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Biocrust sustainability relies on dew and rain availability. A study of dew and rain resources in amplitude and frequency and their evolution is presented from year 2001 to 2020 in southern Africa (Namibia, Botswana, South Africa) where many biocrust sites have been identified. The evaluation of dew is made from a classical energy balance model using meteorological data collected in 18 stations, where are also collected rain data. One observes a strong correlation between the frequency of dew and rain and the corresponding amplitudes. There is a general tendency to see a decrease in dew yield and dew frequency with increasing distance from the oceans, located west, east and south, due to decreasing RH, with a relative minimum in the desert of Kalahari (Namibia). Rain amplitude and frequency decreases when going to west and north. Short-term dew/rain correlation shows that largest dew yields clearly occur during about three days after rainfall, particularly in the sites where humidity is less. The evolution in the period corresponds to a decrease of rain precipitations and frequency, chiefly after 2010, an effect which has been cyclic since now. The effect is more noticeable towards north. An increase of dew yield and frequency is observed, mainly in north and south-east. It results in an increase of the dew contribution with respect to rain, especially after 2010. As no drastic changes in the distribution of biomass of biocrusts have been reported in this period, it is likely that dew should compensate for the decrease in rain precipitation. Since the growth of biocrust is related to dew and rain amplitude and frequency, future evolution should be characterized by either the rain cycle or, due to global change, an acceleration of the present tendency, with more dew and less rainfalls.

The article studies the biological features of the pathogen powdery mildew of fruit trees in the conditions of the Turkestan region, the spread and development of the disease. Fungicides were used against the disease, and data on their biological effectiveness were given. A route inspection of apple orchards located in Temirlan, Kazygurt, and Keless districts of the main fruit zones of the Turkestan region was carried out. Verification works were carried out according to generally accepted methods in phytopathology and plant protection during the period of commercial fruit ripening. The examination 2 hectare Apple orchard at the farm "Abai" Keles district, the Prevalence machinists dew on the leaves of the tree made up 60.8% and level-38,0%. In apple fruits, the prevalence was 44.2%, and the dynamics of development was 25.6%. In the farm «Erimbetova» Kazygurt district on the survey results, 3 ha Apple orchard Prevalence of powdery mildew on the leaves amounted to 63.4%, and level-of 42.1%. The prevalence of powdery mildew in fruits was 58.8%, and the dynamics of development-26.2%. In the farms of the Temirlan, Kazygurt, and Keless districts of the Turkestan region, during the growing season, apple trees were sprayed against powdery mildew with 3 - fold fungicides Topaz 100, K.E., yield 0.4 l per hectare (standard), bayleton, 25% S.P. yield 0.2 kg per hectare; triafol, 25% S.P. yield 0.15 l per hectare: the first - when the flower node begins to turn red; the second - after flowering; the third-10-15 days after the second processing is used. The most effective fungicide against powdery mildew of apple trees was Triafol, 25% C. to 0.15 l / ha. The biological efficiency was 97.8%, and the standard, Topaz 100 K. e 65.3%. Hence, Trianol, 25% C. K fungicide, has shown very high effectiveness in the fight against the whiteness of apples.

The internet of things (IoT) offers a range of benefits for its users, ranging from quicker and more precise perception of our ecosystem to more cost-effective monitoring of manufacturing applications, by taking internet access to the things. Due to the ubiquitous existence of the internet, there's been an increasing pace in the IoT. Such a growing pace has brought about the term of IoT ecosystem. This exponential growing IoT ecosystem will encounter several challenges in its path. Computing domains were used from very initial stage to assist the IoT ecosystem and mitigate those challenges. To understand the impact of computing domains in IoT ecosystem, this paper performs the elaborative study on cloud, fog, roof, and dew computing including their interaction, benefits, and limitations in IoT ecosystem. The brief comparative analysis on these four computing domains are then performed. The impact of internet and offline computing on these computing domains are then analyzed in depth. Finally, this paper presents the suggestions of potential appropriate computing domain strategies for IoT ecosystems.

Leaf wetness duration (LWD) provides the necessary conditions for pathogen infection. Among them, dew condensation on the crop canopy due to high humidity in a greenhouse is a major cause of LWD formation. However, it would be costly to monitor the condensation of all the leaves in a greenhouse. A computational fluid dynamics model was studied for the spatial and temporal distribution of the indoor microclimate and leaf condensation in a single-slope Chinese solar greenhouse at night. Models were embedded to simplify the input parameters and enhance the practicality. Without compromising the performance of the model, the model inputs were reduced to five: outdoor solar radiation intensity, outdoor air temperature, outdoor relative humidity, outdoor average wind speed per hour, and soil temperature. The distributions of roof condensation and leaf condensation were simulated. Condensation always appeared first on the roof rather than on the leaves. The leaf condensation results were manually observed for comparison with the simulated results. Leaf condensation always occurred first in the area near the semi-transparent roof, both in the observations and the simulation. The LWD was simulated by considering the duration of the simulated leaf condensation at each point. The evaluation was conducted on 216 pairs of samples. The True Negative Rate (TNR), True Positive Rate (TPR), and Accuracy (ACC) were 1, 0.66, and 0.89, respectively. This paper can serve as a reference for an early warning model of disease based on the temporal and spatial distribution of leaf condensation.

