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La convivencia entre el puerto y la ciudad que lo alberga se puede estudiar desde diferentes ángulos, sin embargo, el factor social y su vínculo con el desarrollo de la población joven podría ser un elemento importante en estos tiempos de cambio. El objetivo de la investigación es conocer la percepción sobre la relación ciudad puerto y su vínculo con la satisfacción con la vida en estudiantes universitarios. La investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, correlacional, no experimental y transversal; la muestra estuvo conformada por 433 estudiantes universitarios de la provincia constitucional del Callao, de Lima, Perú. Según los resultados, existe correlación mediana, positiva y significativa entre las variables de estudio (.38); la primera y tercera dimensión de la relación ciudad puerto presentaron índices de .37 y .43 respectivamente con la satisfacción con la vida; mientras que el impacto positivo en la económica obtuvo una correlación pequeña (.28) con la satisfacción. Se observaron diferencias significativas en ambas variables respecto a la característica sociodemográfica sexo, obteniendo mayor puntaje las mujeres. También se encontraron diferencias significativas según edad y tiempo viviendo en el Callao. Se concluye que la relación ciudad puerto se asocia con la satisfacción con la vida de los jóvenes universitarios.

The MUSE experiment at Paul Scherrer Institute will perform the first measurement of low-energy muon-proton elastic scattering (muon lab momenta 115-210 MeV) with the aim of determining the proton charge radius. We study the prospects for the proton radius extraction using the theoretical framework of Dispersively Improved Chiral Effective Field Theory (DI$\chi$EFT). It connects the proton radii with the finite-$Q^2$ behavior of the form factors through complex analyticity and enables the use of data up to $Q^2 \sim$ 0.1 GeV$^2$ for radius extraction. We quantify the sensitivity of the $\mu p$ cross section to the proton charge radius, the theoretical uncertainty of the cross section predictions, and the size of two-photon exchange corrections. We find that the optimal kinematics for radius extraction at MUSE is at momenta 210 MeV and $Q^2 \sim$ 0.05-0.08 GeV$^2$. We compare the performance of electron and muon scattering in the same kinematics. As a byproduct, we obtain explicit predictions for the $\mu p$ and $ep$ cross sections at MUSE as functions of the assumed value of the proton radius., Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures

We determine the quark mass dependence - light and heavy - of the $D_{s0}(2317)$ properties, such as, mass, coupling to $DK$, scattering lengths and compositeness, from a global analysis of $DK$ energy levels from LQCD. In particular, we analyze the HSC energy levels for $DK$ scattering in $I=0$ for different boosts and two pion masses. The formalism is based in the local hidden-gauge interaction of Weinberg-Tomozawa type which respects chiral and heavy quark spin symmetries, supplemented by a term that takes into account the $DK$ coupling to a bare $c\bar{s}$ component. The isospin violating decay of the $D_{s0}(2317)\to D_{s}^+\pi^0$ is also evaluated.

We study the light and heavy quark mass dependence of the low-lying charmed mesons in the framework of one-loop HH$χ$PT. The low energy constants are determined by analyzing the available lattice data from different LQCD simulations. Model selection tools are implemented to determine the relevant parameters as required by data with a higher precision. Discretization and other effects due to the charm quark mass setting are discussed.

Recurrent miscarriage and pre-eclampsia are common reproductive disorders, but their causes are often unknown. Recent evidence has provided new insight into immune system influences in reproductive disorders. A subset of lymphocytes of the innate immune system known as uterine natural killer (uNK) cells are now recognized as fundamental to achieving embryo implantation and successful pregnancy, but were initially attributed a bad reputation. Indeed, immune therapies have been developed to treat the 'exaggerated' immune response from uNK cells. These treatments have been based on studies of peripheral blood natural killer (pbNK) cells. However, uNK cells and pbNK cells have different phenotypic and functional characteristics. The functions of uNK cells are closely related to their interactions with the extravillous trophoblast cells (EVTs) and spiral arteries, which underlie an essential role in regulating vascular function, controlling trophoblast invasion and promoting placental development. EVTs express MHC molecules of class I HLA-C/E/G/F, while uNK cells express, among other receptors, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) that bind to HLA-C or CD94/NKG2A inhibitory receptors, and then bind HLA-E. Associations of certain KIR/HLA-C combinations with recurrent miscarriage, pre-eclampsia, and foetal growth restriction and the interactions between uNK cells, trophoblasts and vascular cells have led to the hypothesis that uNK cells may play a role in embryo implantation.

