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This paper reports a case of duodenal ulcer (A1 stage) after general gastroscopy, when the patient left hospital without discomfort, but felt persistent aggravated abdominal pain in about 20 minutes, so admitted to the emergency department due to perforation of duodenal ulcer showed by CT, and aspirated by CO2 air pump under general anesthesia in the operating room four hours later, performed painless endoscopic perforation repair. Then, he released pneumatosis by puncture, and accepted ten days symptomatic treatment such as anti-infection following fasting water and gastric tube insertion, after that recovered and discharged from hospital, avoiding surgery, which supplements endoscopic minimally invasive treatment for perforation of duodenal ulcer in China.

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tcn-10.1177_10436596231184650 for Galactagogue Food Consumption, Perception of Insufficient Milk Supply, and Exclusive Breastfeeding in Chinese Postpartum Women: An Analysis of Repeated Measures by Quan Shen, Can-Ran Huang, Wen-Wen Du, Jun-Yan Li, Sharon R. Redding and Yan-Qiong Ouyang in Journal of Transcultural Nursing

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-tcn-10.1177_10436596231184650 for Galactagogue Food Consumption, Perception of Insufficient Milk Supply, and Exclusive Breastfeeding in Chinese Postpartum Women: An Analysis of Repeated Measures by Quan Shen, Can-Ran Huang, Wen-Wen Du, Jun-Yan Li, Sharon R. Redding and Yan-Qiong Ouyang in Journal of Transcultural Nursing

As boilers are designed with higher parameters and larger capacity, deformation failure caused by thermal stress seriously threatens the safety of heating surfaces, especially membrane walls. In this paper, thermal strain/stress distribution on membrane walls, and its relationship with heat transfer process in the furnace were experimentally investigated in a laboratory-scaled arch-fired boiler. Tension strain and compression stress were detected on membrane walls, with definite directionality decided by wall structure. The measured high stress and high temperature zones coincided well with the location of deformation failure in the prototype boiler. Temperature on membrane walls links the heat transfer process and strain/stress distribution. A high level of wall temperature enhanced the directionality of strain/stress, while dispersive temperature gradient weakened such directionality. Additionally, significant correlations were found between wall temperature and corresponding thermal strain/stress. By defining constraint coefficients (β1, β2) and stress coefficients ( k e , k τ ), a model was proposed to quantitatively predict the strain/stress distribution on membrane walls. It provides a way to reduce the deformation risk of membrane walls via improving heat transfer process. Furtherly, the temperature-strain/stress correlations found in the arch-fired boiler were validated in another wall-fired boiler, thus provide great value in safety precaution to various boiler types.

Additional file 7. SMRs for each cause of death following SCLC diagnosis in patients of other races.

Additional file 2: Fig. S1. Flowchart of whole-exome sequencing data analysis.

Additional file 1. Definition of each cause of death and corresponding codes in the ICD-10.

Additional file 8. SMRs for each cause of death following SCLC diagnosis in patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Additional file 3. SMRs for each cause of death following SCLC diagnosis in patients aged 60-69 years.

Additional file 2. SMRs for each cause of death following SCLC diagnosis in patients younger than 60 years.

Additional file 9. SMRs for each cause of death following SCLC diagnosis in patients undergoing radiotherapy.

Additional file 6. SMRs for each cause of death following SCLC diagnosis in black patients.

Additional file 10. SMRs for each cause of death in patients with stage I-III SCLC.

Additional file 11. SMRs for each cause of death in patients with stage IV SCLC.

One new eremophilane sesquiterpene periconianone L (1), together with four known guaiane-type sesquiterpenes 4,10,11-trihydroxyguaiane (2), (���)-guai-1(10)-ene-4��,11-diolhydroxymecuration (3), guaidiol A (4), and epi-guaidiol A (5) were isolated from the endophytic fungus Periconia sp. F-31. The structure of the new compound was established by spectroscopic methods, including UV, IR, HRESIMS, and extensive NMR techniques. Compound 3 was isolated as natural product for the first time.

Additional file 4. SMRs for each cause of death following SCLC diagnosis in patients aged more than 70 years.

Additional file 1: Table S1. ACMG Criteria for identified variant.

