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The aerosol-based transport of viruses and bacteria through the transmission of aerosolized expiratory secretions is one of the main routes for the spreading of infectious diseases such as SARS-CoV-2. A number of studies have confirmed that environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidity can affect the inactivation and transmission of respiratory pathogens. However, there remain significant uncertainties in understanding aerosol micro-physics occurring under different environmental conditions to quantify the survival of microorganisms carried by aerosols. Here we study the size and phase changes of levitated saliva droplets composed of various salts and mucin under well-defined atmospheric conditions. An electrodynamic balance (EDB) is utilized for recording the evaporation and condensation kinetics of single, levitated saliva droplets with a time resolution of seconds. Efflorescence and deliquescence behaviors of droplets are monitored using light scattering and Mie theory. Compared with pure water droplets, a saliva droplet remains stably levitated for hours when the droplet approaches crystallization having reached a final size during evaporation. The morphology of crystallized particles will be imaged using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The organic-based phase is expected to shield pathogens from inactivation by forming a solid or semisolid shell hindering the diffusion of solutes. This work highlights the importance of accounting for changes in the micro-environment of aerosols undergoing evaporation and condensation in a realistic environment which is needed to study the viability of airborne viruses and other microorganisms.

Exercise is an important strategy in the management of diabetes. Experimental studies have shown that exercise acts, at least in part, by inducing the production of myokines that improve metabolic control and activate brown/beige adipose tissue depots. Combined training (CT) is recommended by the major diabetes guidelines due to its metabolic and cardiovascular benefits, however, its impact on brown/beige adipose tissue activities has never been tested in humans with overweight and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we evaluated the effects of 16-week combined training (CT) program on brown adipose tissue activity; browning and autophagy markers, and serum pro-thermogenic/inflammatory inducers in patients with overweight and T2D.Thirty-four patients with overweight and T2D were assigned to either a control group (CG) or a combined training group (CTG) in a randomized and controlled study. Functional/fitness parameters, anthropometry/body composition parameters, blood hormone/biochemical parameters, thermogenic/autophagic gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue were evaluated before and at the end of the intervention. In addition, cold-induced 18-Fluoroxyglucose Positron Emission Computed Tomography (18CT increased cervical/supraclavicular brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic activity (p = 0.03) as well as in perirenal adipose tissue (p = 0.02). In addition, CT increased the expression of genes related to thermogenic profile (TMEM26: + 95%, p = 0.04; and EPSTI1: + 26%, p = 0.03) and decreased autophagic genes (ULK1: -15%, p = 0.04; LC3: -5%, p = 0.02; and ATG4: -22%, p 0.001) in subcutaneous adipose tissue. There were positive correlations between Δ% BAT activity with Δ% of post training energy expenditure cold exposure, HDL-c, IL4, adiponectin, irisin, meteorin-like, and TMEM26 and ZIC1 genes, besides negative correlations with LDL-c, total cholesterol and C-reactive protein.This is the first evidence of the beneficial actions of CT on adipose tissue thermogenic activity in humans, and it adds important support for the recommendation of CT as a strategy in the management of diabetes.

Background and Aims Obesity affects metabolism, increasing the risk of developing non-communicable diseases in adolescence, due to excess adipose tissue and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The metabolomics approach allows the elucidation of metabolites, which may have the concentrations altered by several factors, such as body composition (BC). We aimed to analyze the metabolomic profile of adolescents with normal and overweight and associate the metabolites with clinical markers related to BC, insulin resistance (IR), and CRF. Methods and Results The sample was composed of 57 adolescents, divided into normal-weight (NWG, n = 24) and overweight (OWG, n = 33) groups. They underwent blood collection, anthropometric, BC, and CRF assessment. Blood serum samples were analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy (600 MHz). The OWG presented higher values of body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose, insulin, IR, cholesterol, percentage of fat mass (% FM), and lower levels of V O2peak compared to NWG. The OWG presented lower concentrations of 3-hydroxyisovalerate, glutamate, and methionine, as well as higher concentrations of aspartate, asparagine, creatine, glycerol, myo-inositol, proline, pyruvate, tyrosine, and valerate compared to NWG. The concentrations of glutamate, myo-inositol, creatine, methionine, and valerate correlated with % FM, pyruvate, and valerate positively correlated with IR, while glutamate, tyrosine, and valerate negatively correlated with CRF. Conclusion Body composition changes the metabolomic profile of adolescents, and the altered metabolites are associated with increased IR and low CRF. These results suggest new targets for health monitoring, prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in adolescents.

A charge density wave is a condensate of fermions, whose charge density shows a long-range periodic modulation. Such charge density wave can be principally described as a macroscopic quantum state and is known to occur by various formation mechanisms. These are the lattice deforming Peierls transition, the directional, fermionic wave vector orientation prone Fermi surface nesting or the generic charge ordering, which in contrast is associated solely with the undirected effective Coulomb interaction between fermions. In two-dimensional Dirac/Weyl-like systems, the existence of charge density waves is only theoretically predicted within the ultralow energy regime at half filling. Taking graphene as host of two-dimensional fermions described by a Dirac/Weyl Hamiltonian, we tuned indirectly the effective mutual Coulomb interaction between fermions through adsorption of tetracyanoquinodimethane on top in the low coverage limit. We thereby achieved the development of a novel, low-dimensional dissipative charge density wave of Weyl-like fermions, even beyond half filling with additional magneto-induced localization and quantization. This charge density wave appears both, in the electron and the hole spectrum.

Intrinsic cardiorespiratory fitness (iCRF) indicates the CRF level in the sedentary state. However, even among sedentary individuals, a wide interindividual variability is observed in the iCRF levels, whose associated molecular characteristics are little understood. This study aimed to investigate whether serum and skeletal muscle metabolomics profiles are associated with iCRF, measured by maximal power output (MPO). Seventy sedentary young adults were submitted to venous blood sampling, a biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle and iCRF assessment. Blood serum and muscle tissue samples were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Metabolites related to iCRF were those supported by three levels of evidence: (1) correlation with iCRF, (2) significant difference between individuals with low and high iCRF, and (3) metabolite contribution to significant pathways associated with iCRF. From 43 serum and 70 skeletal muscle analyzed metabolites, iCRF was positively associated with levels of betaine, threonine, proline, ornithine, and glutamine in serum and lactate, fumarate, NADP+, and formate in skeletal muscle. Serum betaine and ornithine and skeletal muscle lactate metabolites explained 31.2 and 16.8%, respectively, of the iCRF variability in addition to body mass. The results suggest that iCRF in young adults is positively associated with serum and skeletal muscle metabolic levels, indicative of the amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism.

