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Drybalanops oblongifolia known as kayu kapur is a plant member of Dipterocarpaceae family. A neolignan, vladinol F, was successfully isolated from the dissolved fraction in acetone-ether of Dryobalanops oblongifolia stem bark. The chemical structure's determination was done based on an analysis of UV-Vis, NMR, and MS spectra and a comparison with the reference. In vitro test of this compound against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 showed that IC50 value was 3.51 μg/mL.

Dryobalanops belong to a member of Dipterocarpaceae, which has a high economic value. Due to illegal harvesting for its wood, the population tends to decrease every year, so rapid conservation effort was needed. D. oblongifolia and D. lanceolata were important members of dryobalanops, which have listed as endangered (EN), according to IUCN. This study aims to provide information on the DNA isolation and amplification process. This data was needed as basic information for further research, such as genetic diversity, population genetics, phylogeny studies, or biogeography aspects. DNA isolation was performed using the CTAB method (Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide). The amplification process was performed with three barcode markers those were trnL-trnF, rbcL, and matK. The results of DNA isolation showed quite good DNA yield. Amplified DNA using all primers showed successfully with an annealing temperature of 490C for matK, 500C for trnL-trnF, and 550 C for rbcL.

The Dipterocarpaceae (dipterocarp) is one of a large family comprising 16 genera, about 600 species of which are widely distributed (76%) in Malaysia and Indonesia. Dryobalanops comprises a small number of species. This genus is locally named kayu kapur [1, 2]. As other genus in Dipterocarpacea, Dryobalanops has been known to be a rich source of phenolic compounds, especially stilbene oligomers [3,4,5,6] but there has never been a report on their antimalarial activity. Previous studies have identified stilbene oligomers from Dryobalanops oblongifolia Dyer, namely (–)-ampelopsin A, a compound of dimer stilbenoid, and two compounds of trimer stilbenoid, namely cis- and trans-diptoindonesin B [3, 4]. This paper reports on a compound of dimer stilbene, (–)-ampelopsin F, from the acetone extract of the tree bark of D. oblongifolia. Test of its antimalarial activity showed an IC50 value of 0.001 μg/mL, which makes it promising as an antimalarial compound. The structure of (–)-ampelopsin F (1) was determined based on physical data and spectroscopic data, including UV, MS, NMR, 2D NMR, and also by comparison with published data. The antimalarial activity test was carried out according to the method of Trager and Jensen [7]. The melting point was determined on a micro melting-point apparatus, UV spectra was measured using a UV-Vis Shimadzu spectrometer in MeOH, and 1H and 13C NMR spectra were recorder on a JEOL J-500 spectrometer operating at 500 MHz (1H) and 125 MHz (13C) using TMS as an internal standard. Optical rotatory was measured using a PerkinElmer 341 polarimeter. Gravitation column chromatography (GCC) was carried out using Merck Si gel 60 (70–200 mesh), vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and radial chromatography using Merck Si gel 60 GF254, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) using procoated Si gel plates (Merck kieselgel 60 F254 0.25 mm). Solvents used in this research were of analytical and technical grade and were distilled before use. The tree bark of D. oblongifolia Dyer was obtained from Gunung Mali, Tempunak, Sintang, West Kalimantan, in December 2012. The specimen was identified at Biological Research Center, LIPI, Bogor, Indonesia, and a voucher specimen has been deposited at the herbarium. The powdered tree bark of Dryobalanops oblongifolia (5 kg) was macerated with acetone for 2 × 24 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure to give a gummy brownish extract. The extract was divided into acetone–diethyl ether soluble and insoluble fractions. The acetone-diethyl ether soluble fraction (48 g) was fractionated using VLC (n-hexane–ethyl acetate, increasing polarity) to give four major fractions A–D. From TLC analysis, fraction D (3.2 g) was chosen for further analysis. Fraction D was GCC refractionated repeatedly using n-hexane–ethyl acetate 5:5 – ethyl acetate 100% to yield fractions D1–D3. Fraction D1, on repeated purification using radial chromatography with chloroform–methanol (9:1), yielded compound 1 (14.8 mg). Compound 1 was obtained as an amorphous brown solid, mp 220–222°C (dec), [α] 25D –2°. The molecular formula, C28H22O6, of compound 1 was established based on HR-FAB-MS (m/z 454.1416 [M]+), corresponding to a resveratrol dimer. The UV spectra of compound 1 showed absorption at 220 and 282 nm, typical for oligomeric stilbene chromophores. The 13C NMR spectra of compound 1 showed 22 distinct signals, which represented 28 atoms of carbon. The 1H NMR spectra of compound 1 exhibited four signals of an ortho-coupled aromatic hydrogen at δ 7.02, 6.72, 6.69, and 6.50 (each 2H, d), indicating the presence of two units of 4-hydroxyphenyl. Four signals of a meta-coupled aromatic hydrogen at δ 6.38, 6.36, 6.08, and 6.01 (each 1H, d) indicated the presence of two units of 1,2-substituted-3,5-dihydroxyphenyl. Four signals of an aliphatic methane hydrogen singlet appeared at δ 4.08, 4.03, 3.56, and 3.23.The chemical shift values of the four aliphatic methine hydrogens indicated that this structure did not form an oxygen heterocyclic ring. The four methine hydrogens appearing as a singlet signal showed that all the dihedral angles of the vicinal hydrogen approach 90°, so that the small values of the vicinal coupling constants prevented the four methine hydrogens did not undergo splitting [8, 9]. The relation of inter-units shown in compound 1 was confirmed by analysis of 1H–13C long-range couplings on the HMBC spectrum (Fig. 1). The HMBC spectrum of compound 1 showed some correlations between H-7/C-8, H-7/C-10a, H-8/C-10, H-8/C-10a, H-8a/C-10a, H-8a/C-10, and H-8a/C-9a; it showed that rings A2 and B2 were connected by C-7, C-8, and C-8a. Moreover, the correlations between H-7a/C-9, H-8a/C-8, H-8/C-8a, H-8/C-10a, and H-7/C-7a proved that C-7a formed a bicyclo ring between C-8 and C-8a. The aliphatic methine hydrogens at δ 3.56, 4.03, and 4.08 were long-range coupled with the aromatic hydrogens at δ 6.69, 6.36, and 7.02, respectively. In addition, the methine hydrogen at δ 3.23 with another methine hydrogen at δ 4.03 displayed w-relationships of the proton system [8, 9]. Based on the analysis of NMR and 2D NMR and comparation of the NMR spectroscopic data between compound 1 and the published data of (+)-ampelopsin F that was isolated from Ampelopsis brevipedunculata [9], it was concluded that this compound has the (–)-ampelopsin F structure. (–)-Ampelopsin F (1), amorphous brown solid, mp 220–222°C (dec); [α] 25D –2° (c 0.1; MeOH). UV spectrum (MeOH, λmax, nm): 220 and 282. HR-FAB-MS m/z [M]+ 454.1416 (calcd for C28H22O6, 454.1410). 1H NMR (500 MHz, CD3OD, δ, ppm, J/Hz): 7.02 (2H, d, J = 8.6, H-2, 6), 6.72 (2H, d, J = 6.9, H-3, 5), 6.69 (2H, d, J = 8.3, H-2a, 6a), 6.50 (2H, d, J = 6.7, H-3a, 5a), 6.38 (1H, d, J = 2, H-14), 6.36 (1H, d, J = 2.3, H-14a), 6.08 (1H, d, J = 2.6, H-12a), 6.01 (1H, d, J = 2, H-12), 4.08 (1H, s, H-7), 3.56 (1H, s, H-7a), and 3.23 (1H, s, H-8). 13C NMR (125 MHz, CD3OD, δ, ppm): 158.5 (C-13), 158.1 (C-11a), 157.2 (C-13a), 156.1 (C-4, 4a), 153.2 (C-11), 147.9 (C-9a), 147.5 (C-9), 139.1 (C-1), 136.1 (C-1a), 130.1 (C-2, 6), 129.4 (C-2a, 6a), 128.7 (C-10), 115.8 (C-3, 5), 115.6 (C-3a, 5a), 114.2 (C-10a), 105.8 (C-14a), 104.4 (C-14), 102.0 (C-12, 12a), 59.3 (C-8), 50.9 (C-7a), 49.9 (C-8a), 47.6 (C-7). The antimalarial activity of compound 1, expressed as IC50, is the sample concentration required to inhibit parasite growth by 50%. The antimalarial activity was tested by introducing a series of samples with different concentrations containing complete medium (RPMI 1640 medium with 10% serum O) + erythrocyte into microwell plates and then adding a suspension of Plasmodium falciparum (chloroquine sensitive strain, 3D7) [10]. Pyrimethamine was used as positive control. The percent average parasitemia and the percent average inhibition of parasite growth were determined by counting the amount of infected erythrocytes in every 1000 erythrocytes. The value of IC50 was obtained by analyzing the data of the antimalarial activity test result using probit analysis of the SPSS program. The antimalarial activity test of (–)-ampelopsin F against P. falciparum gave an IC50 value of 0.001 μg/mL (with pyrimethamine as a positive control, IC50 0.03 μg/mL). This result showed that (–)-ampelopsin F has promise as an antimalarial agent.

