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Automation of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test (AST) for faster results and the cheaper cost is gaining importance for effective medical diagnosis. Among all the available methods for AST, disk di...

Dynamic measurement precision assessment has been achieved for a differential circle measurement application. Differential circle diameter measurement, in image analysis, typically requires fitting a circle model that optimizes for image distortions, defects or occlusions. The differential task occurs when precise measurements of diameter change are required given object size variation with time. An automated system was designed to provide diameter measurements and associated measurement precision of images of a fuel droplet undergoing combustion in zero gravity for the FLEX-2 dataset. An image gradient-based, least-squares boundary point fitting method to a circle or ellipse model is used for diameter measurement. The presence of soot aggregates poses significant challenges for diameter measurements when it occludes part of the droplet boundary. The precision of the diameter measurements depends upon the image quality. Using synthetic image simulations that model the soot behavior, we developed a model based on image quality measures that assesses the measurement precision for each individual diameter measurement. Thus, diameter measurements with precision assessments were made available for follow-up scientific analysis. The algorithms success rate for measurable runs was 98%. In cases of limited occlusion, a measurement precision of 0.2 pixels for the FLEX-2 dataset was achieved.

Background Hair diameter is a crucial element in deciding the treatment and predicting the prognosis of hair transplantation in patients with hair loss.Methods Ten female volunteers participated in this study. Three sites at different horizontal positions of the scalp were chosen for measurement: midoccipital, mastoid, and temporal. Three boxes of 1 cm2 were marked from superior to inferior along the midline of each site, and five anagen hairs ≥10 cm long were randomly sampled from each box. The thickness of each collected hair was measured at three positions along the hair length: 1 cm, 5 cm, and 10 cm from the surface of the skin. The diameters of the hairs were measured using a micrometer caliper and a Folliscope phototrichogram, and the measurements were compared.Results The average thickness of all hairs was 76.90±12.29 μm when measured with the caliper and 108.78±19.97 μm when measured with the phototrichogram. There was a statistically significant difference between the two measurement methods (P

In humans, the spleen is a highly compartmentalized organ. The structure, cell population, and functions are unique for each compartment. The red pulp comprises non-filtering lymphoid areas, the perifollicular zone that separates the red and white pulps, the red pulp cord tissue and sinuses, and the perivascular rim. B-follicles and T-cell areas can be found in the white pulp. The obtained specimens were divided into three groups: Group 1 (0 to 14 years), Group 2 (14 to 50 years), and Group 3. (Over 50 years). The results show diminish diameter of white pulp in spleen with aging in G1, G2, and G3 (279.39±50.61, 354.51±39.44, and 222.48± 46.24) respectively. Conclusion, the white splenic pulp's diameter decreases with advancing years.

Introduction: To develop an in-house acrylic-based step-wedge phantom with several thickness configurations for calibrating computed tomography (CT) localizer radiographs in order to measure the water-equivalent diameter (Dw) and the size-specific dose estimate (SSDE). Method: We developed an in-house step-wedge phantom using 3 mm thick acrylic, filled with water. The phantom had five steps with thicknesses of 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 cm. The phantom was scanned using a 64-slice Siemens Definition AS CT scanner with tube currents of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mA. The relationship between pixel value (PV) and water-equivalent thickness (tw) was obtained for the different step thicknesses. This was used to calibrate the CT localizer radiographs in order to measure Dw and SSDE. The results of Dw and SSDE from the radiographs were compared with those calculated from axial CT images. Results: The relationship between PV and tw from CT localizer radiographs of the phantom step-wedge produced a linear relationship with R2 > 0.990. The linear relationships of the Dw and SSDE values obtained from CT localizer radiographs and axial CT images had R2 values > 0.94 with a statistical test of p-value > 0.05. The Dw difference between those from CT localizer radiographs and axial CT images was 3.7% and the SSDE difference between both was 4.3%. Conclusion: We have successfully developed a step-wedge phantom to calibrate the relationship between PV and tw. Our phantom can be easily used to calibrate CT localizer radiographs in order to measure Dw and SSDE.

