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Background and Aims: Diabetes has been reported to be a risk factor for sleep disturbances in adolescent age groups. Although the impact of type1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on sleep patterns of children is well recognized, data about its prevalence is scant. This study aims to determine the quality of sleep among adolescents with T1DM and factors inuencing it. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study collected data from 30 adolescent diagnosed with T1DM at least 6 months earlier. They presented to Paediatric endocrine OPD from May 2021 to May 2022. Subjects were asked to complete the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) 19-item self-report questionnaire. Children with T1DM being under treatment for sleep disorder were excluded. The combined score of the 7 components (subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efciency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction) was used for analysis and the score ranged from 0 to 21. Atotal score >5 was considered as “poor sleep quality”. The quality of sleep was correlated with drug, dietary compliance and metabolic control. p-value 5). No signicant relationship was found between sleep quality, duration of diabetes and HbA1c levels in the diabetes group (P= 0.59, P= 0.41, respectively). The total sleep time of boys (8.4 ± 1.2 h) was longer than girls (7.6 ± 1.7 h), but the overall total sleep time per night did not differ signicantly between boys and girls (P= 0.053). Conclusion: The present study shows that diabetes control may affect sleep quality in adolescents. Optimal diabetes management can positively affect sleep patterns in these adolescents. Further larger studies are needed to validate our results

A field experiment on the effectiveness of seed treatment and foliar application of insecticides againstsoybean stem fly Melanagromyza sojae (Zehntner) was carried out at the All India Coordinated ResearchProject (AICRP) on Soybean, Gandhi Krishi Vignan Kendra (GKVK), Bengaluru, Karnataka duringkharif 2017. The seeds treated with thiamethoxam 30FS @ 10 ml/kg seed and foliar application ofthiamethoxam 25WG 0.40 g/ l at 30 days after germination (DAG) were found effective. It was on par withseeds treated with imidacloprid 48FS @ 1.25 ml/ kg seed and foliar application of imidacloprid 17.8SL@ 0.50 ml/ l at 30 DAG. The plots treated with these gave higher grain yield of 1794.48 and 1678.89 kg/ha, respectively. Higher net gain of 1: 4.22 was obtained from the seeds treated with thiamethaxom 30FS@ 10 ml/ kg seed and foliar application of thiamethoxam 25WG 0.40 g/ l at 30 DAG; and it proved to behighly cost effective. The foliar application of chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC @ 0.30 ml/ l at 10 and 30 DAGwas equally effective compared to thiamethoxam and recorded the C: B ratio of 1: 3.94. The plots treatedwith quinalphos 25EC @ 2 ml/ l at 10 and 30 DAG led to the least stem tunneling of (26.73%) and thelow grain yield of 1177.78 kg/ ha.

Natural products, natural product-inspired molecules and natural product derivatives have contributed around 79% to the new chemotherapies against the most complex, deadly disease, cancer. In this study, a series of novel isoxazoline derivatives of Goniodiol diacetate (fused bicyclic pyranone isoxazoline derivatives)- a natural product derivative, were synthesized with quantitative yield as a single regioisomer by 1,3 - dipolar cycloaddition reaction with different aldoximes. The regiospecific product formed was confirmed by NOESY study and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The regiospecificity of the product formation was further explained by coefficients of selected atomic orbitals in frontier molecular orbitals and natural population analysis (NPA in eV) of dipolarophile and dipole by density functional theory studies. All the derivatives have demonstrated anti-cancer activity selectively in human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), ovarian cancer (SKOV3), prostate cancer (PC-3) and colon cancer (HCT-15) cell lines with EC

Stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) of capsicum which is also called as collar rot or southern blight is one of the serious diseases in capsicum that severely brings down the yield in all the major capsicum growing areas in Karnataka. Among the several management practices, managing the disease with fungicides is the most effective means. In the present investigation twelve fungicides that included three systemic, six combi products and three contact fungicides were evaluated against S. rolfsii in vitro. Among the fungicides, hexaconazole, difenoconazole, propiconazole, propiconazole + difenoconazole, tricyclazole + hexaconazole, hexaconazole + captan, zineb + hexaconazole and thiram were highly effective even at least concentration of 25 ppm tested and also in subsequent concentrations of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm showing 100 per cent inhibition. Further, among the eight promising fungicides based on in vitro results, six fungicides were evaluated against stem rot of capsicum under polyhouse conditions. Among the treatments undertaken, propiconazole and difenoconazole each at 0.1 per cent were effective resulting in 97.05 per cent reduction in disease over control and can be concluded as promising fungicides against stem rot.