The latest developments in radar mission concepts suggest that subdaily synthetic aperture radar will become available in the next decades. The goal of this study was to demonstrate the potential value of subdaily spaceborne radar for monitoring vegetation water dynamics, which is essential to understand the role of vegetation in the climate system. In particular, we aimed to quantify fluctuations of internal and surface canopy water (SCW) and understand their effect on subdaily patterns of L-band backscatter. An intensive field campaign was conducted in north-central Florida, USA, in 2018. A truck-mounted polarimetric L-band scatterometer was used to scan a sweet corn field multiple times per day, from sowing to harvest. SCW (dew, interception), soil moisture, and plant and soil hydraulics were monitored every 15 min. In addition, regular destructive sampling was conducted to measure seasonal and diurnal variations of internal vegetation water content. The results showed that backscatter was sensitive to both transient rainfall interception events, and slower daily cycles of internal canopy water and dew. On late-season days without rainfall, maximum diurnal backscatter variations of >2 dB due to internal and SCW were observed in all polarizations. These results demonstrate a potentially valuable application for the next generation of spaceborne radar missions.

The study was undertaken to prime a strain of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae (C1136) as a mycoherbicidal agent against Amaranthus hybridus L. (pigweed) utilizing various agricultural wastes for its production. The rate of mortality and dry weight reduction of the target weed was determined in both the greenhouse and field conditions. The mycoherbicidal efficacy of the highly virulent isolate (strain C1136) was established based on the influence of the dew period, temperature, and inoculum concentration as well as plant growth stages. A dew period of 72 h was observed to be the highest time period necessary to obtain 90.6% mortality rate while there was no death observed at 0- and 12-h dew period treatments, respectively. Maximum disease development and mortality rate was observed at 25 °C on the target weed. It was observed that the inoculum concentration at 4 × 106 CFU/ml had the highest dry weight reduction of 98.60% and mortality rate of 89.4%. Groundnut husks gave comparatively the best spore yield (9.8 × 107 CFU/g), and yam peels gave the least (1.1 × 107 CFU/g). Greenhouse and field trials showed that the strain C1136 had a strong antagonistic effect on the test weed. This study therefore confirms the suitability of the strain C1136 as a potentially effective bioherbicidal agent that is eco-friendly. Furthermore, the cheap strain’s observed responses to the environmental parameters assessed in the study affirmed its sustainability and possibility as a permanent substitute for synthetic herbicides in agrosystems’ practices for effective weed management.

Due to water shortages in several places in the world, alternative water sources such as atmospheric water and greywater have been studied. Dew water harvesting by passive radiative cooling is an unconventional water source that is easy to use, install, and shows great potential in several places in the world. This paper aims to experimentally evaluate the dew yield through passive radiative cooling in Vicosa city, Minas Gerais, Brazil by using standard white plastic for dew harvesting, developed by the International Organization for Dew Utilization (OPUR), polypropylene plastic, black plastic, packaging tape, and anodized aluminum as condensing surfaces during two different periods. The polypropylene plastic and packing tape materials used in this present research have not been researched before in the literature. However, they have demonstrated potential for harvesting dew. As a result, the average water collected was, respectively, 0.151, 0.135, 0.140, 0.127, and 0.046 mm/night using the OPUR standard plastic, polypropylene plastic, black plastic, and packaging tape, and anodized aluminum as condensing surfaces. Although relatively small water volumes were harvested, this water should not be neglected since it can supplement the water demand for irrigation, human and animal consumption, among other uses in drought periods.

Water is a significant primary resource on the Earth's surface. Fresh water is essential for human beings and for the stability and sustainable development of any nation. Many regions in the interior of Syria have an insufficient water balance. This has caused severe shortages of freshwater as a result of climate change. Syria's main source of fresh water, rivers and groundwater, suffers from low levels due to the lack of rainfall amounts. The war in Syria exacerbated water stress, in particular the effects of the war on water sources such as the Euphrates River and the ‘Feijah’ source that feeds the capital Damascus. All of this has prompted us to seek other non-traditional sources such as atmospheric water, which is a renewable and relatively clean source. This paper is considered to be the first of its kind in Syria. Experimental results from semi-arid and arid regions have shown good potential for harvesting dew and fog water as a supplementary and complementary source to the existing freshwater supply.

Each year, 500 to 700 million dew worms are sold from thousands of gas stations, convenience stores, big box retailers, making this particular species, Lumbricus terrestris, the most popular live bait for recreational freshwater fisherman across North America. In fishing parlance, these effective bait worms are referred to as “Canadian Nightcrawlers,” not because they are native to the region (they are not) or because they cannot be found elsewhere (they can), but because the entire global supply comes from a stretch of rural land between Toronto and Windsor in Ontario, Canada. How did this simple garden worm become a valuable commodity, and why is production relegated to one single region in the world? In this paper, I rely on newspaper archives and key informant interviews to construct a “capitalist commodification story” that explain why demand for Canadian Nightcrawlers emerged in North America, why the production of nightcrawlers is relegated to southwestern Ontario, and how this lowly living, breathing, squirming creature beneath our feet became a capitalist commodity producing value through competitive markets. In sum, I argue L. terrestris became a capitalist commodity when burgeoning demand from a new class of recreational fishermen increased competition between nightcrawler suppliers. The inability of capital to take hold of the ecological conditions of nightcrawler production relegated the most productive producers to southwestern Ontario who had the contingent privileges of useful soils combined and cheap and efficient labor. The materiality of L. terrestris physiology is thus constitutive of how capital seeks to accumulate surplus value in a peculiar industry. At the same time, this research shows that no matter how peculiar or banal a commodity may be capitalist logics are constantly experimenting with heterogenous peoples and environments to find a way to increase productivity and accumulate surplus value through market exchange.