Context: Non-classical membrane progesterone receptor (mPRs) and progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) expression have been detected in endometrium, but their role in decidualization had not yet been investigated. We previously demonstrated PGRMC1 downregulation in receptive endometrium and that its overexpression inhibits decidualization. Furthermore, during decidualization, PGRMC1 mainly interacts with proteins involved in biosynthesis, intracellular transport, and mitochondrial activity. Objective: To determine PGRMC1 and mPRs signaling role during decidualization. Methods: Isolated primary endometrial stromal cells (EnSC) were decidualized in vitro in the presence of classic stimuli (E2 + P4), PGRMC1 inhibitor (AG205), or membrane-impermeable P4 (P4-BSA). Endometrial biopsies were obtained from 19 fertile oocyte donors attending the IVI-Valencia in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinic. EnSC decidualization was evaluated by prolactin ELISA and F-actin immunostaining. Progesterone receptor localization was evaluated by immunoFLuorescence. EnSC transcriptomic profiles were analyzed by microarray technology. Results: PGRMC1 inhibition during EnSC decidualization (AG205dEnSC) does not interfere with EnSC cytoskeletal rearrangements and prolactin secretion. However, global transcriptional profiling revealed more differentially expressed genes in AG205dEnSC than in dEnSC, compared with nondecidualized EnSC (ndEnSC). In silico analysis showed that PGRMC1 inhibition upregulated more genes related to metabolism, molecular transport, and hormonal biosynthesis compared with control dEnSC. EnSC decidualized in the presence of P4-BSA showed a similar behavior as ndEnSC in terms of morphological features, absence of prolactin secretion, and transcriptomic pattern. Conclusion: Our findings associate PGRMC1 to hormonal biosynthesis, metabolism, and vesicular transport-important cellular functions for dEnSC supporting pregnancy. Activation of membrane P4 receptor signaling alone was unable to induce downstream effects needed for proper decidualization.

Successful embryo implantation is a complex process that requires the coordination of a series of events, involving both the embryo and the maternal endometrium. Key to this process is the intricate cascade of molecular mechanisms regulated by endocrine, paracrine and autocrine modulators of embryonic and maternal origin. Despite significant progress in ART, implantation failure still affects numerous infertile couples worldwide and fewer than 10% of embryos successfully implant. Improved selection of both the viable embryos and the optimal endometrial phenotype for transfer remains crucial to enhancing implantation chances. However, both classical morphological embryo selection and new strategies incorporated into clinical practice, such as embryonic genetic analysis, morphokinetics or ultrasound endometrial dating, remain insufficient to predict successful implantation. Additionally, no techniques are widely applied to analyse molecular signals involved in the embryo-uterine interaction. More reliable biological markers to predict embryo and uterine reproductive competence are needed to improve pregnancy outcomes. Recent years have seen a trend towards 'omics' methods, which enable the assessment of complete endometrial and embryonic molecular profiles during implantation. Omics have advanced our knowledge of the implantation process, identifying potential but rarely implemented biomarkers of successful implantation.

To investigate whether phytoestrogens (genistein and daidzein) alter invitro decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs).