Tracheal length and lung anatomy have been rarely studied; however, the anatomy of the lung has been shown to vary significantly. Moreover, the surgery regarding trachea are few, and hence the surgeons do not have extensive experience in the trachea.We aimed to study the variations of the lung anatomy and the relation between tracheal length and body height in the Indian population.This is an observational study to observe the tracheal length in relation to body height and sex and gross morphological anatomy of the lung in 70 cadavers. The data was collected from the forensic department of Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute (BMCRI), and further analysis was done at Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology.Deviation from normal lung morphology was seen in 37.86% of the specimens studied. The tracheal length (average, 9.97 cm) correlated with the body length (average, 147.02 cm) with a Pearson coefficient of 0.806 (p value=0.001) Conclusion: The study of lung fissure morphology guides clinicians in understanding and planning lung disease treatment, especially lobectomy/segmentectomy surgeries. The information of the average length of the trachea with respect to body height in a given ethnicity will help during endotracheal intubation and tracheal surgical planning.

The drugs prescribed for targeting the tumour growth comprise of chemotherapy regimen involving combinations to cell-cycle phase specific target receptors. The combination therapy with Topoisomerase-I (Topo-I)anti-tubulin agents are in the clinical trial stages and have scope for identifying new chemical entities with dual binding and inhibiting potential. The checkpoint proteins present at the interface of cell-cycle phases are considered the link between these two that establish the connectivity across the two phases of cell-cycle. In the present study, this potential cross-link or dual targeting is explored via

This paper focuses on the experience of design and implementation of a virtual exhibition for exhibiting the artifacts of the project done by first-year students in a design-based and Project-Based Learning course in engineering education. The authors present the advantages and challenges faced during the design and implementation of the virtual exhibition and compare it with the physical exhibition through qualitative analysis of faculty perceptions about physical and virtual exhibitions. This paper intends to help engineering educators through a set of guidelines that help them design and implement virtual exhibitions.

Kinematic analysis is generally implemented to determine the final position of the robotic arm. This paper presents a forward kinematics method for selective compliance articulated robot arm (SCARA) robot. The approach is to develop a kinematic model of a four degree-of-freedom (DOF) robot based on standard methods like Denavit–Hartenberg (D-H) convention, which is employed to derive forward kinematic equations. The developed model determines the position of the end-effector or tool with respect to various joint variables. Finally, the developed kinematic equations are validated with the simulation results given by A Robotics Toolbox for Education (ARTE) for MATLAB software to test the derivation. The outcome of the analysis shows that the simulation data are consistent with the derived kinematic equations.

This paper presents the kinematic analysis and simulation of various robotic manipulator. Kinematic modelling and simulation of the multi-degrees of freedom robot based on RoboAnalyzer platform are established. The standard Denavit–Hartenberg (D–H) parameter is implemented to arrive at the forward and inverse kinematics of the robot manipulator. The kinematic equation uses homogeneous transformation matrices during the process of building the kinematic model. In robotics, the kinematic model plays a vital role in the design of the control algorithm. The output obtained from derived kinematic equations of the robot manipulator is compared and validated with the data provided by the RoboAnalyzer.