Recent observations in the field measurements and laboratory studies suggest that organic aerosol particles may exist as highly viscous semi-solids or amorphous glassy solids under certain conditions, with important implications for atmospheric chemistry, climate, and air quality. A number of complementary techniques have been developed to probe the viscosity of aerosol particles in the last ten years. However, none of the available techniques is sufficiently versatile to determine aerosol viscosity at atmospherically relevant conditions for a range of particle sizes, chemical compositions, and sample sizes. Here we present a novel way to measure the viscosity of levitated droplets suspended in an electrodynamic balance under atmospheric conditions. Capillary oscillations are induced in a levitated droplet by the application of an external AC field. These oscillations are monitored using a high-speed camera or light scattering, and the viscosity is determined by fitting these oscillations using a suitable theoretical model. The model is based on the asymptotic analysis of surface oscillations of a charged drop, carried out using the viscous-potential flow theory.

Agradecimentos: The authors thank the financial support of the Araucaria Foundation and CNPq (National Council for Scientific and Technological Development) for the scholarships. We are grateful to LNBio (National Laboratory of Bioscience) for the infrastructure and staff for supporting us Abstract: Obesity affects metabolism, increasing the risk of developing non-communicable diseases in adolescence, due to excess adipose tissue and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The metabolomics approach allows the elucidation of metabolites, which may have the concentrations altered by several factors, such as body composition (BC). We aimed to analyze the metabolomic profile of normal-weight and overweight adolescents and associate the metabolites with clinical markers related to BC, insulin resistance (IR), and CRF. The sample was composed of 57 adolescents and divided into two groups: the normal-weight group (NWG, n = 24) and the overweight group (OWG, n = 33). They underwent blood collection and anthropometric, BC, and CRF assessment. Blood serum samples were analyzed by 1H-NMR spectroscopy (600 MHz). The OWG presented higher values of body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), fasting glucose, insulin, IR, cholesterol, and percentage of fat mass (%FM) and lower levels of peak oxygen consumption (O2 peak) compared with the NWG. The OWG presented lower concentrations of 3-hydroxyisovalerate, glutamate, and methionine as well as higher concentrations of aspartate, asparagine, creatine, glycerol, myo-inositol, proline, pyruvate, tyrosine, and valerate compared with the NWG. The concentrations of glutamate, myo-inositol, creatine, methionine, and valerate correlated with %FM; pyruvate and valerate positively correlated with IR; and glutamate, tyrosine, and valerate negatively correlated with CRF. Changes in the BC lead to changes in the metabolomic profile of adolescents, and the altered metabolites are associated with increased IR and low CRF. These results indicate new targets for health monitoring and prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in adolescents CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ Fechado

We propose a general approach to analyse diagonal ordering patterns in bosonic lattice models with algebraically decaying density-density interactions on arbitrary lattices. The key idea is a systematic search for the energetically best order on all unit cells of the lattice up to a given extent. Using resummed couplings we evaluate the energy of the ordering patterns in the thermodynamic limit using finite unit cells. We apply the proposed approach to the atomic limit of the extended Bose-Hubbard model on the triangular lattice at fillings $f=1/2$ and $f=1$. We investigate the ground-state properties of the antiferromagnetic long-range Ising model on the triangular lattice and determine a six-fold degenerate plain-stripe phase to be the ground state for finite decay exponents. We also probe the classical limit of the Fendley-Sengupta-Sachdev model describing Rydberg atom arrays. We focus on arrangements where the atoms are placed on the sites or links of the Kagome lattice. \changed{Our method provides a general framework to treat cristalline structures resulting from long-range interactions., Comment: 35 pages, 11 figures

Purpose: Considering that the CHRNA7 and CHRFAM7A genes can be modulated by acute or chronic inflammation, and exercise modulates inflammatory responses, the question that arises is whether physical exercise could exert any effect on the expression of these genes. Thus, the aim of this work is to identify the effects of different types of exercises on the expression of the CHRNA7, CHRFAM7A and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in leukocytes of healthy normal weight (HNW), and overweight with type 2 diabetes (OT2D) individuals. Methods: 15 OT2D and 13 HNW participants (men and women, from 40 to 60 years old) performed in a randomized crossover design three exercise sessions: aerobic exercise (AE), resistance exercise (RE) and combined exercise (CE). Blood samples were collected at rest and post-60-min of the exercise sessions. The leukocytes were the analysis of the CHRNA7, CHRFAM7A and (TNF-α) gene expression. Results: At baseline, OT2D had higher CHRFAM7A and TNF-α expression compared to HNW. No statistical differences were observed between groups for CHRNA7; however, the HNW group presented almost twice as many subjects with the expression of this gene (24% vs. 49%). Post exercise, the CHRFAM7A increased in AE, RE and CE for HNW, and in AE and CE for OT2D. There was no significant difference for TNF-α and CHRNA7 expression between any type of exercise and group. Conclusions: Our study shows that OT2D individuals presented higher baseline expression of TNF-α and CHRFAM7A, besides evidence of decreased CHRNA7A expression in leukocytes when compared with HNW. On the other hand, acutely physical exercise induces increased CHRFAM7A expression, especially when the aerobic component is present.

Die Mesopause in ca. 86km Höhe ist der kälteste Ort in der Erdatmosphäre. Insbesondere über dem Sommerpol kann die Durchschnittstemperatur bis auf 130K absinken, in den Tiefstwerten auch bis auf 100K. Trotz des in dieser Höhe sehr geringen Wasserdampfgehaltes kommt es durch die niedrigen Temperaturen zur Kondensation und damit zur Bildung von Wassereiswolken. Der Wasserdampf der Luft kondensiert dabei auf winzigen Meteorstaubpartikeln, nur wenige Nanometer großen Aerosolteilchen, die sich oberhalb der Mesopause aus dem Material verdampfter Meteore formen. Die sich bildenden Wolken, die sogenannten polaren mesosphärischen Wolken, sind die höchsten, auf der Erde vorkommenden Wassereiswolken. Sie sind typischerweise sehr dünn und bei Tageslicht mit bloßen Augen nicht zu sehen. Erst nach Sonnenuntergang, wenn die hinter dem Horizont liegende Sonne die hochliegenden Wolken noch beleuchtet, können sie vom Boden aus beobachtet werden, weshalb sie auch nachtleuchtende Wolken genannt werden. Seit ihrer erstmaligen wissenschaftlichen Erwähnung Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts blieb die Frage nach ihrer Entstehung in dieser Höhe ein Mysterium. In diesem Beitrag beleuchten wir die außergewöhnlichen Bedingungen und Prozesse, welche zur Entstehung nachtleuchtender Wolken führen. Wir präsentieren Laborexperimente zur Untersuchung der Adsorption von Wassermolekülen auf der Oberfläche von Meteorstaubpartikeln, der Eisnukleation und zum Sättigungsdampfdruck kalter Wassereisphasen. Diese Prozesse sind für ein genaues Verständnis der Entstehung der nachtleuchtenden Wolken von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass es unter den Bedingungen der polaren Sommermesopause entgegen der bisherigen Auffassung auf den Meteorstaubpartikeln nicht zur Nukleation kristallinen, sondern amorphen Eises kommt. Dieses kann dann im späteren Verlauf unter günstigen thermischen Bedingungen kristallisieren. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass der Dampfdruck von amorphem Eis signifikant höher ist, als in bisherigen Studien vermutet wurde.

