analyse the information that feeds the model, this aspect can generate biases and subjectivities at the time to define the rate. This study seeks to detect deficiencies in the methodology and suggest the relevant changes as an alternative to it, for this a mixed approach is considered, which not only considers surveys but also instrumentation and hi-technology to measure fuel consumption, tire wear, distance traveled and number of passengers. Once the analysis of the methodology was developed, a new approach to information gathering was proposed; and to validate, an experiment was applied to a canton of the country, with this it was possible to obtain rates that better represent the reality of the sector under analysis.