Endometrial receptivity is a limiting step in human reproduction. A disruption in the development of endometrial receptivity is responsible for recurrent implantation failures (RIF) of endometrial origin. To understand the molecular mechanisms behind the endometrial receptivity process, we used the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) method to compare three different endometrial statuses: fertile women, intrauterine device (IUD) carriers, and RIF patients. Overall, iTRAQ allowed identified 1889 non-redundant proteins. Of these, 188 were differentially expressed proteins (DEP) (p-value??.05). Pairwise comparisons revealed 133 significant DEP in fertile vs. IUD carriers and 158 DEP in RIF vs. IUD carriers. However, no DEP were identified between fertile and RIF patients. Western blot validation of three DEP involved in endometrial receptivity (plastin 2, lactotransferrin, and lysozyme) confirmed our iTRAQ results. Moreover, functional KEGG enrichment revealed that complement and coagulation cascades and peroxisome were the two most significant pathways for the RIF vs. IUD comparison and ribosome and spliceosome for the fertile vs. IUD comparison, as possible important pathways involved in the endometrial receptivity acquisition. The lack of DEP between fertile and RIF patient endometria suggest that idiopathic RIF may not have an endometrial origin, with other as-yet-unknown factors involved. SIGNIFICANCE: A pilot study where a comparison of the endometrial protein profile from women with different endometrial receptive grade (fertile women, IUD carriers and RIF patients) during the same period of time (overlapping with the window of implantation) of a hormone replacement therapy was performed using a high-throughput proteomic technique. This approach lead us to better understand the molecular mechanisms undergoing endometrial receptivity, a time-limiting step to achieve pregnancy in humans. Moreover, the number of samples per group (10 Fertile women, 10 IUD carriers and 8 RIF patients) according to the methodology here employed (8plex iTRAQ), give more robustness to our results. Our findings confirm that an IUD introduces numerous changes in the endometrial protein profile when compared to fertile and RIF endometria, revealing some key proteins involved in endometrial receptivity. Finding no significant differences between Fertile and RIF patient endometria could suggest that other as-yet-unknown factors could be involved in the etiology of idiopathic RIF.

Do oocytes from women with ovarian endometriosis (OE) have a different transcriptomic profile than those from healthy women?

Background: The BAG3 (BLC2-associated athanogene 3) gene codes for an antiapoptotic protein located on the sarcomere Z-disc. Mutations in BAG3 are associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), but only a small number of cases have been reported to date, and the natural history of BAG3 cardiomyopathy is poorly understood. Objectives: This study sought to describe the phenotype and prognosis of BAG3 mutations in a large multicenter DCM cohort. Methods: The study cohort comprised 129 individuals with a BAG3 mutation (62% males, 35.1 ± 15.0 years of age) followed at 18 European centers. Localization of BAG3 in cardiac tissue was analyzed in patients with truncating BAG3 mutations using immunohistochemistry. Results: At first evaluation, 57.4% of patients had DCM. After a median follow-up of 38 months (interquartile range: 7 to 95 months), 68.4% of patients had DCM and 26.1% who were initially phenotype-negative developed DCM. Disease penetrance in individuals >40 years of age was 80% at last evaluation, and there was a trend towards an earlier onset of DCM in men (age 34.6 ± 13.2 years vs. 40.7 ± 12.2 years; p = 0.053). The incidence of adverse cardiac events (death, left ventricular assist device, heart transplantation, and sustained ventricular arrhythmia) was 5.1% per year among individuals with DCM. Male sex, decreased left ventricular ejection fraction. and increased left ventricular end-diastolic diameter were associated with adverse cardiac events. Myocardial tissue from patients with a BAG3 mutation showed myofibril disarray and a relocation of BAG3 protein in the sarcomeric Z-disc. Conclusions: DCM caused by mutations in BAG3 is characterized by high penetrance in carriers >40 years of age and a high risk of progressive heart failure. Male sex, decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, and enlarged left ventricular end-diastolic diameter are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with BAG3 mutations. © 2018 American College of Cardiology Foundation