Additional file 5. SMRs for each cause of death following SCLC diagnosis in white patients.

Fluorescent probes have been valuable tools for bioanalytical multiplex assays. However, as a common phenomenon in multiplex fluorescence assays, spectral overlap usually leads to difficulty in spectral analysis for multiple analytes. Although multiway calibrations have provided mathematic approaches for complex spectral analysis, it remains a grand challenge for these methods in practical applications because of the problems such as prior rank estimation. Herein, we report a novel second-order calibration algorithm of alternating residual trilinearization (ART) for the decomposition of complex spectra generated from multiplex fluorescence assays. By alternating iterative convergence to the spectral profiles of each component in convergence process, ART enables automatic rank estimation for second-order calibration, thus able to avoid the risk of chemical meaningless fitting of component spectra. Combined with fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectroscopy, the performance of ART has been demonstrated by a simulated example and an analytical experiment performed using molecular beacons (MBs) for the simultaneous assay of three breast cancer related DNA targets. The results revealed that the proposed algorithm is capable of automatic estimating the number of underlying components during its convergence process to produce acceptable performance in spectral profile resolution and concentration estimation. Compared with other existing iterative trilinear decomposition strategies such as parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) requiring a prior rank estimation, the proposed ART therefore provides a robust second-order calibration strategy for complex spectral analysis in multiplex fluorescence assays.

To ensure boiler safety operating, it is necessary to obtain a systematic knowledge about the working states of membrane walls and find the most salient impact factors of membrane walls’ deformation. In this study, a scaled-down arch-fired boiler is used to investigate temperature, heat flux, strain and stress on its membrane walls. The results showed that an extremely high strain and stress appeared at high-temperature zone. It was mostly presented on the front wall in the lower furnace, which is near the angle connecting the lower furnace and the ash hopper. The flow-field deflection is the forming reason for it. Both the angle and external constraints such as water pipes had a significant influence upon it as well. They restricted the direction of stress. However, the heat flux had less impact on the deformation. Compared with the symmetrical fuel supplying (c = 1) condition, changing the fuel proportion coefficient (denoted by c) would increase the strain and stress on the front wall. But, combined the temperature change, the optimal range of c was found to be 0.8–1. The results obtained in this experiment are meant to be valuable in designing and optimizing the arch-fired boilers’ configuration and operation.

This research aims to achieve two goals: first and foremost, clarify the similarities and dissimilarities among statutory (legal) presumptions, judicial (factual) presumptions and legal fictions. The second is to provide a set of theoretical tools that can correctly distinguish two types of presumptions from legal fictions, so as to facilitate the accurate identification and application of those three by Chinese judges in their judicial practice. This study mainly adopts two research methods: legal theory analysis and law article analysis. The research results of this paper mainly are: first, compared with legal fictions, two types of statutory presumptions are more or less refutable. Their differences are as follows: on the one hand, the scope of refutation is different; on the other hand, the difficulty of refutation is different, too. Second, litigators are forbidden to refute the conclusive part of an applied legal fiction, but they can disprove its premise fact. By nature, that refutation is “a challenge against the lawfulness of that legal fiction’s usage”. Third, for related ultimate facts, the using of statutory presumptions will not lead to their reversed burden of persuasion. Fourth, when the principle of presumptive fault is applied, as for the issue of whether the defendant has subjective fault or not, the related burden of persuasion will be reversed to be assumed by the defendant. By comparison, in the usage of statutory presumptions, there will be no inversion of burden of persuasion. Fifth, direct denials, indirect denials and defenses can be used to rebut premise facts of the legal fiction, basic facts of two types of statutory presumptions, and presumptive facts of the refutable statutory presumptions. Sixth, when direct denials and indirect denials are launched, the evidence is the disproving evidence (Gegenbeweis). When the defenses are raised, the evidence is the proving evidence (Hauptbeweis). Seventh, the successful effect of discrediting basic facts of refutable statutory presumption: the using of that presumption lacks legitimacy, so the corresponding presumptive facts are untenable, too. Eighth, the successful effect of contradicting the presumptive facts of the refutable statutory presumption: while those presumptive facts are proved groundless, the related basic facts will be considered as confirmed continually. And finally, the successful effect of disproving basic facts of irrefutable statutory presumption: because it has been proved that the using of that presumption is lack of lawfulness, the related presumptive facts can not be sustained, either. By making use of those aforesaid study results, 28 statutory presumptions and 30 legal fictions are identified in the Civil Code of China.

Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) is a widely used diagnostic technique due to its high sensitivity, fast response, low cost, and other merits. Hydrocarbon detection is a field of great interest in the application of tunable diode lasers as hydrocarbons are fundamental molecules in many industrial processes. Many tunable diode lasers are only suitable for single species detection due to the short scanning range and in real situations. However, different hydrocarbon species tend to exist simultaneously. Here we present a laser system based on the difference-frequency generation (DFG) method for simultaneous hydrocarbon mixtures detection. The direct absorption spectra of different hydrocarbons covering various groups (e.g., alkane, olefin, and aromatic) were measured. The measurements of the concentration dependence of absorbance for each molecule were carried out. The R2 values were larger than 0.997, which demonstrated the system can measure hydrocarbons covering different molecular classes accurately. The mixture components were identified using the independent component analysis and quantitative analysis was performed using the classical least-squares method. Future studies will focus on the validation of the system in actual processes.

Additional file 10: Checklist S1 Completed ARRIVE guidelines checklist. The checklist includes the ARRIVE Essential 10 and the Recommended Set.

This paper targets at exploring how to characterize collective behaviors of directed signed networks. The right eigenvector of the Laplacian matrix associated with zero eigenvalue is further investigated and its mathematical expression is proposed. It is shown that the right eigenvector plays an important role in determining the collective behaviors of directed signed networks. Furthermore, algebraic criteria are introduced for collective behaviors of directed signed networks, such as bipartite consensus, interval bipartite consensus and bipartite containment tracking. In addition, a simulation example is given to the correctness of our developed theoretical results.

The arch-fired boiler easily suffers from membrane wall deformation and rupture caused by high stress. Thus, it is necessary to predict thermal stress distribution on the membrane wall for the sake of early warning. In this study, a lab-scale arch-fired boiler was constructed to achieve thermal stress distribution on the membrane wall, and the reason for high-stress formation was found. Besides, machine learning technology was first applied to predict thermal stress based on experimental data. The results show that both high-temperature distribution and boiler configuration play an important role on high-stress distribution. As for the prediction, the regression neural network model presents an admissible result (R2 = 0.724), but has a relatively poor performance on the high-stress prediction due to the skewed data distribution. Specifically, the relatively high prediction errors present on the bending and connection areas. Future work should consider the effect of boiler configuration and different heat loads. In contrast, the binary classification neural network model has a more accurate result with a high F1 score (0.893). It is the best choice for practical application considering the generality and accuracy. This work is meant to be valuable in optimizing the prediction model and applying it in practice.

Supplementation of protein hydrolysate is an important strategy to improve the salt tolerance of soy sauce aroma-producing yeast. In the present study, Tartary buckwheat protein hydrolysates (BPHs) were prepared and separated by ultrafiltration into LM-1 (1 kDa) and HM-2 (1-300 kDa) fractions. The supplementation of HM-2 fraction could significantly improve cell growth and fermentation of soy sauce aroma-producing yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii As2.180 under high salt (12%, w/w) conditions. However, the LM-1 fraction inhibited strain growth and fermentation. The addition of HM-2 promoted yeast cell accumulation of K

Nitrogen content is an important indicator of the growth status of the rice in cold region. It can be obtained in time using UAV hyperspectral remote sensing technology at a regional scale. This study is based on the remote sensing test data of the rice in precision agriculture aviation team experiment station of Shenyang Agricultural University from 2018. The method of Sequent Projection Approach (SPA) was used to extract the effective band including 465 nm, 501 nm, 578 nm, 702 nm and 783 nm. The extracted characteristic band is used as the input, and the inversion models of nitrogen content in rice canopy were established respectively by using the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), and the Extreme Learning Machine by genetic algorithm (GA-ELM) and by Whale optimization algorithm (WOA-ELM). The results showed that the precision of the nitrogen content of rice based on the WOA-ELM was better than the inversion model established by ELM and GA-ELM. The R 2 of training data is 0.887, the R 2 of test data is 0.880, the RMSE of training data is 0.269, the RMSE of test data is 0.284. This study provides a certain data support and application basis for the diagnosis of rice nitrogen content in cold region by UAV hyperspectral remote sensing technology in northeastChina. Keywords: UAV, nitrogen content, rice in cold region, hyperspectral, WOA-ELM DOI:  10.33440/j.ijpaa.20190202.39.  Citation: Yu F H, Du W, Guo Z H, Zhou C X, Wang D K, Xu T Y.  UAV hyperspectral inversion modeling of rice nitrogen content based on WOA-ELM.  Int J Precis Agric Aviat, 2019; 2(2): 43–48.