A pilot-scale production system of NPV requires a continuous supply of large number of host insects that are disease-free, uniform in size, physiologically fit, and genetically efficient. Hence, the selection of healthy colony from the filed population is a critical process. Among the different populations collected from the fields, the population from Belgaum showed lesser level of microbial contaminations. Microscopic observations also revealed that the highest larval and pupal mortality was resulted due to protozoan pathogen, Vairimorpha sp. compared to other pathogens regardless of the populations collected from different geographical areas. The maximum fecundity and egg hatching and the time taken to stabilize the colony under laboratory conditions are considered as basic parameters to screen the most suitable breeding colony among the different populations for large-scale viral production. Although all the population collected from different geographical areas stabilized in the laboratory from fifth generation and onwards, Helicoverpa armigera population collected from Belgaum was found superior in terms of fecundity and egg hatching compared to other populations throughout the study period up to 25 generations. Helicoverpa armigera female moths emerged 1 day earlier than the male moths. The peak emergence period of female moths and male moths varied. More or less similar kind of peak emergence pattern was noticed irrespective of pupal age. After standardization of various components such as healthy population of H. armigera (Belgaum), adult nutrition (10% honey), sex ratio (1:2), and pigeon pea-based diet for mass production of H. armigera and its NPV, it was found that improved method increased the fecundity of H. armigera, and its HaNPV yield is significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of standard rearing method. The difference of 368 extra number of HaNPV bottles (1 × 1011 POBs/100 mL bottle) was produced from modified diet.

Modular robots are designed to increase the utilization of robots by modularizing their architecture. We discuss manually reconfigurable manipulators, where a manipulator of desired kinematic configuration is built by assembling the available modules. In the case of a serial-link manipulator with revolute joints, the joint angle is a variable. Out of the remaining three D-H parameters, namely, link-length, link-offset and link-twist, the twist angle influences the workspace the most. This work proposes a conceptual design and fabrication of individual modules which can be assembled to obtain a modular manipulator with desired kinematic configuration in terms of twist angles between any two consecutive joints. We also discuss possible provisions for length adjustment of a link. Designed modules are fabricated using 3D printer. As we focus on manually reconfigurable manipulators, simplicity of individual modules, in terms design, fabrication, and assembly, has been given higher priority, in contrast to similar designs available in the literature.

The electroantennogram (EAG) technique for recording olfactory responses of an insect to plant volatiles has been described in this chapter. The procedure is useful in detecting the plant chemicals to which the insects respond positively or negatively.

The present building of college convention center posing the problem of improper ventilated and heated atmosphere in most of its parts during large gathering programs. Major part of the building exposed to the sun the roof being heated throughout the day. The additional heat gain is adding up from occupants, light appliances etc. Since there is no provision for the exhaust, it is posing the problem of heated air inside the building. Making the people sweat and suffocate due to lack of fresh or sufficient air circulation. Looking at the climatic zone and the use of convention center for few hours in a day over few days in a year. This paper includes inspection and evaluation of convention center building for establishing balanced thermal atmosphere and improving air quality that satisfies the majority of occupants. Different techniques and methods of building cooling like air cooler and wind turbo rooftop air ventilators are considered. It is proposed to go for low cost natural rooftop ventilation supplemented with additional fans or air coolers at strategic points for improved ventilation and thermal comfort for occupants. Following the concepts of passive cooling techniques or adopting retrofits reduces heat generation and energy consumption.

Cloud computing provides economical and effective solution for sharing data among cloud users with low maintenance cost. The security of data and identity confidentiality while sharing data in multi-owner way cannot be assured by the Cloud Service Providers (CSP's). The Cloud Service Providers are reliable but curious to know the recurrent membership changes in the cloud. In this paper, we propose a secure multi-owner data sharing for dynamic group in the cloud with RSA Chinese Remainder Theorem (RSA-CRT) encryption technique and substring index generation method. RSA-CRT efficiently manages revocation list, key management, with reduced storage and computational overhead. The substring Index generation algorithm reduces the storage space compared to wild card fuzzy alogorithm(1). (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Among castor plant types, spineless spike type exhibited resistance to the borer, Conogethes. Among cardamom plant types, Malabar clones exhibited borer resistance. Host shift experiments and other laboratory studies revealed that Conogethes population feeding on cardamom are genetically different from those feeding on castor. The patterns and relationships between the borer and the above two plants are different and independent. The larval behavioural responses were different on the two plants. A combination of antixenosis and antibiosis together with tolerance mechanism conferred resistance to the plants against the borer, Conogethes, attack. Conogethes borer-resistant plants play a vital role in pest management as resistant plants offer an ideal means of borer suppression.