We investigate theoretically the dynamics of a Josephson junction in the framework of the resistively shunted junction model. We consider a junction that hosts two supercurrent contributions: a 2π and a 4π periodic in phase, with intensities I2π and I4π, respectively. We study the size of the Shapiro steps as a function of the ratio of the intensity of the mentioned contributions, i.e., I4π/I2π. We provide detailed explanations where to expect clear signatures of the presence of the 4π-periodic contribution as a function of the external parameters: the intensity ac bias Iac and frequency ωac. On the one hand, in the low ac-intensity regime (where Iac is much smaller than the critical current Ic), we find that the nonlinear dynamics of the junction allows the observation of only even Shapiro steps even in the unfavorable situation where I4π/I2π1. On the other hand, in the opposite limit (IacIc), even and odd Shapiro steps are present. Nevertheless, even in this regime, we find signatures of the 4π supercurrent in the beating pattern of the even step sizes as a function of Iac., We acknowledge financial support from the DFG via Grant No. SFB 1170 “ToCoTronics,” the Land of Bavaria (Institute for Topological Insulators and the Elitenetzwerk Bayern), the German Research Foundation DFG (Grant No. SPP 1666), the European Research Council (advanced grant project 3-TOP), the Helmholtz Association (VITI) and the Spain's MINECO through Grant No. MAT2014-58241-P. T.M.K. is financially supported by the European Research Council Advanced Grant No. 339306 (METIQUM) and by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation under Contract No. 14.B25.31.007. T.M.K., E.B., and L.W.M. gratefully thank the Alexander von Humboldt foundation for a Research-prize. R.S.D. acknowledges support from Grants-in-Aid for Young Scientists B (Grant No. 26790008) and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research A (Grant No. 16H02204). We acknowledge enlightening discussions with Y. V. Nazarov, J. Picó, C. Brüne, and H. Buhmann. info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/FP7/339306

Objetivo: Determinar la tasa diagnostica de cáncer prostático (CaP) de nuestro hospital mediante biopsia prostática (Bp), así como analizar si existen diferencias significativas entre las diferentes variables PSA y el resultado anatomo-patológico. De forma secundaria, analizar nuestra tasa de complicaciones postbiopsia. Material y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo y analítico de los pacientes biopsiados en el año 2014, analizando las variables cuantitativas edad, PSA libre, PSA Total, Cociente PSA Libre/Total y número de cilindros y analizando las variables cualitativas resultado de anatomía patológica y complicaciones. Resultados: Incluimos en el estudio a 86 pacientes con una media de edad de 67,5 años [49-84]. La media del PSA total fue de 7,67 ng/dl [2,83-29], PSA libre de 1,05 ng/dl [0,32-2,45] y cociente de 0,16 [0,05-0,31]. La media de cilindros extraídos por Bp fue de 10,5 cilindros [4-18]. La tasa de resultados positivos en Bp fue del 30,2% (26 pacientes). Al comparar los pacientes que tuvieron biopsia positiva vs biopsia negativas hallamos diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre valores de PSA libre (p=0,039) y los del cociente de PSA (p=0,015). Tras Bp precisaron ingreso por complicación 4 pacientes. Conclusiones: Nuestra tasa diagnostica de CaP mediante Bp es similar a la de otras series descritas. El valor del cociente PSA libre/total es una herramienta fiable para indicar una biopsia. Nuestra tasa de complicaciones postbiopsia es similar a la de las guías Europeas, por lo que consideramos óptimo nuestro protocolo de profilaxis para la biopsia prostática.