The impact of atmospheric aerosol on the climate remains poorly understood. Organic aerosol makes up a significant fraction of total aerosol and is prevalent throughout the atmosphere. It can exist as a liquid, semi-solid or amorphous solid. The viscosity of organic aerosol will have an impact on transformations that organic aerosol will undergo during its lifetime such as evaporation and growth, heterogeneous and photochemical reactions as well as the ability to act as an ice nucleating particle. Therefore, it is of key importance to be able to determine aerosol viscosity over a range of atmospherically relevant conditions in order to better understand the impact of organic aerosol on the climate. Here we report proof of concept viscosity measurements of water droplets levitated in an electrodynamic balance over a range of temperatures. Charged droplets are levitated in a temperature and relative humidity-controlled environment allowing properties over a temperature range of 300 to 220 K to be studied. As the droplets evaporate they reach a point where Coulomb instabilities are induced resulting in droplet oscillations. The relaxation of these oscillations can then be probed to determine the droplet viscosity. Future work will involve determination of the viscosity of different types of organic aerosol over a broad temperature range.

Recently, it has been argued that obesity leads to a chronic pro-inflammatory state that can accelerate immunosenescence, predisposing to the early acquisition of an immune risk profile and health problems related to immunity in adulthood. In this sense, the present study aimed to verify, in circulating leukocytes, the gene expression of markers related to early immunosenescence associated with obesity and its possible relationships with the physical fitness in obese adults with type 2 diabetes or without associated comorbidities. The sample consisted of middle-aged obese individuals (body mass index (BMI) between 30-35 kg/m²) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (OBD; n = 17) or without associated comorbidity (OB; n = 18), and a control group of eutrophic healthy individuals (BMI: 20 - 25 kg/m²) of same ages (E; n = 18). All groups (OBD, OB and E) performed the functional analyses [muscle strength (1RM) and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max)], anthropometry, body composition (Air Displacement Plethysmograph), blood collections for biochemical (anti-CMV) and molecular (gene expression of leptin, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, PD-1, P16ink4a, CCR7, CD28 and CD27) analyses of markers related to immunosenescence. Increased gene expression of leptin, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α, PD-1, P16ink4a, CCR7 and CD27 was found for the OBD and OB groups compared to the E group. Moreover, VO2max for the OBD and OB groups was significantly lower compared to E. In conclusion, obesity, regardless of associated disease, induces increased gene expression of markers associated with inflammation and immunosenescence in circulating leukocytes in obese middle-aged individuals compared to a eutrophic group of the same age. Additionally, increased adipose tissue and markers of chronic inflammation and immunosenescence were associated to impairments in the cardiorespiratory capacity of obese middle-aged individuals.

Purpose: High heterogeneity of the response of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) to standardized exercise doses has been reported in different training programs, but the associated mechanisms are not widely known. This study investigated whether changes in the metabolic profile and pathways in blood serum and the skeletal muscle are associated with the inter-individual variability of CRF responses to 8-wk of continuous endurance training (ET) or high-intensity interval training (HIIT).Methods: Eighty men, young and sedentary, were randomized into three groups, of which 70 completed 8 wk of intervention (> 90% of sessions): ET, HIIT, or control. Blood and vastus lateralis muscle tissue samples, as well as the measurement of CRF [maximal power output (MPO)] were obtained before and after the intervention. Blood serum and skeletal muscle samples were analyzed by 600 MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy (metabolomics). Associations between the pretraining to post-training changes in the metabolic profile and MPO gains were explored via three analytical approaches: (1) correlation between pretraining to post-training changes in metabolites' concentration levels and MPO gains; (2) significant differences between low and high MPO responders; and (3) metabolite contribution to significantly altered pathways related to MPO gains. After, metabolites within these three levels of evidence were analyzed by multiple stepwise linear regression. The significance level was set at 1%.Results: The metabolomics profile panel yielded 43 serum and 70 muscle metabolites. From the metabolites within the three levels of evidence (15 serum and 4 muscle metabolites for ET; 5 serum and 1 muscle metabolites for HIIT), the variance in MPO gains was explained: 77.4% by the intervention effects, 6.9, 2.3, 3.2, and 2.2% by changes in skeletal muscle pyruvate and valine, serum glutamine and creatine phosphate, respectively, in ET; and 80.9% by the intervention effects; 7.2, 2.2, and 1.2% by changes in skeletal muscle glycolate, serum creatine and creatine phosphate, respectively, in HIIT. The most changed and impacted pathways by these metabolites were: arginine and proline metabolism, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism for both ET and HIIT programs; and additional alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and pyruvate metabolism for ET.Conclusion: These results suggest that regulating the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates may be a potential mechanism for understanding the inter-individual variability of CRF in responses to ET and HIIT programs.

Separation of extraneous matter (EM) from sugarcane stalks to prevent yield losses during extraction, detrimental impacts on sugar manufacture, and to provide separated extraneous matter (SEM) for energy generation in mills requires an effective dry cleaning system (DCS). This study evaluated different types of DCS operating in Brazilian sugar-energy plants, located in the states of Sao Paulo (SP) and Goias (GO), using a standard methodology. The separation efficiency of leafy extraneous matter (LEM), i.e., brown and green leaves, measured for DCS operating at full ventilation capacity varied from 17 to 49 wt% (kg LEM separated per 100 kg LEM fed, wet basis). The efficiency for inorganic extraneous matter (IEM) varied from 18 to 78 wt% (kg IEM separated per 100 kg IEM fed, wet basis). These DCS efficiencies are lower than those reported in literature, presumably because of differences in methodologies and system processing capacity. This commercial-scale study also identified deficiencies during the trials associated with design, operation, and maintenance parameters of the various DCSs. These commercial-scale results are important for improving future DCS operation because even with moderate efficiencies, the systems are important for the integrated sugarcane green-harvesting system.

Several indices based on satellite images have been explored to monitor agricultural drought. Despite the existence of some drought indices, no drought monitoring system for sugarcane exists. In this sense, drought detection could be useful tool to quantify losses and help with action plans. This study investigates the Landsat image potential for sugarcane drought detection by assessing the relationship between vegetation and agricultural drought indices (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), vegetation condition index (VCI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), global vegetation moisture index (GVMI), and normalized difference infrared index (NDII)). Two new indices combining near-infrared (NIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) bands are proposed for sugarcane drought detection. All indices were individually and collectively compared with soil water deficit and water surplus, simulated by the climatological soil–water balance (CSWB) model. A significant correlation between spectral indices and water balance results, specifically for NDVI and VCI indices (~ 30%), was observed. The drought detection system identification was developed by cluster analysis classifying the pixels into three distinct groups (drought, intermediate drought, and non-drought) to later be used in the discriminant analysis. This methodology showed to have an accuracy rate of 65%. However, the discriminant analysis approach was better suited for sugarcane drought monitoring when compared with individual spectral indices.