T91 steel specimens were tested at a high temperature with and without Na2SO4-NaCl molten salt under different stresses to investigate the effect of imposed stress on the corrosion behaviour. The imposed tensile stress facilitated chromium-oxide growth near the substrate and strengthened the corrosion resistance. The mechanism of the stress-salt-gas coupling effect on the high temperature corrosion of alloy T91 was discussed. The “optimal stress” of 20 MPa provided T91 with the best corrosion resistance.

Additional file 1. Response mechanism of hypocrellin colorants biosynthesis by Shiraia bambusicola to elicitor PB90.

Additional file 1. Additional tables and figures.

With the transformation of Chinese society and the development of its economy, many infringements against public interests have occurred. The legal resolution of those disputes is vital to the country’s further growth. In order to fully protect the public welfare, the National legislature of China revised the Civil Procedure Law, and created the system of civil public interest litigation (CPIL). In line with valid laws, the suing parties of CPIL are only entitled to file claims of inaction and claims for actual losses. However, for the purpose of enhancing the effect of punishment, deterrence and thereby better protecting the public interest, as one of the proper suing parties in CPIL, People’s Procuratorates of China have been keen on filing a new type of request to the court---the claim of punitive damages. As for the filed claim of punitive damages, the attitude of judges is polar opposite on it. Some upheld that claim, while others rejected it. The academic circle is roughly divided into two similar mutual opposing groups. So, should the suing parties be authorized to file such claims to the court? The conclusion of this article is: No, they shouldn’t. There are three reasons to support that argument: 1. Legal bases for filing CPIL punitive damages are administrative regulations and judicial explanatory documents. Firstly, for their vague meaning, they possess a low status in China’s law hierarchy, and are incompetent for the assigned job. Secondly, because the function of administrative regulations or judicial explanatory documents is to “patch loopholes in basic systems of civil law”, they actually committed ultra vires in legislative affairs. 2. This topic is constantly plagued by a paradox: if we stick to the developing trend of merely filing claims of inaction and claims for actual losses, it will negatively affect the deterrent and punishing effects of CPIL; on the other hand, if punitive damages are introduced into CPIL, it will certainly cause the confusion of CPIL and the traditional civil litigation for the protection of harmed private interests. 3. The theoretical studies of punitive damages for harmed public welfare is far from perfect. This awkward status quo is reflected in a train of conundrums yet to be deciphered. As far as this article is concerned, the author mainly used the following research methods such as case analyses, theoretical analyses, and comparative law studies.

The thermal deformation of membrane walls is a severe safety issue in the arch-fired boilers, which is closely related to the combustion and flame inside the furnace. In this paper, various combustion schemes were conducted on a laboratory-scaled arch-fired boiler, exploring the correlations between the working status on membrane walls and the arrangement of burners. The influence mechanisms of the burners on the membrane walls were experimentally determined, with strong impact regions found on the front/rear wall in a relative wide of 0.6. The asymmetric combustion obtained in the furnace increased the temperature and strain/stress on the front wall with greater deformation risk, which should be avoided in the practical operation. The flameout of burners dramatically changed the local temperature and enhances the tearing risk of membrane walls with tension stress, which is consistent with the tearing track in the prototype boiler. Great correlations between the operation parameters (Tg, Tw, Tc, e1 and σ1) and the and volumetric thermal load (Pv) were experimentally determined and considered applicable to the prototype boiler. While the impact range of burners helps estimating the uniformity of temperature and strain/stress on membrane walls, providing reference to the design and operation of similar boilers.