Objective: To determine whether there is any difference in the follicular fluid (FF) microRNA (miRNA) profiles from in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients according to their age and oocyte maturation stage. Design: Observational prospective study. Setting: IVF clinic/hospital facilities. Patients(s): We included 30 women with primary infertility undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment and excluded patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis, severe male factor, and low ovarian reserve. Intervention(s): After the collection of FF and granulosa cells from each patient, the samples were processed for total RNA extraction. RNA was pooled into different groups (three samples per pool) for microarray analysis to evaluate the expression of a total of 866 human miRNAs. Individual samples were analyzed to validate the pooled microarray results using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Main Outcome Measure(s): Evaluation of the expression of a total of 866 human miRNAs in FF and granulosa cells. Result(s): We identified only one differentially expressed miRNA, hsa-miR-424, which is present in higher proportions in FF from patients with advanced age. When we compared the FF from metaphase II (MII) versus GV (germinal vesicle) oocytes, we found 13 differentially expressed miRNAs (two up-and 11 downregulated). When we compared FF from MII versus MI, we found seven differentially expressed miRNAs in MII (three up-and four downregulated). Conclusion(s): We have described the FF miRNA profiles according to IVF patients' age and the maturation stage of their oocytes. This descriptive study may aid our understanding of the physiology and regulation of oocyte maturation and could identify some potential miRNA biomarkers for this process. (C)2015 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.

Objective: To determine whether the global metabolomic profile of the spent culture media (SCM) of day-3 embryos is different in obese and normoweight women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). Design: Prospective cohort analysis. Setting: IVF clinic. Patient(s): Twenty-eight young, nonsmoking women with normoweight, nonsmoking male partners with mild/normal sperm factors undergoing a first IVF attempt for idiopathic infertility, tubal factor infertility, or failed ovulation induction: obese ovulatory women (n = 12); obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS; n = 4); normoweight ovulatory women (n = 12). Intervention(s): Fifty mu l of SCM collected from two day-3 embryos of each cohort. Main Outcome Measure(s): Metabolomic profiling via ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry of SCM from a total of 56 embryos. Result(s): The untargeted metabolomic profile was different in obese and normoweight women. Partial least squares discriminant analysis resulted in a clear separation of samples when a total of 551 differential metabolites were considered. A prediction model was generated using the most consistent metabolites. Most of the metabolites identified were saturated fatty acids, which were detected in lower concentrations in the SCM of embryos from obese women. The metabolomic profile was similar in obese women with or without PCOS. Conclusion(s): The metabolomic profile in the SCM of day-3 embryos is different in normoweight and obese women. Saturated fatty acids seem to be reduced when embryos from obese patients are present. (C) 2015 by American Society for Reproductive Medicine.

Our objective was to determine the expression of the elements of the Lin28/Let-7 system, and related microRNAs (miRNAs), in early stages of human placentation and ectopic pregnancy, as a means to assess the potential role of this molecular hub in the pathogenesis of ectopic gestation. Seventeen patients suffering from tubal ectopic pregnancy (cases) and forty-three women with normal on-going gestation that desired voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTOP; controls) were recruited for the study. Embryonic tissues were subjected to RNA extraction and quantitative PCR analyses for LIN28B, Let-7a, miR-132, miR-145 and mir-323-3p were performed. Our results demonstrate that the expression of LIN28B mRNA was barely detectable in embryonic tissue from early stages of gestation and sharply increased thereafter to plateau between gestational weeks 7-9. In contrast, expression levels of Let-7, mir-132 and mir-145 were high in embryonic tissue from early gestations (

ResumenEs durante el año 2000, cuando el Gobierno del Principado de Asturias empieza a formular la necesidad de desarrollar un Plan Estratégico para la rehabilitación de la Universidad Laboral de Gijón. Así, se plantea la completa recuperación y puesta en valor del complejo arquitectónico, implantando en el mismo, nuevos usos capaces de generar un potencial dinamizador cultural, que transcienda no solamente a la propia ciudad y su entorno más inmediato, sino también que refleje su influencia a nivel nacional e internacional.En este proyecto, ya se propone la ubicación del Centro de Arte Actual en las naves situadas en el extremo nordeste del conjunto de talleres de la Universidad Laboral.AbstractIt is during the year 2000, when the government of the Prince hood of Asturias starts to formulate the need to develop a strategic plan for the rehabilitation of the "Universidad Laboral de Gijón", In this way the complete recovery and put in value of the architectural complex, introducing in it new uses, capable of generating a cultural revitalizing potential, which would transcend not only in the city and its immediate surroundings, but that would show its influence at a national and international level.This project proposes the placement of the Actual Art Centre in the naves located at the northeast extreme of the aggregate of workshops of the Labour University.