The existence of Dryobalanops sumatrensis and D. oblongifolia subsp. oblongifolia in Indonesia’s natural forest is increasingly threatened due to land use changes and illegal logging leading to the urgent need of conservation actions in the field. Vegetative propagation by shoot cuttings has been proposed as an alternative method, yet there have been still lacks of information regarding the suitable rooting media and the use of shoots from saplings as cutting materials. This study was to evaluate the survival rate, rooting and shoot sprouting abilites of D. sumatrensis and D. oblongifolia subsp. oblongifolia on two different media (mineral soil and peat). Saplings of the D. sumatrensis aged older than 7 years old and D. oblongifolia subsp. oblongifolia aged less than 2 years old were used as cutting materials. The results showed that the survival rate of D. sumatrensis in peat (43.75%) and mineral soil media (43.75%) was lower than D. oblongifolia subsp. oblongifolia in for peat media (54.55%) and minerals soil media (71.88%). The rooting and shoot sprouting percentage of D. sumatrensis in peat and mineral soil media was also lower than D. oblongifolia subsp oblongifolia. This pattern revealed that the media treatment (peat and minerals) did not affect the survival rate and rooting ability of D. sumatrensis shoot cuttings, but has an effect on D. oblongifolia subsp. oblongifolia.

A dimer resveratrol compound named (-)-ampelopsin A was isolated from acetone extract of the stem bark of Dryobalanops oblongifolia (Dipterocarpaceae). The structure of this compound was determined on the basis of NMR spectroscopic data. Keywords: (-)-ampelopsin A, Dryobalanops oblongifolia, Dipterocarpaceae

Two oligostilbenes, cis- and trans-diptoindonesin B, have been isolated from the tree bark of Dryobalanops oblongifolia (Dipterocarpaceae). The structures and relative configurations of both compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic evidence, including 2D-NMR spectroscopic analysis.