Com a crescente demanda e consequente expansao da producao de etanol, e inquestionavel a necessidade de avaliar os impactos da producao de cana-de-acucar sobre a sociedade e o meio ambiente. O conceito de Landscape Design visa a analise sustentavel da paisagem levando em consideracao aspectos ambientais e socioeconomicos envolvidos na paisagem e sua influencia nesta; sao planos para alocacao de recursos que podem sugerir um caminho para a gestao sustentavel da producao do etanol. Neste trabalho foi aplicado uma metodologia de analise espacial utilizando Sistema de Informacoes Geograficas (SIG) e o metodo estatistico de Analise de Componentes Principais para dados Categoricos (ACPCAT) para verificar quais areas, dentro da bacia hidrografica do Rio Santo Anastacio, sofreriam com os impactos da mudanca de uso da terra causado pelo avanco da cana-de-acucar nesta regiao. A area total expandida (3.375,19 ha) foi menor que a area total regredida (3.821,22 ha), significando uma reducao de 1,69% da area plantada na regiao. Porem, quando analisadas separadamente as areas pouco e muito sensiveis, a regressao sobre a area muito sensivel foi de 864,44 ha. Ja nas areas pouco sensiveis ocorreu uma expansao da cultura de cana-de-acucar de 422,41 ha. Mesmo que a regressao seja maior que a expansao do cultivo de cana-de-acucar, ela ocorreu nas areas muito sensiveis, enquanto a maioria da expansao deu-se em areas pouco sensiveis. Os mapas finais baseados na ACPCAT e a discussao gerada a partir deles sao um ponto de partida para politicas publicas sustentaveis. A B S T R A C T With the increasing demand and consequent expansion of ethanol production, there is an unquestionable need to assess the sugarcane production impacts on society and the environment. The concept of Landscape Design aims at sustainable landscape analysis considering environmental and socioeconomic aspects involved in landscape and their influence on this; it is a plan to resource allocation that may suggest a path to sustainable management of ethanol production. In this article, it is applied a spatial analysis methodology using Geographic Information System (GIS) and the Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA) statistical method to check which areas, within the watershed of the Santo Anastacio river, suffer with the land use change impacts caused by the advance of sugarcane in this region. Total expanded area (3,374.19 ha) was smaller than the total area regressed (3,821.22 ha), meaning a reduction of 1.69% of the area planted with sugarcane in this area. However, when analyzed between low and very sensitive areas, the regression over the very sensitive area was 864.44 ha. In the less sensitive areas, there was an expansion of the sugarcane crop in 422.41 ha. Even though the regression is greater than the expansion of sugarcane cultivation, it occurred in very sensitive areas, while most of the expansion took place in less sensitive areas. The CATPCA-based final maps and the discussion generated from them are a starting point for sustainable public policies. Keywords: Landscape Design, Geographic Information System (GIS), Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA), Santo Anastacio River

Orientador: Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física Resumo: Introdução: A obesidade durante a infância e adolescência é considerada pela organização mundial da saúde, um dos grandes problemas mundiais, pois além de agravar o surgimento de comorbidades, pode ser preditora de doenças cardiometabólicas no futuro. Por ser considerada uma doença complexa e multifatorial, é necessária uma ampla visão biológica dos sistemas e vias metabólicas interconectadas para sua compreensão. Para isso, as ciências "ômicas" vem sendo amplamente utilizadas, em especial, a metabolômica, que visa identificar e quantificar metabólitos por meio de tecnologias analíticas. Os metabólitos podem variar em respostas às perturbações patofisiológicas no organismo, como o exercício físico, onde a prática de exercícios aeróbios e de força, o chamado treinamento combinado (TC) tem sido recomendado e utilizado para atenuar o quadro da obesidade e promover benefícios à saúde, tanto de crianças e adolescentes, como adultos. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil metabólico de adolescentes eutróficos, com sobrepeso/obesidade e observar as mudanças após 12 semanas de TC, sem intervenção de dieta, utilizando a metabolômica. Métodos: Foram recrutados 64 adolescentes (14,08 ± 1,1 anos) de ambos os sexos, com IMC entre 18 e 24,9 kg/m² para o grupo eutrófico (GE n=24) e entre 25 e 34,9 kg/m² para o grupo sobrepeso/obeso (SOB n=40). Para a segunda parte do estudo, o grupo SOB foi subdividido em grupo controle obeso (GCO n=20) e grupo treinamento obeso (GTO n=20). O programa de TC foi composto pela realização do treinamento de força [6 exercícios/3 séries de 10 a 12 repetições/1 minuto de pausa entre as séries a 70-85% de 1 repetição máxima (RM)] e treinamento aeróbio (30 minutos de caminhada ou corrida a 50 ¿ 85% Vo2máx) na mesma sessão, com frequência de três vezes na semana, durante 12 semanas. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue antes e após 12 semanas de treinamento. As análises metabolômicas foram realizadas por espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN). A identificação e quantificação dos metabólitos pelo software Chenomx 7.6. As análises estatísticas multivariadas foram realizadas no software SIMCA 14.1 e MetaboAnalyst 3.0. As análises univariadas de normalidade dos dados, teste t-Student, Mann-Whitney e Anova Two-way foram realizadas no software SPSS. Resultados: Houve diferença entre o perfil metabólico de meninos x meninas eutróficos, e de meninos x meninas obesas. Também foram diferentes os perfis de meninas eutróficas x obesas, e meninos eutróficos x obesos, mostrando que o sexo e a composição corporal podem ser importantes fatores na diferenciação do metabolismo desses adolescentes. Além disso, após 12 semanas de treinamento combinado também foi possível observar um comportamento metabólico diferente entre as mudanças que ocorreram no grupo controle e grupo treinado, sendo que o TC foi capaz de alterar o perfil metabólico desses adolescentes, e sugerir metabólitos e vias que foram mais afetadas entre os grupos. Conclusão: Os perfis metabólicos de adolescentes são diferentes em relação ao sexo e à composição corporal, assim como as vias metabólicas relacionadas a essas diferenças são distintas. O treinamento combinado, sem intervenção de dietas, promoveu uma mudança metabólica em adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade, indicando novos metabólitos candidatos a biomarcadores, e vias metabólicas antes não estudados em relação à obesidade e exercício físico em adolescentes Abstract: Obesity during childhood and adolescence is considered by the world health organization as one of the biggest problems in the world because besides aggravating the appearance of some comorbidities, it can be a predictor of cardiometabolic diseases in the future. Obesity is considered a complex and multifactorial disease, and the study of the interconnected metabolic systems and pathways is necessary for a better biological understanding. For this, the "omics" sciences have been widely used, especially metabolomics, which aims to identify and quantify metabolites through analytical technologies. Metabolites can vary in response to pathophysiological disorders in the organism, as physical exercise. The practice of aerobic and resistance training, called combined training (CT), has been recommended and used to attenuate the condition of obesity and promote health benefits for both children and adolescents, as well as adults. Objective: Analyze the metabolic profile of eutrophic and overweight/obese adolescents, and observe the changes after 12 weeks of CT, without dietary intervention, using metabolomics. Methods: Sixty - four adolescents (14.08 ± 1.1 years) of both sexes, with BMI between 18 and 24.9 kg / m² were recruited for the eutrophic group (EG n = 24) and between 25 and 34.9 kg / m² for the overweight /obese group (OBG n = 40). For the second part of the study, the OBG group was divided into obese control group (OCG n = 20) and obese training group (OTG n = 20). The CT program consisted of resistance training (6 exercises / 3 x 10-12 repetitions /1-minute pause between sets at 70-85% of 1RM) and aerobic training (30 minutes of walking or running at 50-85 % Vo2max) in the same session, three times a week during 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after 12 weeks of training. Metabolomics was performed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Identification and quantification of metabolites by Chenomx software 7.6. Multivariate statistical analyses were conducted using SIMCA 14.1 and MetaboAnalyst 3.0 software. Univariate analyses of data normality, Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney, and Anova Two-way were performed using SPSS software. Results: There was a difference between the metabolic profile of boys vs. girls eutrophic, and obese boys vs. girls. There was also a difference in the profiles of eutrophic vs. obese girls and eutrophic vs. obese boys, showing that gender and body composition may be important factors in the metabolism alterations of these adolescents. Also, after 12 weeks of combined training, it was also possible to observe a different metabolic behavior between the changes that occurred in the control group, and the training group, and that CT could alter the metabolic profile of these adolescents, and suggest metabolites and metabolic pathways that were more affected by these groups. Conclusion: The metabolic profiles of adolescents are different from sex, and body composition, as well as the metabolic pathways related, are distinct. Combined training without dietary intervention promoted a metabolic change in overweight and obese adolescents, indicating new metabolites candidate biomarkers, and previously not studied metabolic pathways related to obesity and exercise in adolescents Mestrado Atividade Física Adaptada Mestra em Educação Física CNPQ 130456/2015-2