ResumenEn el año 1945 se decide construir un Orfelinato Minero, pretendiendo también erigir un "monumento al trabajo". La solución propuesta consiste en la creación de una ciudad tradicional, ideal, cerrada y autosuficiente.Curiosamente, los espacios más propiamente dedicados al mundo del trabajo, como corresponde a los talleres, van a resultar un tanto marginados (no principales) en cuanto a su ubicación y representatividad. Así, los talleres aparecen en los "arrabales extramuros" de la ciudad y además estas edificaciones son ocultadas tras "nuevos recintos amurallados".Sin embargo los talleres de la Universidad Laboral de Gijón no están carentes de valores, muy al contrario estos espacios industriales poseen una organización, composición, funcionalidad y estética que hacen de ellos una obra maestra de la arquitectura industrial.Tras la reciente rehabilitación del complejo arquitectónico, estos espacios industriales han sido elegidos para albergar al nuevo centro, conocido como "Laboral Centro de Arte y Creación Industrial" con la clara pretensión de ser un centro de referencia internacional en el arte, ciencia, tecnología e industrias visuales avanzadas.AbstractThe decision to build the "Home for Miners' Orphans" was adopted in 1945, Also intended to be a "monument to labour", this complex was designed and built as a traditional, ideal, enclosed and self-sufficient city.Oddly, rather minor importance was attached to the areas most characteristic of the working world, namely the shops, judging from their peripheral location and scant visibility, built as they were on the outskirts of the city and concealed behind "new walled compounds".And yet the Gijón Vocational University workshops are not lacking in attractive features; on the contrary, for their organization, composition, functionality and aesthetics, they can be regarded to be a masterpiece of industrial architecture.On the occasion of the recent rehabilitation of the architectural complex, this industrial area has been chosen to house a new institution, the "Vocational University Centre for the Arts and Industrial Creation", which explicitly aims to become an international benchmark in art, science, technology and advanced video industries.

Introducción: el tapentadol es un nuevo fármaco de acción dual MOR/NRI, que actúa a nivel central, efectivo en el tratamiento del dolor moderado e intenso, que presenta un perfil de tolerabilidad mas favorable que otros opiáceos. Esto podría permitir una titulación rápida que permita un control precoz del dolor. Material y métodos: presentamos dos casos clínicos en los que se realiza una titulación rápida de la dosis de tapentadol en pacientes hospitalizados con dolor mal controlado. Este ajuste rápido, permitió controlar el dolor, en ausencia de efectos secundarios, acortando el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria de estos pacientes. Conclusiones: el perfil favorable de efectos secundarios mostrado por el tapentadol, permite un ajuste rápido de la dosis, que consigue un control eficaz del dolor en un menor lapso de tiempo.