Water collection by dew condensation emerges as a sustainable solution to water scarcity. However, the transient condensation process that involves droplet nucleation, growth, and transport imposes conflicting requirements on surface properties. It is challenging to satisfy all benefits for different condensation stages simultaneously. By mimicking the structures and functions of moss Rhacocarpus, here, we report the attainment of dropwise condensation for efficient water collection even on a hydrophilic surface gated by a liquid suction mechanism. The Rhacocarpus-inspired porous surface (RIPS), which possesses a three-level wettability gradient, facilitates a rapid, directional, and persistent droplet suction. Such suction condensation enables a low nucleation barrier, frequent surface refreshing, and well-defined maximum droplet shedding radius simultaneously. Thus, a maximum ∼160% enhancement in water collection performance compared to the hydrophobic surface is achieved. Our work provides new insights and a design route for developing engineered materials for a wide range of water-harvesting and phase-change heat-transfer applications.

The subject of research – dew honey is highly valued in the food industry, and the authentication of its origin, in particular the differentiation from blossom honey, the assessment of its safety and quality requires the use of adequate parameters. In this context, sensorial indicators are the primary attributes available for use by ordinary consumers. The said indicators, together with melissopalynological analysis, are the indicators of the botanical and geographical origin of honey. Physical and chemical parameters supplement the information on the characteristics of the localization of the samples, as well as assess their safety and quality. The purpose of the study was to determine the differences between the pollen spectrum, sensorial, physical and chemical parameters of Ukrainian dew honey of different regional origin. Methodology. To achieve this goal, the sensorial, physical and chemical characteristics, as well as pollen profile of 8 samples of dew honey were analyzed. The results of the study. For most of the criteria for assessing the physical and chemical parameters obtained during the study, the data can be considered as being within the ranges of parameters values established within the national regulatory framework for safety and quality of honey – DSTU 4497:2005 ‘Natural honey. Specifications’ and the Order of the Ministry of Agrarian Policy and Food of Ukraine of June 19, 2019 № 330. However, all samples did not meet national criteria for the electrical conductivity and more than a half of all samples did not meet national criteria for the mass fraction of glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The spectrum of pollen showed the presence of high content of spores of fungi, yeast, and green algae, the content and ratio of those differed due to the geographical origin of honey samples. The sensorial evaluation was performed for color, taste, aroma, consistency and crystallization, the presence of fermentation signs. The tendency to crystallize was detected in half of the honey samples, all samples were characterized by a brown range of different tinges, the smell and taste of each sample had a unique bouquet determined by the origin of honey. In one sample of honey with the high yeast content, the initial stages of fermentation were observed, which were accompanied by the presence of vinegar odor. The results obtained in this study indicate satisfactory quality, acceptable freshness, as well as the authenticity of each individual sample of honey. The special characteristics of dew honey differ from those of flower honey, therefore, it may be appropriate to revise the national regulatory framework to adjust the requirements for assessing honey safety and quality. Scope of research results is to apply the obtained results for further authentication of dew honeys for further study of their properties and wide application in the field of nutrition.

Survey research was conducted in Nawalparasi (B.S.W) district to assess farmers’ perception on climate change and the impact of climate change in wheat production. The survey was conducted in four municipalities (rural municipality). A total of 83 respondents were involved in this study. The primary data were collected through survey questionnaire, direct observation, focus group discussion, whereas secondary data on wheat area, production and productivity from different sources were also collected. The majority of the respondents (90.4%) perceived about climate change while 9.4% respondents were not aware about climate change. Furthermore, out of the respondents mentioning changes in temperature, rainfall duration, rainfall amount, dew and winter monsoon around 95.2%, 91.9%, 92.4%, 94% and 90.3% of them opinionated that there were changes in wheat production because of these factors respectively. Moreover, t-test and probit model analysis showed that there was great impact of climate change in wheat production and impact is increasing yearly in Nawalparsi(B.S.W) district. So, Government and policymakers should focus on climate resilient adaptation strategies formulation for crop cultivation through intensive research and extension packages. Adoption of technology to reduce the impact of climate change should be encouraged to gain optimum wheat production.

Solar photovoltaic panels are experiencing lower performance due to two reasons, high diurnal surface temperatures and nocturnal dew accumulation leading to mud formation on the surface of photovoltaic panels. The current paper presents a collective solution for the two problems of elevated cell temperatures and dew formation using a photovoltaic/thermal unit integrated with ground embedded heat exchanger. The proposed technique was assessed experimentally and mathematically. An experimental setup implemented in the solar research site of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS was subjected to a series of measurements under various operational and environmental conditions. A mathematical model of the integrated solution was developed in MATLAB/Simulink environment. With only 6% error in PV surface temperatures, the mathematical model results and experimental measurements were in good agreement. The model determined the daily and annual variation of the PV surface temperature based on two real-time weather data sets: first, the nearly constant tropical climates as in Malaysia and secondly, the transient climatic conditions as in the desert of Qatar. The results show that the suggested idea of integrating a PV/T panel with an underground heat exchanger is able to increase the annual PV efficiency by 9%. This is due to a substantial reduction of diurnal PV cell temperatures and to resolving the setback of nocturnal dew formation.