BACKGROUND: Emergency departments (EDs) are typically the first medical contact for seizure patients, and early diagnosis and treatment is primarily the responsibility of emergency physicians. OBJECTIVES: Demonstrate the efficacy of bedside ocular ultrasonography for optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement in differentiating provoked seizure from unprovoked seizure in the ED. DESIGN: Prospective observational study SETTINGS: Tertiary care hospital PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients presenting to the ED with seizure were divided into two groups according to medical history, physical examination, laboratory results, cranial computed tomography findings and electroencephalography results. Patients with seizures that did not have a specific cause (unprovoked) were compared with patients who had seizures caused by underlying pathology (provoked). The measurement of the ONSD was taken at the bedside within 30 minutes of arrival. The study compared the ONSD values, age, sex, type of seizure, and Glasgow Coma Score between the two groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Efficacy of ONSD to distinguish between provoked and unprovoked seizures. SAMPLE SIZE: 210 patients RESULTS: One hundred and fourteen (54.3%) patients were in the provoked seizure group and 96 (45.7%) were in the unprovoked seizure group. The ONSD measurements were significantly higher in the provoked seizure group compared with the unprovoked seizure group (median 6.1 mm vs. 5.2 mm, P P CONCLUSIONS: Bedside ONSD measurement by means of ocular ultrasound is an effective method for differentiating provoked seizure from unprovoked seizure. LIMITATIONS: Statistical significance of age on ONSD and exclusion of pediatric patients. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

Objective To evaluate and compare the diagnostic feasibility of measuring the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), via brain computed tomography (CT) and ocular ultrasonography (US) for prediction of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) in severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Methods The PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of brain CT or ocular US for predicting raised ICP. Bivariate and hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic modeling were performed to evaluate and compare the diagnostic feasibility of measuring the ONSD in adult patients with severe TBI according to modality (ocular US vs. brain CT). Results Five studies (four with ocular US and one with brain CT) were included. The ONSD had a pooled sensitivity of 0.91, pooled specificity of 0.77, and area under the HSROC curve of 0.92 for predicting raised ICP. More importantly, studies using ocular US found an almost equal sensitivity (0.91 vs. 0.90; p = .35) and higher specificity (0.82 vs. 0.58; p = .01) than those using brain CT. Conclusions Measurement of the ONSD may be a useful method for predicting raised ICP in adult patients with severe TBI.

Objective In the present study, we aimed at determining the correlation between tomographic findings of intracranial hypertension and ultrasound measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). Methods Observational, descriptive, prospective, cross-sectional pilot study. The present research was performed in a tertiary hospital in Cali, Colombia, from March 2019 to October 2019. Twenty-five patients constituted the intracranial hypertension group, and 25 patients without intracranial hypertension constituted the control group. Ultrasound measurements of the ONSD were assessed using a Sonosite Turbo (SonoSite Inc., Bothell, WA, USA) ultrasound. The computed tomography (CT) images obtained from each patient diagnosed with intracranial hypertension were available in the software of the hospital. The primary outcome was the ultrasound measurement of the ONSD. Results The ONSD values of the right eye of the intracranial hypertension group ranged from 5.2 to 7.6 mm, and the ONSD of the left eye ranged from 5.3 to 7.3 mm. The global ONSD values, obtained from the average between the right and left eye, were recorded between 5.25 and 7.45 mm. Overall, our study indicated that ultrasound measurements of the ONSD were effective in differentiating a group with intracranial hypertension, previously diagnosed by CT scan images, from patients without this condition. According to the ROC curve, the optimal cutoff point for detecting intracranial hypertension was 5.2 mm. Conclusions Ultrasound measurements of the ONSD correlated with the measurements obtained from CT scan images, suggesting that the ultrasound technique can be efficient in identifying patients with intracranial hypertension and valuable in cases when CT scan images are not an available option.

Objective: This consideration used the computed tomography scan to investigate and evaluate relationship between COVID-19 pneumonia severity and pulmonary artery diameter, ascending aorta diameter (AAD), right and left pulmonary artery diameter (LPAD), and ratio of main pulmonary artery diameter (MPAD) to AAD in COVID-19 patients. Methods: This retrospective and cross-sectional consideration was done on 90 confirmed COVID-19 patients. Diameter of MPAD, AAD, LPAD, and right pulmonary artery diameter was calculated on a solitary transverse section designated at extent of main pulmonic arterial trunk separation. Ratio of MPAD TO AAD was calculated by division of the values of MPAD and AAD in manual mode. Result: In this retrospective consideration, population was divided into groups of mild (43 patients with 42.6% males), moderate (30 patients with 36% males), and severe (17 patients with 21.3% males) pneumonia patients. Diameter of MPA in mild COVID pneumonia group had 23.8±3.4, moderate group had 26.7±4.3, and severe group had 29.9±3.6 (p

During transoral robot-assisted thyroidectomy, there is a risk of increasing intracranial pressure because the site of COWe analyzed the pre- to post-COAmong the 30 participants, the post-COTransient elevation in the intracranial pressure during low-pressure CO

Automatic detection of retinal blood vessels and measurement of blood vessel diameter has become very useful in medical applications, including the diagnosis and monitoring of vascular therapy. This paper present a new method for the detection of retinal blood vessels from fundus images. In addition, it accurately determines the blood vessels diameter. The proposed system consists of several stages starting from the detection of a complete blood vessel network (retinal images), a segmentation process, an extraction of blood vessel centerlines, and a new approach for the measurement of the blood vessel diameters utilizing the circle diameter approach. The application of the proposed method is based on three publicly available databases (DRIVE, STARE, CHASE_DB and HRF), which has been conducted and compared to recently reported measurement techniques. Numerical results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method achieving a success rate of 100% with 2.2454×10−4 as mean and 4.5833×10−5 as standard deviation differences. This could be harnessed in the future blood vessel measurement techniques.