Aiming at noise interference problem in detecting stator current of induction motor, denoising method based on principal component analysis (PCA) Kalman filtering is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the state equation is obtained by building five order mathematical model, in order to reduce the correlation of data, data space is mapped to low dimensional subspaces via orthogonal transformations. Then, the Kalman prediction value is taken as the center of the observation signal which is processed by adding window processing, and the prediction value is gotten based on the PCA in the window. There are good stability and simple calculation in the algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the mean square error based on PCA) Kalman filtering is lower than that based on the traditional Kalman filtering algorithm, and the filtering effect is obviously improved.

The CASCA is a 32-channal readout ASIC designed for the TPC based X-ray Polarimeter. We propose a prototype Readout system of the CASCA chip for the XTP. The system mainly consists of three kinds of modules. The ASIC cards, mounted with CASCA chip, are designed for sampling XTP signals. The Adapter card, edged-mounted with the ASIC card, is in charge of digitizing the output from ASIC card and driving it. The Main Controller card provides 8 channels for 8 Adapter cards based Serial-RapidIO protocol at 6.25Gbps bandwidth, and it transmits data through 10 Gigabit Ethernet, therefore 256 electronics channels are achieved. The readout system can be tailored to specific sizes to adapt to the experiment scales and readout requirements.

The study of spatial distribution characteristics of the adsorbed compounds for absorbent materials has significant importance in understanding the behaviors of aerosols while they migrating in the absorbent materials. Herein, for the first time, desorption corona beam ionization–mass spectrometry (DCBI–MS) has proposed for direct in-situ analysis of adsorbed aerosol for absorbent materials. DCBI is a novel atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-related technique developed by our group in recent years. It can facilitate accurately localizing sampling by forming a visible thin corona beam and avoid the risk of sample contamination and matrix interference compared with other similar techniques. The advantages of DCBI–MS allow rapid screening of the spatial distribution characteristics of the adsorbed compounds for absorbent materials. The distribution characteristic of phenol in cigarette filter tip filled with cellulose acetate fiber was studied as a model case for demonstrating the feasibility of the developed method. As a comparison, conventional HPLC was also used for the study of the distribution characteristic of phenol. The results revealed DCBI–MS had highly improved assay simplicity in spatial distribution characteristic analysis of phenol for the acetate fiber tip, therefore, exhibiting a great potential for convenient, rapid and cost-efficient analysis of the spatial distribution characteristic investigation of adsorbed compounds for adsorbent materials.

For xylooligosaccharide (XO) production, endo-xylanase from Thermobifida fusca was modified by error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling. The G4SM1 mutant (S62T, S144C, N198D, and A217V) showed the most improved hydrolytic activity and was two copies expressed in Pichia pastoris under the control of GAP promoter. The maximum xylanase activity in culture supernatants was 165 ± 5.5 U/ml, and the secreted protein concentration reached 493 mg/l in a 2-l baffled shake flask. After 6× His-tagged protein purification, the specific activity of G4SM1 was 2036 ± 45.8 U/mg, 2.12 times greater than that of wild-type enzyme. Additionally, G4SM1 was stable over a wide pH range from 5.0 to 9.0. Meanwhile, half-life of G4SM1 thermal inactivation at 70 °C increased 8.5-fold. Three-dimensional structures suggest that two amino acid substitutions, S62T and S144C, located at catalytic domain may be responsible for the enhanced activity and thermostability of xylanase. Xylobiose was the dominant end product of xylan hydrolysis by G4SM1. Due to its attractive biochemical properties, G4SM1 has potential value in commercial XO production.

Five monoterpenoids were isolated from the endophytic fungus Periconia sp. F-31, including three new carene-type monoterpenoids, 2-carene-5,8-diol (1), 2-carene-8,10-diol (2), 2-carene-8-acetamide (3), one new menthene-type monoterpenoid 8-hydroxy-1,7-expoxy-2-menthene (4), and one known monoterpenoid anethofuran (5). The structures of all compounds were elucidated based on a comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis, electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and calculated ECD.