Dew is an important water resource for plants in most deserts. The mechanism that allows desert plants to use dew water was studied using an isotopic water tracer approach. Most plants use water directly from the soil; the roots transfer the water to the rest of the plant, where it is required for all metabolic functions. However, many plants can also take up water into their leaves and stems. Examining the dew water uptake pathways in desert plants can lend insight on another all water-use pathways examination. We determined where and how dew water enters plants in the water limited Negev desert. Highly depleted isotopic water was sprayed on three different dominant plant species of the Negev desert—Artemesia sieberi, Salsola inermis and Haloxylon scoparium—and its entry into the plant was followed. Water was sprayed onto the soil only, or on the leaves/stems only (with soil covered to prevent water entry via root uptake). Thereafter, the isotopic composition of water in the roots and stems were measured at various time points. The results show that each plant species used the dew water to a different extent, and we obtained evidence of foliar uptake capacity of dew water that varied depending on the microenvironmental conditions. A. sieberi took up the greatest amount of dew water through both stems and roots, S. inermis took up dew water mainly from the roots, and H. scoparium showed the least dew capture overall.

Variation in canopy water content (CWC) that can be detected from microwave remote sensing of vegetation optical depth (VOD) has been proposed as an important measure of vegetation water stress. However, the contribution of leaf surface water (LWs ), arising from dew formation and rainfall interception, to CWC is largely unknown, particularly in tropical forests and other high-humidity ecosystems. We compared VOD data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and CWC predicted by a plant hydrodynamics model at four tropical sites in Brazil spanning a rainfall gradient. We assessed how LWs influenced the relationship between VOD and CWC. The analysis indicates that while CWC is strongly correlated with VOD (R2 = 0.62 across all sites), LWs accounts for 61-76% of the diurnal variation in CWC despite being < 10% of CWC. Ignoring LWs weakens the near-linear relationship between CWC and VOD and reduces the consistency in diurnal variation. The contribution of LWs to CWC variation, however, decreases at longer, seasonal to inter-annual, time scales. Our results demonstrate that diurnal patterns of dew formation and rainfall interception can be an important driver of diurnal variation in CWC and VOD over tropical ecosystems and therefore should be accounted for when inferring plant diurnal water stress from VOD measurements.

This work compares the performance of three passive cooling systems in meeting thermal and indoor air quality requirements in a poultry house located in semi-arid climate. The first two systems are a direct evaporative cooler and a cross-flow dew point evaporative cooler supplying air through a conventional tunnel ventilation that achieves uniform thermal and indoor air quality conditions. The third system is a dew-point evaporative cooler combined with a localised ventilation system to further reduce air and water consumption. To achieve these objectives, a modular analysis was adopted where mathematical models were developed for the evaporative coolers and the tunnel-ventilated poultry house module. Moreover, a computational fluid dynamics model was developed and experimentally validated for the compartment conditioned by the localised system. The evaporative coolers were sized and the hourly variation in the required fresh air and water supply was determined for the cooling season. Results of the economic analysis showed that the cost of the dew-point evaporative cooler was 6.8% lower than that of the direct evaporative cooling, with better compliance to poultry house thermal and air quality requirements. Using localised ventilation instead of conventional with the dew point apparatus further reduced costs by 4.7%, while achieving similar conditions of temperature and air quality.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are the membrane water channel proteins present in all organisms. Plants have the highest amount and the largest variety of aquaporin homologs with diverse subcellular localization patterns, solute specificity, and gating properties. As aquaporins regulate plant water relations, they are alleged to play a pivotal role in the defense response of plants against biotic and abiotic stress. In particular, aquaporins play a crucial role in defense response against drought stress. Plants in arid and semi-arid regions which are severely affected by drought, overcome this by absorbing water from external sources besides precipitation such as fog, dew and cloud mist through leaves by a process known as foliar water uptake. Studies had shown aquaporin's role in foliar water uptake, which regulates the transpiration rate and hydraulic conductivity in plants. However, the molecular mechanisms behind it are still up in the air. The current review emphasizes on the aquaporins and relation to foliar water uptake through its regulatory role of water status in plants under stress. Also this review underlines the functions of aquaporin genes in stomatal regulation, transpiration and its response to drought stress.

Investigating plant morphological traits can provide insights into plant drought tolerance. To date, many papers have focused on plant hydraulic responses to drought during dehydration, but atmospheric water absorption by trichomes to mitigate drought stress by influencing leaf hydraulics in plant species that inhabit arid environments has been largely ignored. The experiment in this study was designed to assess how dew absorbed by leaf trichomes helps Caragana korshinskii withstand drought. The results showed that under a drought stress and dew (DS & D) treatment, C. korshinskii displayed a strong capacity to absorb dew with trichomes; exhibited slow decreases in leaf water potential (Ψleaf ), leaf hydraulic conductivity (Kleaf ), and gas exchange; experienced 50% Kleaf and gas exchange losses at lower relative soil water content levels than plants treated with drought stress and no dew (DS & ND); and experienced 50% Kleaf loss (Kleaf P50 ) at similar Ψleaf levels as DS & ND plants. Its congener C. sinica, which does not have leaf trichomes, displayed little ability to absorb dew under drought stress and did not show any remarkable improvement in the above parameters under the DS & D treatment. Our results indicated that leaf trichomes are important epidermal dew-uptake structures that assist in partially sustaining the leaf hydraulic assimilation system, mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress and contribute to the distribution of C. korshinskii in arid environments.