A trunk segmentation and a diameter measurement of red jujubes are important steps in harvesting red jujubes using vibration harvesting robots as the results directly affect the effectiveness of the harvesting. A trunk segmentation algorithm of red jujubes, based on improved Pyramid Scene Parsing Network (PSPNet), and a diameter measurement algorithm to realize the segmentation and diameter measurement of the trunk are proposed in this research. To this end, MobilenetV2 was selected as the backbone of PSPNet so that it could be adapted to embedded mobile applications. Meanwhile, the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) was embedded in the MobilenetV2 to enhance the feature extraction capability of the model. Furthermore, the Refinement Residual Blocks (RRBs) were introduced into the main branch and side branch of PSPNet to enhance the segmentation result. An algorithm to measure trunk diameter was proposed, which used the segmentation results to determine the trunk outline and the normal of the centerline. The Euclidean distance of the intersection point of the normal with the trunk profile was obtained and its average value was regarded as the final trunk diameter. Compared with the original PSPNet, the Intersection-over-Union (IoU) value, PA value and Fps of the improved model increased by 0.67%, 1.95% and 1.13, respectively, and the number of parameters was 5.00% of that of the original model. Compared with other segmentation networks, the improved model had fewer parameters and better segmentation results. Compared with the original network, the trunk diameter measurement algorithm proposed in this research reduced the average absolute error and the average relative error by 3.75 mm and 9.92%, respectively, and improved the average measurement accuracy by 9.92%. To sum up, the improved PSPNet jujube trunk segmentation algorithm and trunk diameter measurement algorithm can accurately segment and measure the diameter in the natural environment, which provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the clamping of jujube harvesting robots.

Batur Forest is a volcanic area that was an ex-volcanic eruption. Efforts to rehabilitate forests with critical land were by planting Eucalyptus urophylla. The aim of the study was to examine the adaptation of Eucalyptus urophylla species in critical areas of former volcanic eruptions that were dominated by hard rocks. The research was done for a year (2019-2020). The method used was a species test with a permanent block plot design from 4 age levels, 1 year, 5 years, 10 years, and 15 years. The study results showed growth of 1.02 cm in diameter and 1.10 m in height (1 year), 6.50 cm in diameter and 11.00 m in height (5 years), 13.25 cm in diameter and 18.40 m in height (10 years), and a diameter of 20.48 cm and a height of 23.00 m (15 years). Eucalyptus urophylla experienced the best tree diameter growth after 10 years old and on the contrary experienced a decrease in height. The Eucalyptus urophylla level of adaptation and suitability of volcanic soils with low fertility and rocky soil is a recommendation to increase the quantity of this species of planting. So that the forest succession from rocky thickets to tree vegetation is faster than natural processes. Eucalyptus urophylla species is one of the flora that makes up the savanna forest ecosystem and volcanic critical land in eastern Indonesia.

In order to establish traceability of area of pressure measurement, piston–cylinder assemblies are characterized dimensionally. Piston, cylinder and master ring gauges demand diameter measurement uncertainty of about 30 nm. As focused efforts to achieve the requisite uncertainty, most of the trendy diameter measuring machines, used and available across the globe, are studied for their designs and performance. Conceptually, the uncompensated systematic error contributes significantly to the uncertainty of the measurements. In order to understand the magnitudes of the various errors, some of the key comparison reports are also studied. Based on the analysis of the review, laser-based displacement interferometer measurement systems are proposed. Theoretically, the proposed models reduce the Abbe’s error.

To determine whether different types of measurement tools can be interchanged without significantly affecting the resulting graft diameter.Hamstrings (gracilis and semitendinosus) and quadriceps tendons in 33 cadaver knees were harvested. Three different anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft combinations were created using these tendons, making 99 cadaver grafts samples available to measure. The grafts were randomly passed through sizing tubes and a slotted measurement block to determine their diameter. Interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities of measurements were assessed. Pearson correlation test, as well as Bland Altman graph, were used to evaluate the interchangeability of the tools.In 95% of cases, the diameter difference between the tubes and the block measures was less than the 0.5 mm in increment cutoff. Both the intraobserver and interobserver reliability were excellent.This study showed that the ACL graft diameter measurement does not vary whether a slotted block or sizing tube from the same company is used.ACL graft size has an influence on the surgical technique and clinical outcomes. Therefore it is important to have reliable sizing tools.

Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) occurs when the pressure inside the skull increases for no obvious reason. The aim of this study was to investigate three different methods: the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) method, ONSD/eyeball transverse diameter (ETD) index, and ONSD/orbital transverse diameter (OTD) index for the initial detection of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with PTC.A retrospective study of magnetic resonance data from adult PTC patients (n = 42) and control group (n = 40) was performed. ONSD and OTD measurements were made 3 mm and 10 mm posterior to the globe, after intracranial pressure was measured with lumbar puncture. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of the findings on magnetic resonance imaging were calculated.The optic nerve sheath was enlarged in the PTC group compared with the control group. It showed 97% sensitivity and 100% specificity and 79% sensitivity and 87.5% specificity for 3 mm and 10 mm, respectively. The ONSD/ETD and ONSD/OTD indices were increased in the PTC group compared with the control group. For 3 mm posterior to the globe, the ONSD/ETD index had 90.5% sensitivity and 92% specificity, and the ONSD/OTD index had 86% sensitivity and 95% specificity. For 10 mm posterior to the globe, the sensitivity and specificity of the ONSD/ETD and ONSD/OTD indices were 86% and 80% and 74% and 82.5%, respectively.According to our study, the ONSD method and the ONSD/ETD and ONSD/OTD indices are reliable diagnostic markers for PTC. These noninvasive techniques may be useful in monitoring the invasive intracranial catheter and have wide potential clinical applications in district hospitals, emergency departments and intensive care units.

Background and objectives: No previous studies have investigated the relationship between the optic nerve sheath diameter and raised intracranial pressure in pediatric patients or have evaluated the usefulness of optic nerve sheath diameter in ocular ultrasound and brain computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging. This study aimed to meta-analyze the diagnostic performance of optic nerve sheath diameter for the diagnosis of raised intracranial pressure in pediatric patients. Methods: A database search of PubMed and EMBASE was performed to identify relevant studies. Bivariate modeling and hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristics modeling were performed to evaluate diagnostic performance. A pooled diagnostic odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval, not including 1, was considered informative. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the modality (ocular ultrasound vs brain computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging). We performed meta-regression analyses for heterogeneity exploration. Results: Eleven studies involving 546 patients were included. According to pooled diagnostic odds ratios, optic nerve sheath diameter was informative for the evaluation of raised intracranial pressure (diagnostic odds ratio, 47; 95% confidence interval, 11–206). Optic nerve sheath diameter showed a pooled sensitivity of 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.79–0.94), a pooled specificity of 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.70–0.95), and an area under the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.91–0.95) for the diagnosis of raised intracranial pressure. According to the subgroup analysis, ocular ultrasound (sensitivity, 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.81–0.96); specificity, 0.86 (95% confidence interval, 0.65–0.96)) showed higher sensitivity and comparable specificity than optic nerve sheath diameter measured on brain computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (sensitivity, 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.51–0.99); specificity, 0.91 (95% confidence interval, 0.74–1.00)). On meta-regression analysis, the study design, number of patients, and reference standard were the sources of heterogeneity. Conclusion: Optic nerve sheath diameter may be a useful method for predicting raised intracranial pressure in pediatric patients. We recommend that the measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter should be performed using ocular ultrasound for a more accurate diagnosis of raised intracranial pressure in pediatric patients.

Investigation of association of ONSD with hyponatremia in symptomatic patients.89 patients who were diagnosed to have hyponatremia (Na + 135 mmol/L) were prospectively analyzed and compared with 72 patients who have normal serum sodium levels presented to ED at the same time interval. Subjects' demographic properties including age and sex were recorded, as were admission symptoms, serum Na + level, and pre-treatment and post-treatment optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD).The mean age of the study population was 62.3 ± 17.6 years, and the control group 55.1 ± 20.0 years (p 0.05). There was a significant difference between the patient group's pre-treatment and post-treatment OSNDs compared to the controls (p 0.05). There was a significant negative correlation between the admission sodium level and ONSD in the patient group (p 0.05). In the pre-treatment period, patients with symptoms had a significantly greater mean ONSD than those without symptoms (0.546 ± 0.068 mm vs 0.448 ± 0.081 mm; p 0.05). The area under the curve was 0.870; the cut-off level calculated for hyponatremia was 0.49 mm, which had a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 81.9%.Ultrasonic imaging of ONSD measurement in the emergency department appears to reflect changes consistent with ICP changes in hyponatremia and change in serum sodium.