Biological attributes of arrhenotokous (sexual) and thelytokous (asexual) of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley were studied on Corcyra cephalonica in laboratory. The adult longevity in Trichogramma pretiosum arrhenotokous and thelytokous T. pretiosum were 10.4 days and 10 days, respectively. The total female progeny produced during entire life span was 147.08 in thelytokous T. pretiosum and 90 in arrhenotokous T. pretiosum. The sex ratio of arrhenotokous T. pretiosum was 1:1 while for thelytokous it was 5:95 (M/F). The intrinsic rate of increase was 0.42 in arrhenotokous T. pretiosum and 0.48 in thelytokous T. pretiosum. These results revealed that in the net reproductive rate, weekly multiplication rate and the number of estimates in F2 generation are more in thelytokous T. pretiosum compared to arrhenotokous T. pretiosum. These results confirmed that biological attributes of arrhenotokous and thelytokous T. pretiosum are different. Thelytokous T. pretiosum have more practical implications in the biological control of lepidopterous pests.

Traditional coffee plantations contain a high biodiversity of plants and animals including arthropods. The biodiversity is significantly reduced when the system is modernised. Generally, populations of harmful species such as phytophagous pests on coffee are well regulated by the natural enemy complex consisting of parasites, parasitoids and predators which include arthropods, frogs, birds and small mammals. Long-term studies in Puerto Rico, Costa Rica, South India and Latin American countries have revealed that abundance of arthropod and species richness is higher in shaded coffee ecosystems than non-shaded. It is observed that several dominant predator groups such as spiders; tiger beetles; coccinellids and pollinators such as honeybees, megachilids and Xylocopa; beetles and butterflies dwell in coffee plantations. Arthropods in association with microorganisms responsible for nutrient cycling, conditioning and aeration of soil also inhabit coffee-cultivated systems. Many millipedes and spiders are endemic to coffee plantations and contribute significantly to soil nutrients. Habitat loss, deterioration and fragmentation and chemical pollution are the leading factors causing significant biodiversity decline in coffee plantations. It can be generalised that conservation efforts to preserve biological diversity in coffee-cultivated ecosystems should include traditional coffee plantations as conservation units.

Background: Crouch gait in cerebral palsy is associated with spasticity and contracture of the hamstrings and weakness of the extensors of the hip and knee and ankle plantar flexors. Different treatment options have been described in the literature to deal with this difficult problem. We devised a different protocol of treatment aimed at correction of the flexion deformity of the knee, weakening of the hamstrings, and augmenting the power of the knee and hip extension, which we used on 17 children with severe crouch. Methods: This surgery, performed in 2 stages, entailed shortening of the femur, plication of the patellar tendon, transfer of the semitendinous to the back of the femur, and fractional lengthening of the other hamstrings. The degree of fixed deformity, the popliteal angle, quadriceps power, range of knee motion, ambulatory status and the efficiency of gait, and the position of the patella were evaluated before surgery and again after a minimum 2-year follow-up. Results: The gait improved and the power of the quadriceps and the range of knee motion increased. The flexion deformity and popliteal angle decreased significantly. Patella alta was corrected and all fragmentation of the tibial tuberosity and fractures of the patella healed. The Functional Mobility Scores and the ambulatory capacity increased in all the children. There was no evidence of damage to the sciatic nerve in any patient. Conclusions: The method of treatment of severe crouch gait outlined in this study seems to be an effective and safe method of dealing with this difficult problem.