We investigated meteorological conditions for frost occurrence using routine observation data during 1991–2010 from manned meteorological stations in Japan. The majority of the frost occurrence was observed when the daily minimum air temperature was in the range of − 5 °C to 5 °C. Due to strong radiative cooling of a frosted surface, frost was observed even when the daily minimum air temperature was above the dew-point temperature at a normal meteorological observation height. We proposed an analytical scheme to evaluate the probability of frost occurrence under given meteorological conditions. This scheme was based on a probability distribution of observed frost occurrence in a three-dimensional space of meteorological variables. The obtained distribution centered on − 1.9 °C for the daily minimum air temperature and 73% for the relative humidity, with an exponential decay with wind speed. The probability was halved when the daily minimum air temperature and relative humidity change by 3.3 °C and 24 percent-points, respectively, from the distribution center. Since this scheme gives probability of frost occurrence, it is advantageous for risk assessment under given meteorological conditions. Recent popularization of gridded meteorological datasets will help to expand the potential usage of the scheme.

A plant's foliar uptake of dew can mitigate the adverse effects caused by drought stress. However, in grassland ecosystems, it is inconclusive whether the dew condensation characteristics of plants at different heights are consistent. In this study, we wanted to know whether plant height had a significant effect on the formation of dew. In addition, we wanted to understand the difference of dew formation between C3 plant Leymus chinensis (LC) and C4 plant Cleistogenes squarrosa (CS) which have different heights and can succeed each other in the community. In nine dew nights, we measured the amount of dew formed on simulated condensation surface (different heights) and two plants at the same time. The results showed that in the height range of 5–80 cm, the dew amount increases with the canopy height, but its increase rate gradually slows down and approaches zero. The shorter CS (5–15 cm) has a similar dew amount (0.095 mm) as LC (40–70 cm) due to its compact structure of the leaves with pubescence and the more stable micro-meteorological conditions. The CS can obtain more potential dew per unit organic matter, and this may be one of the potential mechanisms for the succession from LC communities to CS communities under drought stress. HIGHLIGHTS The dew formation on leaves theoretically changes exponentially with steppe plant height: y = a(1 − e−bx).; Both plant height and morphological characteristics affect dew formation.; One of the potential mechanisms of succession from Leymus chinensis (LC) community to Cleistogenes squarrosa (CS) community under drought stress was proposed.

The Pure Dew (Cypress Hydrolat), which could be extracted from the waste material after the extracting essential oil from Taiwan cypress, has a good bactericidal effect. However, due to the high cost on quality control and concentration measurement of the Pure Dew, its application was restricted. This research tries to find suitable spectral frequencies through which the absorbance detected by the spectrometer could be used as the index of the pure dew concentration. This study used Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS) to analyze the composition of Taiwan cypress hydrolat. After obtaining the composition, the raw liquor of cypress hydrolat was diluted to 100, 50, 25 and 0% v/v with pure water. The test samples were then tested by a simple spectrophotometer. After the spectrographic detection of absorbance using a simple spectrophotometer, it is confirmed that the spectrum of wavelength between 205–350 nm is the most representative. The absorptance and the pure dew concentration was roughly in linear relation which suggested that a simple spectrophotometer can be used to develop a low-cost and high.

1. Manipulative experiments typically show a decrease in dryland biocrust cover and altered species composition under climate change. Biocrust‐forming lichens, such as the globally distributed Diploschistes diacapsis, are particularly affected and show a decrease in cover with simulated climate change. However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, and long‐term interacting effects of different drivers are largely unknown due to the short‐term nature of the experimental studies conducted so far. 2. We addressed this gap and successfully parameterised a process‐based model for D. diacapsis to quantify how changing atmospheric CO2, temperature, rainfall amount and relative humidity affect its photosynthetic activity and cover. We also mimicked a long‐term manipulative climate change experiment to understand the mechanisms underlying observed patterns in the field. 3. The model reproduced observed experimental findings: warming reduced lichen cover, whereas less rainfall had no effect on lichen performance. This warming effect was caused by the associated decrease in relative humidity and non‐rainfall water inputs, which are major water sources for biocrust‐forming lichens. Warming alone, however, increased cover because higher temperatures promoted photosynthesis during early morning hours with high lichen activity. When combined, climate variables showed non‐additive effects on lichen cover, and effects of increased CO2 levelled off with decreasing levels of relative humidity. 4. Synthesis. Our results show that a decrease in relative humidity, rather than an increase in temperature, may be the key factor for the survival of the lichen D. diacapsis under climate change and that effects of increased CO2 levels might be offset by a reduction in non‐rainfall water inputs in the future. Because of a global trend towards warmer and drier air and the widespread global distribution of D. diacapsis, this will affect lichen‐dominated dryland biocrust communities and their role in regulating ecosystem functions worldwide. This research was supported by the Collaborative Research Centre 973 (www.sfb973.de) of the German Research Foundation (DFG) and by the European Research Council (grant agreement no. 647038 (BIODESERT)). P. Porada appreciates funding by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)—408092731. F.T. Maestre acknowledges support from Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2018/041) and the Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation. J. Raggio acknowledges the ERA-Net BiodivERsA program as Soil Crust InterNational (SCIN) and The Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) project numbers PRI-PIMBDV-2011-0874 and CRYPTOCOVER, CTM2015-64728-C21-R.