Introduction:Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement is a non-invasive and easy imaging technique for the estimation of intracranial pressure in children and adults. We aimed to measure the ONSD in pediatric patients with head trauma.Methods:In this study, 40 patients with head trauma and age- and sex-matched 40 healthy children were included. Nerve sheath diameter was measured by transorbital sonography.Results:Diameter of the mean optic nerve sheath of the right and left eye of the patients were 0.408±0.064 mm and 0.417±0.065 mm, respectively; both results were higher in patients than in controls. In the right eyes of the patients, the ONSD values had a negative correlation with Glasgow Coma Scale scores. There was a positive correlation between systolic and diastolic blood pressures and optic nerve sheath diameters of patients. Clinical status of the patients at admission and blood pH levels were associated with ONSD.Conclusion:The result of our study indicated that ONSD measurement is a non-invasive technique and can be used easily to estimate increased intracranial pressure in pediatric emergency departments.

Background: The clinical show of illnesses including the thoracic aorta goes from countless patients who have no symptoms, having a medically imperceptible thoracic part of the Arora to victims with side effects of extreme ribcage torment because of intense aortic analysis. Objective: A retrospective study was conducted in computed tomography CT departments of three hospitals to quantify the average thoracic aorta width in the population of Sudan to compare it with international measurements. Methodology: The data collected from 500 randomly selected non-pathological patients were analyzed by the SPSS program and presented in tables and figures. Results: Results revealed that the diameter of the aorta is affected by the body length, age of the patient, and weight, except the gender which is a non-significant factor. Also, the typical size of the plunging part of the Aorta was 12.17±1.78 cm, the proximal diameter of the aorta was 2.51±0.56 cm, the focus width was 2.08±0.41 cm, and the distal breadth was 2.11±0.45 cm. The width of the aorta is very susceptible to size as well as out of the individual. Furthermore, an unusually large distinction (P=0.001) was seen between age and distant breadth of the aorta, although a small distinction (P=0.018) was obtained between the patient's level and terminal breadth of the aortic arch. Conclusion: It is reasoned that the figured tomography is assuming an extraordinary part in the estimation of the ordinary width of slipping of the thoracic aorta by giving a subtle depiction of sliding thoracic aorta breadth in a gathering of the solid Sudanese populace. Keywords: Thor Aorta, Computed tomography, Statistical analysis, Sudan

This article describes a technique for measuring the diameter of fuel pellets in the range of 7.5-8.3 mm and its use in the Geometric dimension control unit of the line for automatic control of the geometric dimensions of fuel pellets stacked on pallets. The principle of operation of the unit for controlling the geometric dimensions of pellets is based on measuring the diameter of a pellet from the photograph of the pellet shadow.

Objectives Perform a needs assessment by evaluating accuracy of PICU provider bedside ultrasound measurement of femoral vein diameter prior to utilization of the catheter-to-vein ratio for central venous catheter size selection. Design Prospective observational cohort study. Setting PICU within a quaternary care children's hospital. Patients PICU patients greater than 30 days and less than 6 years without a femoral central venous catheter. Interventions None. Measurements and main results Gold-standard femoral vein diameter measurements were made by a radiologist, sonographer, or bedside ultrasound expert. PICU providers then repeated the femoral vein diameter measurements, and results were compared by Bland-Altman analysis with a priori accuracy goal of limits of agreement ± 15%. Among recruited patients (n = 27), the median age was 1.1 years (interquartile range 0.5-2.3 yr), weight was 9.0 kg (interquartile range 7.0-11.5 kg), and reference femoral vein diameter was 0.36 cm (interquartile range 0.28-0.45 cm). Providers performed 148 femoral vein diameter measurements and did not meet goal accuracy when compared with the reference measurement with a bias of 4% (95% of limits of agreement -62% to 70%). A majority of patients would have a catheter-to-vein ratio greater than 0.5 using either age-based central venous catheter size selection criterion (14/27) or the provider bedside ultrasound femoral vein diameter measurement (18/27). Conclusions PICU provider measurement of femoral vein diameter by bedside ultrasound is inaccurate when compared with expert reference measurement. Central venous catheter size selection based on age or PICU provider femoral vein diameter measurement can lead to a catheter-to-vein ratio greater than 0.5 and potentially increase the risk of catheter-associated venous thromboembolism. Structured bedside ultrasound training with assessment of accuracy is necessary prior to implementation of venous thromboembolism reduction efforts based on catheter-to-vein ratio recommendations.