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is one of the risk factor for neurodevelopmental delay. The present study was undertaken to assess the role of the Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) in the neurodevelopmental outcome of low birth weight babies. Methods: The present study was undertaken at Department of Paediatrics, Jawarharlal Medical college, Belgaum during the period from January 2009 to October 2010. The study includes 80 stable LBW babies were randomized into 40 in the KMC group and 40 in convention method of care group. 36 babies in the KMC group and 33 babies in the CMC group completed the study. The Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed by the Amiel Tison test at three, six, nine and twelfth months of age. This was compared with BSID test, at one year.Results: The neurosensory examination and passive muscle tone (PMT) were found to be abnormal. Majority of the babies in both groups has a normal neurosensory and PMT development at one year. Statistically significant to muscle tone deficit was observed in the CMC babies at six months and nine months (p = 0.005 and p = 0.013). With respect to BSID, 16 and 29 KMC babies had a normal Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) and Motor Development Index (MDI) scores when compared to 8 and 18 CMC babies (p = 0.003 and p = 0.057 respectively). Number of babies with significant delay was observed to be higher in the CMC group being 11 versus 1 for PDI scores and 4 versus 1 for MDI scores.Conclusions: The present study shows that KMC has a beneficial effect on the neurodevelopmental outcome of low birth weight babies and BSID II is a better test to detect the psychomotor and mental developmental delay when compared to the Amiel Tison test.

Background: Neonatal sepsis is an important cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Early diagnosis of sepsis is difficult due to its non- specific clinical presentation. The gold standard for diagnosis is blood culture, which is obtained in only 25%-40% of cases and requires 48-72 hours. There is a need for a sepsis screen for early diagnosis of septicemia and identification of culture negative cases. The objective of the study was to study the role of sepsis for early diagnosis of septicaemia and identification of culture negative cases and to compare the rapid diagnostic tests with blood culture singly and in combinations for specificity and sensitivity.Methods: 60 cases of suspected septicemia were studied. Total leucocyte count, bandforms peripheral smear examination, C-reactive protein assay, micro-ESR, and blood culture study was investigated. Results: Study revealed that CRP had maximum sensitivity while band neutrophil ratio had balanced sensitivity and specificity. In the two tests, CRP with PS/BF had balanced sensitivity and specificity. In the three tests combination, CRP with TC with micro-ESR had balanced sensitivity and specificity in proven sepsis, While CRP with BF with micro-ESR had balanced sensitivity and specificity in most probable sepsis cases.Conclusions: Neonatal sepsis has vague signs and symptoms, so high index of suspicion helps in arriving early diagnosis and management. CRP had maximum sensitivity in the individual tests. Using either two tests (CRP + PS/BF) or three tests (CRP + Micro ESR + BF/TC) most of the sepsis cases could be identified and sepsis negative cases can be ruled out. Sepsis screen is helpful in avoiding overuse of antibiotics.

Background: Birth defects are a diverse group of disorders with prenatal origin that can be caused by single gene defects, chromosomal disorders, multifactorial inheritance, environmental teratogens and or micronutrient deficiencies. The objective of this study was to study the prevalence of congenital anomalies in Department of Pediatrics at Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Kambipura, Bangalore.Methods: The study population includes all babies born between 1 August 2015 and 31st July 2016. The babies were examined and assessed thoroughly for the presence of a congenital anomaly and were then distributed system wise by the pediatrician. Surgical conditions were also reevaluated by a pediatric surgeon.Results: Among the 2,137 deliveries, 86 babies had congenital malformations. Prematurity, consanguinity and increased maternal age elevate the appearance of congenital anomalies. The cardiovascular malformations were most common with a prevalence rate of 4%.Conclusions: Congenital anomalies are a global health problem. Thus, this study supports us to understand the prevalence of congenital anomalies. There is no association of congenital malformations with low birth weight babies. Consanguinity should be discouraged. Early antenatal scan aids in prior detection of congenital anomalies Appropriate genetic counselling can reduce the anomalies in future pregnancies.