Orientador: Michelle Cristina Araujo Picoli Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Resumo: O aquecimento do sistema climático global que ocorre desde 1950 é considerado atualmente inequívoco e muitas das mudanças observadas não têm precedentes. Neste cenário, a produção de combustíveis a partir de biomassa, como da cana-de-açúcar, para o setor de transporte tem se tornado uma alternativa cada vez mais explorada em vários países do mundo no intuito de mitigar esse problema. Os produtos derivados de cana-de-açúcar representam 18,1% da matriz energética brasileira e Brasil destaca-se como um dos líderes mundiais no desenvolvimento de tecnologias de produção e uso do etanol combustível. Desde 2005 até 2015, a produção de etanol vem aumentando a uma taxa média de 8% ao ano, com uma expansão da área plantada de cana-de-açúcar de cerca de 6 milhões para 10 milhões de hectares em dez anos. Porém, o efeito das mudanças do clima, como a seca, já vem sendo observado. Um exemplo foi o que ocorreu nas safras 2009/10 e 2014/15 em que houve uma queda na produtividade na cana-de-açúcar também notada por conta da seca atípica nesses anos. O desenvolvimento de metodologias que possibilitem aos agricultores realizar um planejamento ao longo da safra em termos de aplicação de insumos, planos de irrigação, programação de colheita, entre outros, bem como de estimar a produção da mesma são instrumentos chave para adaptação às mudanças nos regimes de temperatura e precipitação em curso. Entre as várias ferramentas para quantificação e monitoramento de seca, os índices baseados em observações climáticas, meteorológicas e em sensoriamento remoto tem se mostrado muito promissores. Uma abordagem metodológica distinta que permite o diagnóstico, bem como a definição de soluções e normas padronizadas pode ser aplicada utilizando técnicas de geoprocessamento, as quais permitem a integração de dados de diversas fontes no contexto espaço-temporal para uma análise da paisagem em diferentes escalas. Portanto, este trabalho buscou mostrar que os índices, derivados de dados de sensores remotos, desenvolvidos para detectar e monitorar: vigor vegetativo, incidência de chuvas e umidade das culturas, podem ser utilizados para avaliar o impacto das mudanças do clima na cana-de-açúcar e qual é o índice mais indicado para essa cultura. Foi observado que os índices GVMI e NDI6 tem uma melhor resposta para a análise temporal e os índices NDWI e SRWI para uma análise espacial e que em conjunto podem detectar eventos de seca na cana-de-açúcar Abstract: The global climate system warming is occurring since 1950, it is considered currently clear, and many of the observed changes are unprecedented. In this scenario, the biofuels production, such as the one from sugarcane, for the transport sector, has become an alternative increasingly exploited in many countries in order to mitigate this problem. The products derived from sugarcane represent 18.1% of the Brazilian energy matrix and Brazil stands out as a world leader in the development of production technologies and use of ethanol fuel. From 2005 to 2015, ethanol production has increased at an average rate of 8% per year, with an expansion of the area planted with sugarcane from about 6 million to 10 million hectares in ten years. However, the effect of climate change such as drought, has already been observed. An example is what happened in the 2009/10 and the 2014/15 season when there was a drop in productivity in sugarcane also noted due to the atypical drought in these years. The development of methodologies that enable farmers to carry out a plan along the crop in terms of application, irrigation schemes, crop programming, among others, as well as to estimate the production of the same are key instruments for adaptation to changes in temperature and current precipitation. Among the tools for measuring and monitoring drought indices based on climatic and meteorological observations and remote sensing has been very promising. A different methodological approach that allows diagnosis as well as the definition of standard solutions and standards can be applied using geoprocessing techniques, which enable the integration of data from many sources in space-time context for a landscape analysis in different scales. Therefore, this study aimed to show that the indices derived from remote sensing data, designed to detect and monitor vegetative vigor, rainfall and crops moisture can be used to assess the impact of climate change on sugarcane and what is the most appropriate index for this crop. It was observed that the GVMI and NDI 6 indices have a better answer to the temporal analysis and NDWI and SRWI indexes for spatial analysis and together can detect drought events in sugarcane Mestrado Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos FAPESP 2014/17090-5

Agradecimentos: The authors thank the NMR Facility at the Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio) for the use of the NMR spectrometer (600 MHz, Varian Inova) and the Integrated Laboratory of Education and Research (LABFEF) at the University of Campinas for the Body Composition Tracking System (BOD POD, Cosmed, USA). The authors also thank Espaco da Escrita Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa? UNICAMP?for the language services provided Abstract: Intrinsic cardiorespiratory fitness (iCRF) indicates the CRF level in the sedentary state. However, even among sedentary individuals, a wide interindividual variability is observed in the iCRF levels, whose associated molecular characteristics are little understood. This study aimed to investigate whether serum and skeletal muscle metabolomics profiles are associated with iCRF, measured by maximal power output (MPO). Seventy sedentary young adults were submitted to venous blood sampling, a biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle and iCRF assessment. Blood serum and muscle tissue samples were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Metabolites related to iCRF were those supported by three levels of evidence: (1) correlation with iCRF, (2) significant difference between individuals with low and high iCRF, and (3) metabolite contribution to significant pathways associated with iCRF. From 43 serum and 70 skeletal muscle analyzed metabolites, iCRF was positively associated with levels of betaine, threonine, proline, ornithine, and glutamine in serum and lactate, fumarate, NADP+, and formate in skeletal muscle. Serum betaine and ornithine and skeletal muscle lactate metabolites explained 31.2 and 16.8%, respectively, of the iCRF variability in addition to body mass. The results suggest that iCRF in young adults is positively associated with serum and skeletal muscle metabolic levels, indicative of the amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES Fechado