Haiku poetry, a short poem with a clear form, has the potential to elucidate many unknown aspects of linguistic art. Previous studies on haiku appreciation have shown that negative emotion and cognitive ambiguity reduce aesthetic evaluation. Considering the importance of negative emotions and ambiguity in art, it is beneficial to clarify the process of emotional and cognitive changes during aesthetic evaluation. This study examined the temporal effects of emotional and cognitive changes on aesthetic evaluation from multiple perspectives by measuring the ratings of each section of haiku, continuous emotional reports, and physiological changes in pupil diameter. The 112 students first rated the haiku at three time points on items such as beauty, valence, and ambiguity. Next, they rated the same haiku continuously for 20 seconds using a joystick for valence and arousal during which the pupil diameter was measured. The results showed that a decrease in negative emotions and ambiguity explained the beauty of the haiku. In the continuous emotion reports, positive emotions gradually increased for positive haiku and negative emotions gradually increased for negative haiku, while arousal decreased once and then gradually increased for both forms of haiku. Additionally, an increase in pupil diameter also explained the beauty. The roles of negative emotions and ambiguity were revealed by focusing on both subjective and physiological indicators of emotional and cognitive changes during haiku appreciation. This study has contributed to the advancement of our understanding of linguistic art forms by empirically exploring conscious and unconscious emotional and cognitive responses to haiku.

Magistritöö Metsamajanduse ja metsaökoloogia õppekaval Puutüvede läbimõõdu mõõtmine pakub infot puude kasvu ja füsioloogiliste protsesside kohta. Mida paremini me puude kasvutsüklit mõistame ning mida täpsemad ja standardsemad on seejuures rakendatavad mõõtmisvõtted, seda võrreldavamana kujunevad metsakorralduslikud mõõtmistulemused. Puutüve läbimõõt on metsatakseerimisel ainuke kontaktmõõtmiste abil mõõdetav tunnus. Teame, et kasvava puu rinnasläbimõõtu mõõdetakse takseerimisel nii klupiga kui ka ümbermõõdulindiga. Töö toob erinevates tingimustes tehtud välitööde põhjal välja erisusi mõõtmistes – olgu erisus tingitud ilmastikust, ajast, mõõtmistehnikast, mõõtmisvahendist. Töö eesmärgiks on hinnata erinevate tegurite mõju mõõtmisele, võrrelda omavahel metsaklupi ja lindiga tehtud mõõtmisi, tuvastada mõõtmisvigu ja läbimõõdu muutumisi. Mõõtmised toimusid kolmes jaos üheksakümnel puul, tehes igal puul läbimõõdu mõõtmisi kolmel erineval kõrgusel juurekaelast nii klupiga kui ka ümbermõõdulindiga. Ümbermõõdulindiga ja klupiga mõõtmistel on statistiline vahe (p≥ 0,05), kuid see pole nii suur, et nende erinevus metsakorralduses üht teisele eelistama paneks. Mõõtmisi mõjutavad ilmastik, mõõtmistehnika ja rinnasdiameetri kõrguse hindamise oskus. Nii praegu kui ka tulevikus on tarvilik uurida arvutipõhiseid mõõtetehnikaid, näiteks kaugseiremeetodeid, droonide ja kaamerate tõhusamat kasutamist. Nende mõõtmiste tulemuslikkust saab mehaaniliste mõõtevahendite mõõtmistulemustega võrrelda. Measuring the diameter of tree stems provides information about tree growth and physiological processes. The better one understands tree measurement techniques and the more accurate and standardized the measurement methods are, the more comparable the results of forest management measurements become. Stem diameter is the only measurable characteristic in forest inventory that is measured through direct contact measurements. It is known that the diameter at breast height of a growing tree is measured by using both a caliper and a diameter tape. The current study marks differences in measurements made under diferent circumstances, whether influenced by weather, time, measurement technique or measuring instrument. The objective of this research is to assess the impact of various factors on measurements, compare measurements made with a caliper and a diameter tape, and ascertain measurement errors and changes in diameter. The measurements were conducted in three parts using a sample of ninety trees, taking diameter measurements at three different heights from the root collar using both a caliper and a diameter tape. There is a statistical difference between measurements with a diameter tape and caliper, but it is not significant enough to favor one over the other in forest management. Measurements are influenced by weather, measurement techniques, and the skill of assessing breast height diameter. It is necessary to explore computer-based measurement techniques, such as remote sensing methods, drones, and more efficient use of cameras, both now and in the future. The effectiveness of these measurements can be compared with the results provided by mechanical measuring instruments.