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) refers to a spectrum of abnormalities involving the developing hip. These abnormalities range from mild instability to frank dislocation of the joint. It is important to treat the condition effectively in order to encourage the hip to develop normally and produce good long-term results. This article reviews the evidence related to the treatment of DDH. The quality of evidence for DDH management remains low, with little uniformity in terminology and most studies being retrospective in nature. Given this, it is not possible to recommend or reject most treatment modalities based on existing studies.

Ribs are the stiffening members in the wing of air plane. Ribs usually have a thin flat plate shape accommodating cutouts, stiffeners and attachments. Most of the time there is a failure of rib due to critical buckling load even though the component is stressed well below the ultimate stress. Hence the rib is designed to carry maximum buckling load. The objective was to increase the critical buckling strength and reduce the weight of the rib. Linear static and buckling analysis were performed on the idealized configuration using FEM packages. Simply supported rectangular plate with different number of inline holes subjected to compression load was evaluated. The material considered was aluminum alloy. Various parametric studies were carried out to arrive at the optimum rib thickness and cross section. Once the optimum thickness of the plate was found out, reduction in the weight of the plate was done by providing various in line circular holes. From the study it was found that inserting circular hole in the plate enhances the buckling strength of the plate. The buckling strength of the plate was increased as the number of holes increased.Copyright © 2013 by ASME

Climate change is a variation either in the mean state of the climate or variability in its components, persisting for an extended period. It encompasses temperature increase; sea-level rise, changes in precipitation patterns and increases in the frequency of extreme weather events. These changes have drastic impacts on the economy of agriculture based, biodiversity rich countries like India. Biodiversity and climate change are closely linked and each impacts upon the other.

The efficacy of the DNA tagged gold nanoparticles on the major polyphagous pest,Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was evaluated. To determine the efficacy of the test nanoparticle, dilutions viz. 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm were prepared and 10 µl of the suspension was dispensed on the chickpea (Cicer aritinum) based semi-synthetic diet filled in 5 ml glass vials. Second instar S. litura larvae of uniform age and size were released onto the diet 20 min after surface treatment. 20 larvae of S. litura were exposed to each concentration of DNA tagged gold nanoparticle for 30 s. A control with untreated larvae was also maintained. Larval mortality data sets subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the particles were effective and caused 50% larval mortality above 500 ppm. As the particle concentration and days after treatment increased, larval mortality also increased. There were statistically significant differences in Spodoptera larval mortality between concentrations. The LC50 (216.91 to 938.95 conc. at 95% CI) increased as the larval age increased. The study demonstrated that DNA tagged gold nanoparticles are effective against S. litura and would therefore be a useful component of an integrated pest management strategy. Key words: DNA tagged gold nanoparticles, Spodoptera litura, efficacy, protection of host plants.

Background: The problems of managing congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia include difficulty in obtaining union, refractures, limb-length inequality, and deformities of the ankle and leg. As the problems may develop at different stages of growth, these children must be followed till skeletal maturity. This study evaluates the results of the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia by excision of the pseudarthrosis, transarticular intramedullary rodding, and onlay autogenous cortical bone grafting in a cohort of children followed till skeletal maturity. Methods: Eleven of 38 children treated with this technique for more than 20 years reached skeletal maturity. Their case records and radiographs were reviewed and each child was assessed clinically and radiographically at final follow-up (mean age, 18.4 y). The time to union and details of additional operations during the period of follow-up were noted. At final follow-up the status of union of the pseudarthrosis, deformities of the tibia and ankle, and the limb lengths were documented. The function of the ankle was assessed by applying the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot Score. Results: Union of the pseudarthrosis was achieved in 9 of 11 children after the index operation, and in 2 cases after further surgery. At final follow-up, all 11 patients had a soundly united tibia, although persistent fibular pseudarthrosis was present in 10 patients. Ten children underwent 21 secondary operations for various indications. At final follow-up anterior or medial bowing of the tibia, ranging from 5 to 28 degrees, were noted in 7 patients and ankle valgus was present in 5 patients. The mean shortening was 2.6 cm. Only 1 patient with 8 cm shortening used a brace with a sole raise. Only 3 patients who had their transarticular rods removed had satisfactory ankle motion. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot scores ranged between 70 and 98. No patient experienced pain. There was no donor site morbidity. Conclusion: Excision of pseudarthrosis, intramedullary rodding, and cortical bone grafting is very effective in achieving union of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia but a proportion of children will require additional operations to deal with refractures and other complications.