Leaf wetness is the presence of free water on the surface of a crop canopy. It is mainly caused due to factors such as rainfall, dew, and irrigation. The duration for which water is present on the crop surface is called the leaf wetness duration (LWD). The relationship between leaf wetness and plant disease has been studied for centuries. It has been found that the rate of infection is directly linked to the temperature of plants during the wet periods. Thus, it is imperative to detect and monitor the presence of water on the plant surface. Currently, the most popular solution for this purpose is to use electronic leaf wetness sensors which are difficult to calibrate and are not user friendly. This research aimed at detecting leaf wetness in strawberry plants using noninvasive optical methods such as color and thermal imaging. It was found that color imaging yielded good classification results for differentiating between wet and dry leaf surfaces. However, its dependence on illumination conditions was a drawback. Thermal imaging proved to be useful when using high-resolution cameras for water droplet detection but was dependent on ambient weather conditions. The results suggested that fusing color and thermal imaging technologies could compensate for the drawbacks present when using these technologies individually and could prove to be potent in detecting leaf wetness.

Now a day the drinking water quantity is day by day going down due to some environmental conditions or climatic changes and water scarcity. The groundwater level also decreased in the summer season in comparing to other weather conditions. Generally, the water demand per day is 133per capita. In desert regions or low groundwater level areas the water consumption is very low and usage is also reduced. Minimizing water problems recycled water is used for plantation, garden works, construction work; etc.., So this reason the water saving is important and innovation is needed for the usage of water for any purpose, mainly needed to drinking. This project deals with the dew drain water analysis for drinking purposes. The characteristics of dew drain water match the natural water as per BIS.

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation has received increasing research attention for clean water generation, but freshwater harvesting often occurs only during daytime. Herein, we report a strategy for all-day freshwater harvesting through combining solar-driven interfacial desalination and dew water generation. Through spray-coating carbon nanotubes onto a flexible substrate that has high-infrared emittance in the atmosphere window, a dual functional film was prepared to efficiently absorb solar energy for desalination at daytime and passively cool down the surface temperature to collect dew water at night. By integrating the dual functional film within a three-stage membrane distillation device, the home-made system achieved a drinkable freshwater collection efficiency of 71.1% when desalinating seawater under 1 sun illumination and achieved a dew water collection rate of 0.1 L m-2 day-1 at night. The readily available low-cost raw materials, simple fabrication process of the dual functional films, and the resultant all-day freshwater collection systems make the combined solar-thermal interfacial desalination and dew water collection a promising solution to alleviate the freshwater shortage in many underdeveloped regions, arid areas, and islands.

A large data bank of more than 700 gas-condensate samples collected from literature and experiments was established. On this basis, empirical correlations and equations of state commonly used to calculate dew-point pressure (DPP) were evaluated. A new model for estimating DPP was proposed. All the empirical correlations and the Peng-Robinson state equation were compared, and sensitivity of parameters was analyzed. The current standards used to identify gas condensate were evaluated and found to be not accurate enough. The Peng-Robinson state equation has no unique solution and is affected by multiple factors such as the characterization of C7+ components and the splitting scheme. The Nemeth-Kennedy correlation has the highest accuracy when applied to the data bank established in this study, followed by Elsharkawy correlation and Godwin correlation. While Shokir correlation cannot be used for samples without C7+ components, it is therefore the lowest in accuracy. The newly proposed model has an average absolute error, root mean square error and coefficient of determination of 7.5%, 588, and 0.87, respectively, and is better than the above four correlations statistically. The proposed model proved to be more accurate and valid when compared to experimental results and simulation with the Peng-Robinson state equation.

Maize plants have different aerial roots from those that serve as an anchor and develop on the stem and live in the atmosphere. Much literature has reported that aerial roots are able to absorb moisture from the air, and even reduce water loss. But very little is known about the exchange of condensed atmospheric water between the aerial roots and the surrounding air. The main purpose of this article is to simulate the absorption of condensed atmospheric moisture by the aerial roots of corn plants. The evaluation of the amount of dew deposited on the roots and the radial water flow through the root is made using the Penman-Monteith equation and the Fick’s law correlated with the Ohm’s law respectively. The various simulations prove that the aerial roots condense atmospheric humidity and that the latter have expressed the transpiration function for certain angles of inclination with a particularity for the inclination of 30° which, from a certain amount of dew expressed the function of dew absorption. On the other hand, for other inclinations, the roots expressed the function of the absorption of humidity with an optimization for the inclination of 60 °. The absorption and transpiration mechanism needs further studies in the future about the characteristics of the radial conductivity through the parameters which influence the coefficient of radial conductivity in the terminal parts of the root than in the lateral parts. In addition, the comparative study of the Priestley-Taylor and Penman-Monteith models is necessary to better understanding of the specific parameters.