The construct validity and reproducibility of three commonly used handheld ultrasound (US) devices in measuring carotid arterial diameter was evaluated: Telemed MicrUs EXT-1H (Telemed, Vilnius, Lithuania), Butterfly iQ (Butterfly Network, Inc., Guilford, CT, USA) and Philips Lumify (Philips Healthcare, Best, The Netherlands). An in vitro setup was built to evaluate construct validity, compared with high-end US, and intra-observer variability of handheld US devices. Handheld devices showed a mean difference of 0.023 ± 0.030 cm, 0.012 ± 0.037 cm and 0.009 ± 0.046 cm for, respectively, Telemed, Butterfly and Lumify in comparison with high-end US devices. Intraclass agreement with the high-end system as well as intra-observer variability for handheld US devices was classified as excellent, with all values greater than 0.95. Subsequently, inter-observer variability of handheld US devices was investigated in an in vivo setup with 20 healthy volunteers. Inter-observer variability was classified as excellent for Telemed (0.901), good for Lumify (0.827) and moderate for Butterfly (0.684) with a difference of, respectively, 0.005 ± 0.031 cm, 0.020 ± 0.050 cm and –0.003 ± 0.033 cm. In conclusion, handheld US devices demonstrated an excellent construct validity and intra-observer variability. Additionally, excellent-to-good inter-observer variability for Telemed and Lumify was observed, and Butterfly demonstrated a moderate inter-observer agreement. These results indicate that handheld US devices are effective for measuring carotid arterial diameter.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Incidence of postoperative complications.

Aiming at the difficulty in judging the quality of potting in the process of encapsulating transparent adhesive for micro-rectangular electrical connectors, the bubble diameter measurement technology based on image processing was studied. Through the image acquisition of the sampled samples, the diameter and quantity information of the bubble particles are obtained. By calculating the standard circle of the micrometer, the error of the algorithm is about 5%. By setting up the test platform for the transparent potting, the three stages of mixing, defoaming and solidification were used to analyze, quantify and calculate the bubbles. It was found that the hot air defoaming can effectively eliminate the bubbles generated during the encapsulation, and the bubbles will be further reduced during the curing process. The subsequent production of micro-rectangular electrical connectors provides a factual reference.

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate an automatic, deep learning based method (Augmented Radiology for Vascular Aneurysm [ARVA]), to detect and assess maximum aortic diameter, providing cross sectional outer to outer aortic wall measurements. Methods Accurate external aortic wall diameter measurement is performed along the entire aorta, from the ascending aorta to the iliac bifurcations, on both pre- and post-operative contrast enhanced computed tomography angiography (CTA) scans. A training database of 489 CTAs was used to train a pipeline of neural networks for automatic external aortic wall measurements. Another database of 62 CTAs, including controls, aneurysmal aortas, and aortic dissections scanned before and/or after endovascular or open repair, was used for validation. The measurements of maximum external aortic wall diameter made by ARVA were compared with those of seven clinicians on this validation dataset. Results The median absolute difference with respect to expert’s measurements ranged from 1 mm to 2 mm among all annotators, while ARVA reported a median absolute difference of 1.2 mm. Conclusion The performance of the automatic maximum aortic diameter method falls within the interannotator variability, making it a potentially reliable solution for assisting clinical practice.

The abrage fault inspection and bobbin diameter measurement are very important processes in yarn manufacturing industry. These processes are performed manually, and so they are difficult, low efficient, time-consuming processes. The abrage faults are seen as colour or shade difference on the dyed fabric. This happens when the bobbins including abrage are converted to the fabric form, mistakes in colour differences are seen after dyeing process. An automatic machine vision system was developed for detecting abrage fault, and bobbin diameter from yarn bobbin cross-section view. Image processing software was developed and applied on different sizes of bobbin samples including different types of abrage fault. The success of vision system was statistically evaluated by detecting the bobbin abrage faults with 95.83% accuracy. In addition, the bobbin diameters obtained from the developed image processing algorithm were statistically analysed and the correlation coefficient (R2=0.99) was calculated.

Background The increased intracranial pressure (ICP) syndrome may emerge depending on many different neurological factors and the early diagnosis and treatment are important for the prevention of neurologic damage and related mortality. In recent years, the follow-up of increased ICP with non-invasive methods has been rising. In this study, our objective was to determine the significance and any possible correlation between Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter (ONSD) and Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) in children with increased ICP. Methods Patients who were hospitalized in our pediatric ICU at Çukurova University Medical Faculty between June 2018 and June 2019 due to the suspicion of increased ICP were included in this study. The demographic characteristics of patients, diagnosis at admission, results of the cranial CT and MRI examinations, and results of the simultaneous ONSD and NIRS measurements were recorded. Results A total of 36 patients were included in our study. With respect to the diagnosis, non-traumatic causes were at the forefront in 30 patients (83.3%), and the most common causes were meningoencephalitis (n = 9; 25%) and non-traumatic bleeding (n = 7; 19.4%). Six of the patients were under the age of one year (16.7%), and the mean values of ONSD and NIRS were 4.8 ± 0.7 mm and 71.1 ± 12.4% respectively in this group. Fourteen patients were in the one to ten year age group and the mean values of ONSD and NIRS were 6.1 ± 0.6 mm and 72.7 ± 9.3% respectively. Sixteen patients were over ten years of age (44.4%), and the mean values of ONSD and NIRS were 5.6 ± 0.7 mm and 74.2 ± 16% respectively. There was no correlation between the ONSD and NIRS values (r:0.307; p = 0.068). Conclusion Our study showed that ONSD measurements were helpful in children with increased ICP and reflected the increase in ICP. However, our study also demonstrated that ONSD was not in correlation with the NIRS monitoring. We believe that there is a need for further studies focused on the use of ONSD and NIRS in the monitoring of increased ICP.