Agradecimentos: The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research. Authorship and publication of this article: this work was supported by the FAEPEX—Education, Research, and Extension Support Fund (http://www.prp.unicamp.br) and additional funding from the CAPES—Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (Financing Code 001) Abstract: The present study was designed to compare the body composition and indicators of chronic inflammatory grade, such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin concentrations in irregularly active and active SCI subjects. Thirty-two male subjects participated in this study. They were divided into three groups: able-bodied control irregularly active (control, ), irregularly active with SCI (SCI-IA, ), and physically active with SCI (SCI-PA, ). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assessed serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. All volunteers performed the maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) test, 24 h total energy expenditure (TEE), and body composition by skinfold thicknesses. Leptin concentrations were higher in the SCI-IA group when compared to the other groups, while no significant differences were found between the SCI-PA and control cohorts. In addition, no significant differences were found among groups for serum adiponectin and resistin concentrations either. The SCI-PA group showed significantly higher values for TEE and VO2max when compared to the other groups. Percentages of body fat and circumference were decreased in the control and SCI-PA groups when compared to the SCI-IA cohort. Associations between leptin and cardiorespiratory capacity and anthropometric markers were also observed. Our findings highlight that the lack of physical activity in the SCI subjects leads to poor general physical fitness and higher levels of body adiposity, which may induce hyperleptinemia, an essential marker for cardiometabolic disorders COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES Aberto

Exercise training and a healthy diet are the main non-pharmacological strategies for treating chronic conditions, such as obesity and insulin resistance (IR), in adolescents. However, the isolated metabolic changes caused by exercise training without dietary intervention have not yet been established. We investigated how combined training (CT) without dietary intervention altered the concentrations of serum metabolites, biochemical, anthropometric and functional parameters in overweight and obese adolescents. Thirty-seven adolescents (14.6 ± 1.05 years), of both sexes, were randomly assigned to the control group (CG, n = 19) or the training group (TG, n = 18). The CT was composed by resistance training and aerobic training performed in the same session (~ 60 min), three times a week, for 12 weeks. All assessments were performed pre and post-intervention. Metabolomics analyses were conducted using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) in a 600 MHz spectrometer. There was a decrease in body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), % body fat (%BF), fasting glucose, insulin levels, and insulin resistance (IR), by HOMA-IR, in the TG. An increase in fat-free mass (FFM) was also observed in the CG. The metabolic changes were given mainly by changes in the levels of metabolites 2-oxoisocaproate (↓TG), 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (↑CG and ↓TG), glucose (↓TG), glutamine (↓CG and ↑TG) and pyruvate (↓TG). These findings demonstrate the positive effects of CT program without dietary intervention on metabolomic profile, body composition, biochemical markers, and glucose metabolism in overweight and obese adolescents.

This systematic review provides a qualitative appraisal of 24 high-quality metabolomics-based studies published over the past decade exploring exercise-induced alterations of the human metabolome. Of these papers, 63% focused on acute metabolite changes following intense and prolonged exercise. The best studies utilized liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analytical platforms with large chemical standard libraries and strong, multivariate bioinformatics support. These studies reported large-fold changes in diverse lipid-related metabolites, with more than 100 increasing two-fold or greater within a few hours post-exercise. Metabolite shifts, even after strenuous exercise, typically return to near pre-exercise levels after one day of recovery. Few studies investigated metabolite changes following acute exercise bouts of shorter durations (< 60 min) and workload volumes. Plasma metabolite shifts in these types of studies are modest in comparison. More cross-sectional and exercise training studies are needed to improve scientific understanding of the human system’s response to varying, chronic exercise workloads. The findings derived from this review provide direction for future investigations focused on the body’s metabolome response to exercise.

Amorphous solid water is probably the most abundant form of solid water in the universe. Its saturation vapor pressure and thermodynamic properties, however, are not well known. We have investigated the saturation vapor pressure over vapor-deposited amorphous ice at temperatures between 133 and 147 K using a novel experimental method. The new method determines the absolute vapor pressures and the sublimation rates by measuring the mass growth rates of ice-covered nanoparticles under supersaturated water vapor conditions. We find that the vapor pressure of amorphous solid water is up to a factor of 3 higher than that predicted by current parameterizations, which are based in part on calorimetric measurements. We demonstrate that the calorimetric measurements can be reconciled with our data by acknowledging the formation of nanocrystalline ice as an intermediate ice phase during the crystallization of amorphous ice. As a result, we propose a new value for the enthalpy of crystallization of amorphous solid water of Δ H = 2312 ± 227 J/mol, which is about 1000 J/mol higher than the current consensus. Our results shine a new light on the abundance of water ice clouds on Mars and mesospheric clouds on Earth and may alter our understanding of ice formation in the stratosphere.

Estimating yield is a major challenge for the majority of agricultural crops. With the advancement of field technologies however, especially those related to the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UA...

The article reports on the composition, mixing state and water affinity of iron silicate particles which were produced in a non-thermal low-pressure microwave plasma reactor. The particles are intended to be used as meteoric smoke particle analogues. We used the organometallic precursors ferrocene (Fe(C5H5)2) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, Si(OC2H5)4) in various mixing ratios to produce nanoparticles with radii between 1 nm and 4 nm. The nanoparticles were deposited on sample grids and their stoichiometric composition was analyzed in an electron microscope using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). We show that the pure silicon oxide and iron oxide particles consist of SiO2 and Fe2O3, respectively. For Fe:(Fe+Si) ratios between 0.2 and 0.8 our reactor produces (in contrast to other particle sources) mixed iron silicates with a stoichiometric composition according to FexSi(1−x)O3 (0≤x≤1). This indicates that the particles are formed by polymerization of FeO3 and SiO3 and that rearrangement to the more stable silicates ferrosilite (FeSiO3) and fayalite (Fe2SiO4) does not occur at these conditions. To investigate the internal mixing state of the particles, the H2O surface desorption energy of the particles was measured. We found that the nanoparticles are internally mixed and that differential coating resulting in a core-shell structure does not occur.