We have obtained optical (BVR, [O III]ƛ 5007 Å and H_α), near infrared (JHK) imaging and long-slit optical spectroscopy for the Blue Compact Dwarf galaxy Mrk 86 (NGC 2537). In this paper, the first of two, we present optical-near-infrared colors and emission-line fluxes for the currently star-forming regions, intermediate aged starburst and underlying stellar population. We also describe the evolutionary synthesis models used in Paper II. The R and H_α luminosity distributions of the galaxy star-forming regions show maxima at M-R = -9.5^m and L_H_α = 10^37.3 ergs^-l. The underlying stellar population shows an exponential surface brigthness profile with central value, μ_E,0 = 21.5 mag arcsec^-2, and scale, α=0.88 kpc, both measured in the R-band image. In the galaxy outer regions, dominated by this component, no significant color gradients are observed. Finally, a complete set of evolutionary synthesis models have been developed, covering a wide range in metallicity, 1/50 Z_⨀< Z < 2 Z_⨀, and burst strength, 1-10^-4. These models include nebular continuum and recombination and forbidden-line emission.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relative usefulness of some of the diagnostic methods used to estimate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in epidemiological studies. A cross-sectional descriptive study with multistage stratified sampling was designed. A personal interview, a capillary baseline glycemia and a OGTT were carried out. The medical records and the use of antidiabetic drugs and self-control products were also evaluated. The prevalences obtained with these methods were: Medical records = 1.31%, personal interview = 7.91%, use of drugs = 1.93%, self-control products = 1.05%, capillary baseline glycemia greater than or equal to 120 mg/dl = 4.04%, OGTT with WHO criteria = 5.62%. Using OGTT as a reference, the diagnostic test with the greatest overall value was capillary baseline glycemia equal to or higher than 120 mg/dl. We think that, as a whole, the election of one method or another will depend on both the precise aim of the study and the type of design and the cost that can be sustained.

The aim of the present study was an approach to the epidemiological status of tuberculosis in the León province. To this end, we studied the morbidity through the EDOs and we carried out two tuberculin surveys during 1988-1989 to assess RAI. The results showed infection prevalences of 1.19 and 1.09 at six years of age for the two study years, respectively, with a RAI between 0.118 and 0.079. We conclude that tuberculosis still is an important health problem. The RAI indicates that our level is that of a developed country. We also discuss the supposed increase in the frequency of tuberculosis.

INTRODUCTION When we consider the importance of cardioembolism in the aetiology of cerebral ischaemia in young adults, echocardiography, both transthoracic and transesophageal, becomes of increasing diagnosis importance. We analyze its usefulness and contribution to the reduction in the number of cerebral ischemias of unknown origin. PATIENTS AND METHODS We selected persons aged between 14 and 45 years who had had cerebral ischaemia during the period between January 1991 and April 1998. The protocol for the diagnosis of stroke in young persons was applied to all of them together with transthoracic echocardiography whenever there was the possibility of embologenous cardiopathy followed by transesophageal echocardiography when the transthoracic echocardiography was not diagnostic. RESULTS In 114 identified cases, 98 transthoracic echocardiographs were done, of which 14 were diagnostic, together with 32 transesophagic echocardiograms, which showed nine cases of embologenous cardiopathy not detected on transthoracic echography. The most frequent diagnoses were: prolapsed mitral valve (14); patent foramen ovale (8); mitral stenosis (5) and interauricular septal aneurysm (4). A total of 31 patients were diagnosed as having a previously unrecognized cardioembolic origin of their illness. CONCLUSIONS The diagnostic usefulness of transthoracic echography was 22.45% (9.18% were false negatives), and 28.12% for transesophagic echocardiography. These reduced the diagnosis of ischaemia of unknown origin by 32.69% and 20% respectively. Besides, in 75% of the patients with a patent foramen ovale and 100% of those with interauricular septal aneurysms, no other possible cause for their condition was found. Transthoracic echocardiography is a technique to be recommended in all cases of cerebral ischaemia of unknown origin in young adults. Its usefulness may be enhanced by transesophagic ultrasonography when diagnosis cannot be definitely made on transthoracic echosonography alone.