Introduction Dew condensation might cause various phenomena like metal corrosion, crop disease, etc. They could be avoided properly if dew condensation is detected at early and initial stages or ideally in advance and followed by dehumidification. Conventional hygrometer cannot detect dew condensation accurately and quickly. Therefore, a new sensor to detect moisture has been developed. It has two interdigit structures made of different metal that intercalates each other. When water droplet connects the adjacent metals, galvanic current flows between these metals. Decreasing a gap between the adjacent metal lines enables smaller water droplet to be detected [1]. It was recently found that the sensor with 0.5 µm in metal gap showed possible detection of adsorbed water molecules as well as droplets under 100% in relative humidity [2]. In addition, temperature and wettability of this sensor could be controlled to imitate target where dew condensation occurs [3]. It means that this sensor might indicate moisture status on target surface. In order to quantify the moisture of the sensor surface, it is important to correlate the current response and the amount of water on the sensor surface. Especially the relationship around 100% in relative humidity was still unclear and studied by measuring the current and observing the sensor surface under stepwise increase and decrease in relative humidity. Experimental Arrays of Al and Au with 1 μm in width were alternately arranged with 0.5 μm in gap between the adjacent arrays on the insulating substrate and used as the electrodes. Electric current between the electrodes were measured by a precise amperemeter. Platinum wires was also placed on the substrate and their temperature was estimated from calibrated straight line of its electric resistance as a function of changing temperature. This sensor chip was attached with the measurement device and put inside a chamber, in which relative humidity was kept constant at 50% by using humidifier and hygrometer. The temperature of chip surface was changed by 1°C every 20 minutes with a Peltier device. The chip surface was observed by an optical microscope while the response current was measured. Result and Discussion Relative humidity (RH) on the sensor surface and response current with experimental time are shown in Fig. 1. The microscopic images at certain times are indicated as the inset of the figure. This RH was calculated from both vapor pressure in the chamber and the temperature of the chip surface. RH more than 100% in this study was nominal and the excess over 100% corresponds to condensed water on the sensor surface. When the current increased stepwise with RH at 100% or below while liquid water could not be observed on the sensor surface below 100% and it started to appear at 100%, as indicated in Fig. 1a. This behaviour was determined by equilibrium of water molecules between vapor in the chamber and adsorbed state on the sensor surface. When RH exceeded 100%, the current increased continuously. Simultaneously, water droplets appeared and became large to cross over the gaps between the arrays, as seen from Fig. 1b. Thereafter, while RH was lowered stepwise to 100%, the response current decreased slightly and kept almost the same level. During this period, the obvious area and the number of droplets on the sensor surface were reduced and most of liquid water seemed to exist between the electrodes, as seen in Fig. 1c. Above 100%, liquid water continued to be formed on the sensor surface and droplet on the gaps turn to infiltrate it by a kinetic reason. When RH fell below 100%, the current decreased continuously and was comparatively higher than that observed during the increasing RH instead of its stepwise change. In this region, liquid water became thin film in the gap, as shown in Fig. 1d. The liquid water tended to remain in the gap kinetically. Conclusion The relation between water status on micro/nano gap between the galvanic arrays around 100% in relative humidity (RH) and flowing current was clarified in this study. When RH increases up to 100%, the response current depended on RH owing to equilibrium of water molecules between vapor and adsorbed state on the sensor surface. Once liquid water was formed on the sensor surface, current depended on presence of water determined kinetically. References [1] J. Kawakita et al., ECS Trans. 75 (2017) 51. [2] Y. Kubota et al., Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 303 (2020) 111838. [3] R.G. Shrestha et al., Sensors 19 (2019) 4500. Figure 1

1. Introduction Dew condensation causes plant disease, metal corrosion, glass fogging and so on. In order to prevent dew condensation, its detection in early stages and preferably in advance should be followed by lowering relative humidity on the target. However, it is difficult to realize early and advanced detection of dew condensation accurately and in a short time by using current technologies such as hygrometer. Therefore, we have developed a sensor to detect fine water molecules directly. It has different metal arrays which are alternately arranged at fixed intervals (minimum distance: 100 nm). When water droplet or molecules cross over the adjacent arrays of the sensor, electric current flows spontaneously by the galvanic effect [1,2]. In addition, wettability of this sensor’s surface was changed [3]. Furthermore, the surface condition of the sensor could be made closer to that of the target for dew condensation if its surface temperature was controlled. So far, the temperature of the sensor surface was able to be changed from the back of silicon chip by using a Peltier device [2]. Taking into account actual application of this sensor, however, such Peltier device should not be adopted because the electric circuit for measurement and control becomes more complicated and the power consumption increases. Instead, it is suggested that heat capacity of the sensor can be close to the target by attaching a heat sink on the back of the silicon chip. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of the material and weight of the heat sink on changing behaviour of the temperature of the sensor surface. 2. Experimental method Silicon wafer covered with a silica layer was used as the substrate of a sensor chip. Arrays of Al and Au were alternately arranged with 1 μm in width and 0.2 μm in thickness on the substrate to form an opposing interdigit structure and used as the electrodes. After fabrication of the electrodes, the wafer was cut into a 5mm square chip after Pt wires was also placed on the chip surface near the edge of the chip. The sensor chip was adhered on an aluminum lead frame. Except areas for the arrays, the rest surface of the chip was covered with the resin to make a sensor package. Electric current between two electrodes of Al and Au were measured by the hand-made device with precise amperemeter. The temperature of the sensor chip was estimated from after calibrated straight line of electric resistance of Pt as a function of changing temperature. Heat capacity of the sensor was varied by attaching a heat sink directly to the backside of a sensor package through a window which was open in the resin of the package. In this study, aluminum and copper were used as the heat sink and their volume was varied; 109 (cylindrical), 378 and 818 (cylindrical with rectangular) mm3. Temperature of a sensor was changed by putting it into a chamber and its internal temperature and water vapor pressure were controlled for 840 sec at 1 kPa from 25℃, respectively. 3. Results and discussion Temperature changing rate of the sensor was calculated from the slope of temperature with the square root of time. It was plotted as a function of additional heat capacity of the sensor with and without heat sink and results at cooling process were shown in Fig. 1. The temperature changing rate of the sensor was decreased by adding heat sinks to the sensor and it seems to be related almost linearly with the additional heat capacity. This means that it is possible to make temperature change of the sensor with close to that of the target when it becomes important on application such as dew condensation detection. 4. Conclusion This study clarified that the heat capacity of moisture sensor could be controlled by attaching heat sink of metals directly on a part of the sensor. Since the wettability of the sensor had been already controlled successfully, the surface status of the sensor could be made closer to the target on application that this sensor is needed even when the temperature of the target is changed. 5. Reference [1] J Kawakita et al., ECS trans., 75 (2017) 51. [2] Y. Kubota et al., Sensors and Actuators A: Phys., 303 (2020) 111838. [3] R.G. Shrestha et al., Sensors, 19 (2019) 4500. Figure 1