We studied case records and radiographs of 20 children with congenital posteromedial bowing of the tibia (CPMBT) retrospectively to determine the pattern of correction of the bowing, the associated growth abnormalities of the tibia and fibula, and the role of surgical intervention in CPMBT. The magnitude of diaphyseal bowing in two planes and the physeal inclination were measured. Abnormalities of ossification of the distal tibial epiphysis and inclination of the distal articular surface if present were noted and shortening of the tibia was recorded. The rate of resolution of deformity was noted from sequential radiographs and expressed as percentage reduction per month of follow-up. At initial presentation the magnitude of deformity varied; the most severe posterior diaphyseal bow was 70 degrees whereas the most severe medial diaphyseal bow was 64 degrees. Two distinct mechanisms seem to be responsible for resolution of the deformity in CPMBT; one involves physeal realignment and the other involves diaphyseal remodeling. In the first year of life, rapid resolution of angulation was noted; the rate of resolution reduced significantly thereafter. In a proportion of children with CPMBT residual deformity may persist till over 4 years of age. Physeal realignment occurred at a faster rate than diaphyseal remodeling. The degree of shortening was related to the severity of bowing and shortening as great as 40% was noted in a patient. Wedging of the distal tibial epiphysis and fibular hypoplasia with valgus inclination of the distal tibial articular surface occur in some children with CPMBT. Eccentric ossification of the distal tibial epiphysis in early childhood may be a predictor of wedging of the distal tibial epiphysis later on. We recommend all the children with CPMBT to be followed up periodically till skeletal maturity, to identify cases with residual bowing, ankle deformity, muscle weakness, and limb length inequality as active surgical intervention may be needed to correct these problems.

Bowel Preparation Results in a Multi-Center Consortium Prathiba N. Doddabasappa, Uday Shankar, Nora Mattek, Glenn Eisen, David Lieberman, P.R. Gowdar Objective: Inadequate preparation of the bowel for colonoscopy can result in both missed pathological lesions, cancelled procedures and substantially increase the overall cost of colonoscopy because of repeat procedure. Cleansing quality is a critical factor in determining the quality, difficulty, speed and completeness of colonoscopy. The aim of the study was to assess prep quality by type as well as with respect to age and gender of the patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the data gathered from CORI-National Endoscopic database from 2001 to June 30, 2005; the study included all patients (ages 18-O80 yr) undergoing colonoscopy with prep results noted. Acceptable prep quality defined as excellent, good or fair adequate by the endoscopists, while unacceptable prep quality was noted as either fair exam compromised or poor. A total of 328,920 adults underwent colonoscopy, 160,759 (48.9%) females and 168,161 (51.1%) males. When assessing prep results stratified by gender, 95.6% of females had an acceptable prep while 94.6% of males did. For both genders, Fleets prep, Golytely and Visicol had between 93.5% and 96.6% acceptable preps. Overall, 95.3% of patients aged less than 65 had acceptable preps as compared to 94.7% of patients 65 or greater. We analyzed the data in the different age groups (starting from 18 years to O80 yrs) .It showed Visicol and Fleets prep were consistently the best preps among each age group. Fewer patients aged 65 or greater received Fleets as a prep (47.0%) than younger patients (56.3%). It is also interesting to note that overall there is a clear linear decrease in proportion with acceptable results with increasing age. Conclusions: The majority of patients undergoing colonoscopy prep have acceptable results (95%). Females and those under age 65 appear to be slightly more likely to have adequate preps for colonoscopy. Fleets prep, Golytely and Visicol all appear to provide preps superior to Mg Citrate and Fleets enemas. Results: Total Colonoscopies Z 328,920.