Bioenergy is expected to play an essential role in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation in the future energy sector. In Brazil, sugarcane electricity appears as a reliable option with low GHG emissions when compared to fossil alternatives. The sugarcane sector mostly produces electricity from bagasse, while straw (sugarcane tops and leaves) presents a vast potential for additional electricity production and mitigation of climate change. The suitability and potential of straw recovery are site-specific, depends on climatic conditions, and may influence soil quality and sugarcane yields. This study estimates the potential electricity production in Brazil from sugarcane bagasse and straw and their potential to avoid GHG emissions in the energy sector. A map of suitability classes for straw recovery was developed to help to assess the amount of straw that could be strategically recovered from the fields for bioenergy production. Results show that up to 13% of the GHG emissions of the electricity sector in Brazil could be mitigated by improving the cogeneration system in existing sugarcane mills and recovering, based on the suitability maps, 62% of produced straw. Considering an expansion of 3 million hectares of sugarcane projected by the RenovaBio policy, sugarcane electricity exports could reach up to 159 TWh per year, which would avoid 72 million tCO2eq per year, equivalent to 8% of the Brazilian Nationally Determined Contributions mitigation target for 2030. A more assertive management of sugarcane residues has an enormous potential to increase sugarcane electricity production in Brazil while helping the country meet its climate mitigation targets.

The global interest in biofuels has increased significantly in recent years, mainly due to the concern about climate change. In Brazil, the land area under sugarcane cultivation has expanded in unprecedented ways to meet the increasing ethanol demand of both the domestic and international markets. Sao Paulo is the Brazilian state with the highest production of sugarcane, and the expansion of this activity can impact both the environment and society. The purpose of this paper was to assess and map the sensitivity of the areas used for sugarcane cultivation in Sao Paulo state and to provide a holistic approach to sugarcane production from the sustainability perspective by integrating indicators of the environmental, social and economic spheres without focusing on one single element. Five environmental indicators (related to water resources, slope, environmental conservation areas, land use and agricultural potential) and six socioeconomic indicators (related to employment, income, education, gender equality, child labor and forced labor) were selected for the analysis. The methodology comprised the Categorical Principal Components Analysis (CATPCA) technique and the spatialization of results in a Geographic Information System. The resulting maps of sensitivity show the patterns of the three retained principal components and provide an information-rich tool that the government can use in decision making, policy formulation and the integrated planning of land use, thereby enabling the identification of both hotspots and which issues should be prioritized.

O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a mudanca na composicao corporal, consumo maximo de oxigenio, forca maxima e metabolismo glicemico em pessoas de meia idade,apos periodo de treinamento. Os voluntarios foram dividos em tres grupos, grupo eutrofico (GE), grupo obeso (GO) e grupo obeso diabetico tipo 2 (GOD). Foram realizadas 16 semanas de treinamento combinado (TC), sendo TF (treinamento de forca) e TA (treinamento aerobio) realizados na mesma sessao. Houve mudancas positivas em todos os parâmetros analisados, confirmando o TC como tratamento nao farmacologico.

A Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) é uma doença de alta incidência na atualidade. O treinamento aeróbio e de força são efetivos para melhora do controle metabólico e da composição corporal de forma distinta, sendo que a junção destes, conhecido como Treinamento combinado (TC), é recomendado para o tratamento da DM2, visto que une os benefícios fornecidos por ambos os tipos de treinamento. Com isso, o presente estudo avaliou as respostas de 16 semanas de TC sobre variáveis antropométricas, de composição corporal, concentrações plasmáticas de glicose, insulina e do Modelo de Avaliação da Homeostase (HOMA) em sujeitos com DM2 e excesso de peso. O TC proposto foi efetivo em melhorar a composição corporal e o controle glicemico.

The aim of this study was to analyze metabolic responses, energy expenditure per systems (EE, %) and total energy expenditure (TEE, kcal) after an acute session of continuous endurance training (ET) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Eleven healthy young men (21 ± 3 years; BMI: 21 ± 3 kg.m-2), performed three experimental sessions in random order: ET (40 min at 70% of heart rate reserve - HRR), HIIT (40 min, 5 min of warm-up + 5 sets of 4 min at 90% HRR, with 3 min at 50% HRR); and control session (CO, 40 min sitting at rest). Venous blood samples were collected Pre and Post each experimental session to through metabolomics (H1 NMR spectroscopy); and blood from the distal surface of the finger Pre and Post 1, 3, 5 e 7 min of each session to analyse energic systems and energy expenditure (EE) through the GEDAE-LaB software. Discriminant metabolites of metabolic responses between each session were identified using specifics softwares. ET and HIIT presented similarly higher TEE compared to CO (P < 0.01), however, ET presented higher relative contribution of aerobic metabolism compared to HIIT (P < 0.01), while HIIT presented higher relative contribution of anaerobic lactic. These findings demonstrate the role of manipulating exercise intensity and alter the relative contribution of metabolism to produce energy (e.g.: increase anaerobic lactic metabolism during HIIT and aerobic metabolism during ET) to increase the overall metabolic response after work exercise.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento dos metabólitos e identificar a via metabólica envolvida após a realização de uma sessão aguda de exercício físico combinado (SAEFC). Participaram deste estudo 11 voluntárias, eutróficas (IMC 18 a 24,9 kg/m²), de 20 a 40 anos, que foram submetidas a uma SAEFC (força+aeróbio) com duração de 60 minutos e intensidade moderada. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas nos momentos pré e pós SAEFC. Para análise metabolômica foi utilizado a ressonância magnética nuclear de 600mHz (RMN). Quando comparado os momentos pré e pós foram observados diferenças signitivativas nos metabólitos: glicerol, O-acetilcarnitina, acetoacetado, hipoxantina e 2-hidroxyvalerato.

High cardiorespiratory fitness levels (CRF) are strongly associated with reduction of risk of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality. CRF can be assessed by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2MAX) or maximal power output (MPO). Skeletal muscle is the main organ responsible for peripheral adaptations related to CRF improvement. In this sense, metabolomics has been pointing out as a potential tool to identify muscular metabolic signature in response to exercise and different phenotypes. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate metabolites in human skeletal muscle associated with CRF. Participated in this study 70 sedentary young men (18-30 years old). Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected at fasting state (12 h). After 72 h, CRF was assessed by MPO, obtained during a maximal incremental test performed until voluntary exhaustion in cycle ergometer, followed by re-test 48 h later. Skeletal muscle samples were analysed through metabolomics (H1 NMR spectroscopy). Associations of baseline metabolites with MPO were explored via three analytical strategies: (1) correlations with gains in MPO; (2) significant difference between groups of and Low CRF and High CRF; and (3) metabolite contribution to significant pathways related to MPO. The significance level was P < 0.01 or false discovery rate of 0.1. From 70 identified metabolites, only Formate and NADP+ were supported by the three levels of evidence. Intrinsic CRF levels are associated with higher baseline metabolities.

A síndrome metabólica (SM) é um conjunto de fatores de risco para diabetes tipo 2 e doenças cardiovasculares, de origem multifatorial. O exercício físico é o método não-farmacológico mais utilizado no tratamento dessa comorbidade, além de causar alterações na homeostase metabólica. Essas alterações podem ser identificadas e quantificadas através da metabolômica, a qual reproduz o estado patofisiológico do organismo. Portanto, o objetivo desde estudo é associar as alterações metabólicas de indivíduos diabéticos tipo 2 após treinamento combinado, com as mudanças nos fatores de risco da síndrome metabólica. Foram observadas diferenças significativas em circunferência de cintura, pressão arterial sistólica, triglicerídeos e glicemia, nos indivíduos treinados em relação ao grupo controle, reduzindo os fatores de risco característicos da SM.