La présente analyse porte sur les caractéristiques de rétention et de filtration de la nicotine, du phénol, du benzo[a]pyrène (B[a]P), de la nitrosamine NNK (4- (méthylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone), du crotonaldéhyde, de l’acide cyanhydrique (HCN) et de l’ammoniaque dans les filtres conventionnels en fibres d’acétate de cellulose. Par le truchement d’une analyse quantitative des contenus libérés dans la fumée principale et des contenus retenus dans les filtres, les performances de filtration, exprimées par le rapport entre le contenu de rétention du filtre et l’addition du contenu de rétention du filtre et du rendement de fumée principale, furent examinées selon les paramètres de fumage de l’Organisation internationale de Normalisation (ISO) et du Health Canadian Intense (HCI). A l’aide d’un découpeur au laser de précision, les filtres furent soit découpés transversalement en 5 à 7 segments en vue d’un examen du schéma de répartition longitudinale, soit découpés transversalement en trois segments qui furent ensuite chacun découpés de façon concentrique en trois sections en vue d’un examen du schéma de répartition spatiale. La composition des constituants de fumée susnommés retenus dans ces segments de filtres fut soumise à une analyse quantitative. Les données furent calibrées et ensuite traitées par interpolation et ajustement polynomial. Les schémas de répartition longitudinale pour l’ensemble des composants susmentionnés ainsi que les schémas de répartition spatiale pour la nicotine, le phénol, l’acide cyanhydrique, l’ammoniaque et le crotonaldéhyde purent être obtenus. Les performances de filtration des divers constituants de fumée varièrent respectivement de 24% à 15% pour l’acide cyanhydrique et de 87% à 92% pour le phénol selon les paramètres de fumage de l’ISO et du HCI. Les performances de filtration de tous les constituants relevées suivant les paramètres du HCI furent, à des degrés divers, inférieures aux performances relevées suivant les paramètres de l’ISO, à l’exception du phénol qui suivit une tendance opposée. Différents constituants de fumée principale présentent leur propre comportement de rétention et leurs propres caractéristiques de répartition, qui sont déterminés par les propriétés chimiques et physiques du constituant et son interaction avec la fibre d’acétate de cellulose et le triacétate de glycéryle contenus dans le filtre. La diversité des schémas de répartition et de rétention des différents constituants atteste de la grande complexité du processus de filtration de la fumée de cigarette dans les filtres. [Beitr. Tabakforsch Int. 26 (2014) 121-131]

Distributor selection plays an important role in the supply chain management, particularly in the current competitive environment. The recent researches are mainly focused on the conceptual, descriptive and simulation. However, analyzing qualitative information is difficult by standard statistical analysis, which means that a proper quantitative method is desired for distributor selection in fuzzy environment. This study is an attempt to identify the factors which have impact on the distribution cost and the selection for better distributors in an agricultural enterprise in China based on fuzzy TOPSIS.

The linearized model of single-machine infinite-bus power system integrated with DFIG is derived. According to the linearized model, the figure of Phillips-Heffron model can be drawn. For single machine infinite bus system with DFIG integrated, the damping torque of electromechanical circuit of synchronous generator(SG) comes from two parts: one part is synchronous generator's excitation winding and automatic voltage controller(AVR), the other part is DFIG. The first part represents the synchronous generator's excitation's effect on the rotor motion equation; the other part represents the effect of dynamic interaction between DFIG and synchronous generator, which is directly reflected in the exchange of dynamic power between DFIG and synchronous generator intransient process. The damping torque to the electromechanical oscillation loop comes from excitation of synchronous generator and DFIG individually can be derived using the four different methods of damping torque analysis (DTA). Four types of DTA methods include direct, indirect and two simplified methods. The direct method calculates the damping torque provides by synchronous machine excitation and DFIG respectively according to the Phillips-Heffron model figure of single-machine infinite bus system with DFIG connected. The indirect method calculates the damping torque from DFIG using the principle of superimposition of linear systems. that is, total damping torque minus damping torque provides by synchronous machine excitation. In two simplified methods, only direct damping torque from wind farm to the synchronous machine electromechanical circuit is considered, Since the time delay in the signal path forming indirect damping torque weakens the signal strength, indirect damping torque is ignored. Finally, an example is conducted for validation. Results of the first two methods obtained are identical; results of two simplified methods are close to results of integrity algorithms, which verified the reasonableness of simplification. The conclusion of this paper has a certain practical significance to the long-distance transmission of bundled wind and fire power.