Los autores presentan un caso de osteocondritis disccante de codo en un varón de 14 años de edad. El área afectada correspondía a la garganta troclcar, tratándose de una localización totalmente atípica de la que no hemos encontrado referencias en la literatura. Hacen una exposición del caso clínico y de las técnicas diagnósticas así como del proceder quirúrgico por el que se optó tras la evaluación previa. Se revisan brevemente las características de la osteocondritis disecante genéricamente, independientemente de sus posibles localizaciones y comentarios algunos aspectos que pueden influir en la localización troclcar en el codo. The authors presented one case of osteochondritls disecans of the elbow. The troclear jolnt was the surfaced afected; its an unusual location where they don 't have found references in the literature. They should the clinical lindings, diagnosis techniques and treatment carried out.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a very important health problem because of its high morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of diabetes in the adult population of the León province and its possible association with the most common risk factors and markers.A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed with a multistage stratified sampling (572 individuals). A questionnaire about several sociodemographic variables, an alimentary survey, measurements of height and weight, capillary baseline glycemia, and oral glucose tolerance test with 75 g glucose were carried out.The observed prevalence of diabetes mellitus was 5,6% and that of glucose intolerance 10,3%. The known/unknown DM ratio was 2,2/1. The prevalence of treated DM was 1,9%. The leading variables associated with DM were age, a positive family history of diabetes and obesity. A higher incidence of DM was found in females, in urban media, and in high social classes.Diabetes had been previously underrated in the León province. The observed prevalence values are close to those from other methodologically similar studies. In addition, an association was found between DM and some non-modifiable risk factors (age, sex or family history); by contrast, there is a very important risk factor (obesity) which may be modified by intervention.

The filter role of primary health care on the attendance to hospital emergency services was evaluated in view of the saturation of the latter. It was demonstrated that those patients who had not previously attended primary care services (40.3%) had a higher rate of problems for which emergency attention was considered unjustified (51.64%), with the consequent performance deterioration. In the group of patients who were referred to the hospital by a physician, the highest rates of examination of the patient, degree of justification for care, and diagnostic agreement with our center were found among the youngest physicians. As a whole, the filter role of primary care in our area is clearly higher than that from other similar studies, although optimal levels have not yet been achieved.

The reproductive pattern of the rock shrimp (Sicyonia penicillata) was studied from January through December (1996) by sampling from boats twice a month (commercial shrimp fleet and one research cruise). Reproductive activity begins at 25 mm of tail length, but massive maturity or critical size is 55 mm of tail length. Mature organisms were found year round, but recruitment pattern analysis indicates that massive reproduction is from August through January; a second, less intense reproductive peak, occurs in March-April. Results are coincident with the gonadical maturity analysis. A migration pattern of juveniles towards shallow areas of Bahía Kino is suggested. Key words: Shrimp, Se estudia el periodo reproductivo del camarón de roca Sicyonia penicillata en el área de Bahía Kino, Sonora, de enero a diciembre de 1996 mediante muestreos quincenales efectuados a bordo de embarcaciones de la flota camaronera comercial y un crucero de investigación durante julio. La actividad reproductiva de la especie inicia a partir de los 25 mm de longitud abdominal, pero la talla de madurez sexual masiva de la especie se ubicó en 55 mm de longitud abdominal. Se encontraron organismos maduros todo el año, pero el patrón de reclutamiento indica que existe un periodo reproductivo masivo de agosto a enero; un segundo periodo, menos intenso ocurre en marzo y abril. Estos resultados son coincidentes para los meses en los que se cuenta con datos de madurez gonádica. Se postula la idea de un posible patrón de migración de juveniles hacia áreas someras de Bahía Kino.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the utility of the extrahospital use of "Peak Flow Meter" (PFM) in patients with an acute respiratory disease. 70 patients were studied. PFM, arterial gasometry, physical examination and dyspnea evaluation were performed on all of them. The PFM were posteriorly transformed into the rate related to the ideal result, following the Nunn and Gregg equation (1989). We found an association between the PFM rate and the different arterial blood gas test results, and a relation to the degree of dyspnea and the listening of sibilant rales. There was more significance with the rate of PFM than with the PFM transformed in all cases, and only association was found between arterial blood changes and PFM. We concluded that all patients with an acute respiratory disease with a rate of PFM greater than 50% should be evaluated carefully because of the probability of existing hypoxemia, and those with rate of less than 20% must be referred to hospital.