The development of effective strategies for sugarcane straw recovery is important, as straw plays an important role in soil conservation and bioenergy production. In order to identify the most cost-effective mill areas for straw recovery, this study developed analyses of technical and economic parameters for straw recovery based on integral harvesting and baling routes. The evaluation was based on field data analysis, simulation of straw recovery costs using the CanaSoft model, and spatial analysis of costs using a geographic information system (GIS). Results showed that straw recovery costs are highly influenced by the amount of straw recovered and the transport distance between the field and the mill. The lowest straw recovery cost from the integral harvest was obtained when it reached 2.5 t (dry basis) per hectare (US$ 8.4/t) within a distance of 5 km, and the highest cost was also obtained for 2.5 t/ha (US$ 34.7/t) within a distance of 60 km. For baling, the lowest cost was for the largest amount of straw recovered—7.5 t/ha (US$ 23.2/t) within a distance of 5 km—and the highest cost was for 2.5 t/ha (US$ 40.7/t) recovered within a distance of 60 km. For straw recovery below 2.5 t/ha, the integral harvesting route is more competitive, even considering distances greater than 60 km. On the other hand, baling route costs are lower when distances are over 42 km and at least 5 t/ha of straw is recovered.

Dentre as análises utilizadas para identificar perfil metabólico, a metabolômica tem se destacado. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a correlação entre os metabólitos encontrados e a composição corporal de mulheres jovens eutróficas. Análise metabolômica foi realizada através da ressonância magnética nuclear de 600Mhz (RMN). Os dados espectrais foram analisados no software Chenomx. Os metabólitos encontrados que foram correlacionados com a composição corporal foram: 3-hidroxibutirato, alanina, tirosina, valina, metilmalonato, propilenoglicol e piruvato. Através dos metabólitos encontrados, podemos observar uma perturbação no sistema energético das voluntárias, ocasionado possivelmente pelo excesso de gordura corporal e que pode levar a um quadro de resistencia à insulina.

Biofuels are predicted to constitute a large proportion of fuel consumption in the global transport sector under stringent climate mitigation polices in future. In Brazil, sugarcane ethanol has been widely deployed at large scale and an oriented expansion of sugarcane is considered to be a key measure to ensure the expected positive outcomes from biofuels. In this study, more recent and accurate georeferenced information were combined with an enhanced land use classification system to update the original Sugarcane Agroecological Zoning (SAEZ). We also excluded environmentally relevant areas ( ERA ) in our updated SAEZ to create a new set of reference maps for supporting future prioritization of areas for sugarcane ethanol expansion. We mapped 41.7 Mha as suitable land for sugarcane expansion in center-south region of Brazil, differently from the 50 Mha indicated in the original SAEZ. After excluding the ERA, 33.7 Mha was found to be suitable for sugarcane expansion, of which 20 Mha is currently occupied with pasture lands. About half of these areas were located in Mato Grosso do Sul and Minas Gerais states and an exploratory assessment of two microregions from these states demonstrated the importance of conducting regional assessments to prioritize the areas for a more sustainable sugarcane expansion to meet future bioenergy demands.

Given that sustainability of Brazilian ethanol is intrinsically associated with the effects of sugarcane expansion on land use changes, this paper aims to assess sugarcane land use using data such as sugarcane yield, water requirements, land expansion and production costs under rainfed and irrigated management. The Paranaiba basin was selected as a case study because of recent large scale expansion of sugarcane. Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) methodology was used to identify sugarcane dynamics during four crop seasons. Crop water requirements, through the water footprint methodology, cane yield, and production costs were estimated by combining the Agroecological Zone Model and CanaSoft. Results show that most sugarcane was spatially distributed in the central area of the basin, with less potential for yield gain through irrigation. This region has significant water availability issues. A 54% increase in sugarcane area (617,000–947,000 ha) was identified, mostly from the central region to the west, and to a lesser extent to the southeast. Both expansion areas represent improved edaphoclimatic (soil and climatic) conditions, hence, higher yields, lower water footprint, and lower production costs under rainfed and irrigated managements. Furthermore, there are less subbasins with water quantity problems and almost none with water quality or both quantity and quality concerns, which suggests greater possibilities for accessing water for irrigation; however, there is an environmental cost associated with this practice on average, 13 m3 Mg−1 (Mega gram, 106 g) of blue water footprint. In the context of this highly water-intensive crop, sugarcane expansion in the Paranaiba basin in areas of improved soil and climatic conditions enhances the sustainability of ethanol production in Brazil.

Clouds of CO2 ice particles have been observed in the Martian mesosphere. These clouds are believed to be formed through heterogeneous nucleation of CO2 on nanometer-sized meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) or upward propagated Martian dust particles (MDPs). Large uncertainties still exist in parameterizing the microphysical formation process of these clouds as key physicochemical parameters are not well known. We present measurements on the nucleation and growth of CO2 ice on sub-4 nm radius iron oxide and silica particles representing MSPs at conditions close to the mesosphere of Mars. For both particle materials we determine the desorption energy of CO2 to be ΔFdes = (18.5 ± 0.2) kJ mol−1 corresponding to ΔFdes = (0.192 ± 0.002) eV and obtain m = 0.78 ± 0.02 for the contact parameter that governs heterogeneous nucleation by analyzing the measurements using classical heterogeneous nucleation theory. We did not find any temperature dependence for the contact parameter in the temperature range examined (64 K to 73 K). By applying these values for MSPs in the Martian mesosphere, we derive characteristic temperatures for the onset of CO2 ice nucleation, which are 8–18 K below the CO2 frost point temperature, depending on particle size. This is in line with the occurrence of highly supersaturated conditions extending to 20 K below frost point temperature without the observation of clouds. Moreover, the sticking coefficient of CO2 on solid CO2 was determined to be near unity. We further argue that the same parameters can be applied to CO2 nucleation on upward propagated MDPs.

The original version of this article was published with a wrong heading by mistake. The correct heading is Original Paper.

The concept of agricultural sustainability could be summarized as the ability of agricultural systems to maintain their production in the long term without depleting the available resources for future uses. This study proposes a decision support system for assessing the sustainability of the agricultural production and industrial processing of sugarcane in south-central Brazil by providing information structured according to criteria and indicators in the environmental, economic, and social dimensions. The information is organized using three tools: i) spreadsheets for evaluating technological efficiency, production efficiency and costs (Sugarcane Agro-industrial System Efficiency Index); ii) spreadsheet for evaluating sustainability indicators and generating the Sustainability Index; and iii) a combination of both indexes to construct the Sustainability Matrix and Semaphore, and to provide recommendations for sustainability management. The proposed decision support system contains a software (version 1.0, wherein all the information is available in electronic format, which helps to maximize assessment accuracy). Therefore, strategies such as the SustenAgro system, which helps to manage and to guide public policies, can improve the sector and enable suppliers and mills to ensure sustainable growth.