We aimed to evaluate whether optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement by computed tomography (CT) can be a diagnostic criteria for the detection of ventriculoperitoneal shunt dysfunction among children whose fontanels are still open.Patients with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt who were currently showing clinical and radiological signs of acute hydrocephalus depending on the shunt dysfunction were included in this study. The study was designed to compare the preoperative and postoperative ONSDs of three groups of patients divided according to their ages: group 1, patients aged4 months; group 2, patients aged 4-18 months; and group 3, patients aged18 months.We included 138 patients (mean age, 35.18 ± 51.01 months). Among the patients, 46.4% were females and 53.6% were males. ONSD measurements in the preoperative period were2.86 ± 0.59 in group 1, 3.93 ± 0.82 in group 2, and 5.40 ± 0.81 in group 3 and those in the postoperative period were 2.02 ± 0.38 in group 1, 2.72 ± 0.62 in group 2, and 3.64 ± 0.81 in group 3. Right, left, and mean ONSDs increased significantly in the three groups and were found to be statistically significant.ONSD measurement in CT has been evaluated as an appropriate finding that can be used especially in acute hydrocephalus, when clinical and radiological findings are not diagnostic.

Mangosteen has been one of the leading fruit export and production in Indonesia. Due to different demand and harvesting processes, it is classified into several categories according to its external condition, including size and ripeness, stage 1 to 6. Its shape is not round but elliptical on one side. Therefore, it needs cautious measurement to determine the diameter size. This project aims at developing an automatic size calculator for mangosteen using dual camera. Two cameras were needed to do the cross-sectional measurement, then image processing analysis based on Simpson's algorithm calculated the diameter. Statistical analysis; maximum, minimum and average calculation was used to determine the optimum measurement result.

Objective: To determine the accuracy of fetal transverse cerebellar diametermeasurement in the prediction of gestational age in growth restricted fetuses. Material andmethods: This controlled was conducted at Sobhraj Maternity Hospital, Karachi from July 2012to June 2013. A total of 100 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy satisfying theeligibility criteria were included. Among these 50 were fetuses with normal fetal growth and50 growth restricted fetuses. Results: The mean transverse cerebellar diameter in the fetusesshowing normal growth was not statistically different from the mean transverse cerebellardiameter in the growth restricted fetuses (p-value = 0.219). Conclusions: Transverse cerebellardiameter measurement can be used reliably for accurate estimation of gestational age in growthrestricted fetuses.

Background and purpose Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) is used for the estimation of intracranial pressure (ICP). But there are still doubts about the quality of the images and the lateral resolution. Our aim is to investigate the system suitability and best lateral resolution of different ultrasound systems for acoustic ONSD measurement. Methods First, we calculated the theoretically lateral imaging resolution at increasing frequencies: 6.6, 10, and 15 MHz using two different ultrasound systems. Second, we created two phantoms consisting of copper wires or polyvinylchloride (PVC) strips and tested the best lateral resolution at different frequencies with the two ultrasound systems. Using the same ultrasound systems, we evaluated the anatomy of optic nerve at increasing transmission frequencies. Finally, the two probes were tested in two patients with different neurological conditions affected by an increase of ICP. Results Theoretical resolutions were .63, .43, and .41 mm, respectively, with a frequency of 6.6, 10, and 15 MHz. We found a similar lateral resolution in both phantoms: copper wire; .56 mm at 6.6 MHz, .46 mm at 10 MHz, and .44 mm at 15 MHz; and PVC strips .6 mm at 6.6 MHz, .47 mm at 10 MHz, and .40 mm at 15 MHz in accordance with experimental resolution. The ONSD thickening could be clearly displayed at frequencies higher than 7.5 MHz using the two linear probes and the two patients with an increase of ICP showed thickening of ONSD. Conclusion According to our study, both systems are suitable for ultrasound OSND measurement.