Shallot plants or in Latin Alliumascalonicum L is a horticultural plant that gets a lot of attention from both the public and the government. Over the past few years shallots are included in the top six vegetable commodities that are exported together with cabbage, cabbage or flower cabbage, chili, tomatoes, potatoes. Onion plants are very susceptible to disease that can strike at any time. Some diseases that can attack the onion plant include Onion Caterpillar Disease, Leaf Snorer Disease, Trip, Moler Disease, Trotol, Dew Feather and Anthracnose. In this study using the Bayes theorem expert system, each symptom has a density value to the disease which is then calculated using the formula of the Bayes Theorem Method and processed using certain rules and inference using Forword Chaining. This research is expected to help the onion farmers in diagnosing the disease so that it can reduce the material losses with less than 60%.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a complex air pollutant with numerous gaseous and solid constituents. PM2.5 possesses a significant hazard due to its ability to penetrate deep into the lungs, corrode the alveolar wall, and impair lung functions. Modeling the non-linear and dynamic time series of daily PM2.5 concentration remains a challenge. This study proposes a deep LSTM neural network to forecast accurate PM2.5 concentration in the Kathmandu valley. Correlation analysis illustrates that dew, minimum ambient temperature, maximum ambient temperature, and pressure are strongly correlated with PM2.5 concentration. Hence, five models are developed based on different input parameter combinations and are eventually evaluated to determine the best performing model. Model 2 with single-step prediction is the best performing deep LSTM model with RMSE of 13.04 μg/m3 and MAE of 10.81 μg/m3. The SARIMA model applied to the univariate PM2.5 data series illustrates the RMSE of 19.54 μg/m3 and MAE of 15.21 μg/m3 for the test data. Hence, the deep LSTM model with past PM2.5 data and dew as inputs is recommended to predict future PM2.5 concentration in the Kathmandu valley. The negative impact of PM2.5 concentration on public health can be minimized with efficient forecasting.

Modeling L-band backscatter from a corn canopy continues to be a challenge due to the complex dynamics in both plant phenology and the underlying soil. An experiment has been conducted to better understand the relationship between L-band backscatter and canopy parameters such as soil moisture, vegetation water content, dew, and periodic rows. The experiment consists of field measurements that take into account plant phenology and are concurrent with L-band backscatter returns from a corn canopy over a full growing season. The field measurements of the corn plants’ constituents highlight modeling complexities, such as an inhomogeneity in the dielectric constant of the stalk and cobs. A simple method to replace the stalk and cob with a homogeneous dielectric constant is validated. Using the field measurements in a scattering model developed at George Washington University (GW), both coherent and incoherent backscatter are computed. The results show coherent effects contributing to enhanced backscatter by up to 2.7 dB for both HH-pol and VV-pol. The coherent model and the detailed measurements, especially, the dielectric constant of the stalks, resulted in good agreement with the measurements. These measurements have an average root mean square difference (RMSD) with the results from the coherent model of around 1 dB for both HH-pol and VV-pol over the entire growing season. The incoherent mode does not perform as well.

Acid dew-point (ADP) is the temperature at which the acid vapor, normally means sulfuric acid (H2SO4), in flue gas begins to condense. Acid condensation can result in low-temperature corrosion (LTC), which can threaten the safety of boilers. An exhaust temperature higher than ADP can relieve LTC, however, result in a low thermal efficiency. Therefore, ADP is regarded as a key parameter to guide safety and efficiency of boilers. Previous investigations on ADP are abundant, but a comprehensive review is absent. This work tried to fill this gap. First, the existing methods for ADP determination, including empirical models, semi-empirical models, and measurement methods, were explained. The empirical models were specially classified according to the transformation path of SO3/H2SO4 in flue gas. Then, these methods were compared and evaluated, and the difficulty in identifying the beginning of the acid condensation was considered to result in the different results among varied methods. A new method which can reveal the acid condensing process was recommended for evaluating and discussing the issue of ADP. Moreover, this paper also involved the topic on preventing LTC below ADP focused by the currently popular deep waste heat recovery field. Finally, future research directions were suggested.

The importance of populations of the Socotra dragon’s blood trees (Dracaena cinnabari Balf.f., 1882) for horizontal precipitation capture was estimated for the first time. Dragon’s blood trees (Asparagaceae) inhabit semiarid cloud forests with low levels of rainfall that strongly depend on additional moisture from fog and clouds. Our estimation was based on a detailed description of the aboveground biomass structure of stands of the dragon’s blood trees on Socotra Island. The aboveground biomass was described using non-destructive methods. An example of a well-preserved forest was measured in terms of the basic biometric characteristics of each tree, and the trees were divided into three classes based on crown projections. For each class, we took detailed measurements of one representative tree. All measured and counted growth characteristics were converted to the stand level. The tree population at the whole island level was investigated using remotely sensed data. The estimation of horizontal precipitation was performed using detailed and precise evaluation of the available climate data in half-hour intervals over the period of June 2009 and June 2010 and the ambulatory direct measurements (12.6.2009–26.6.2009). The mean annual horizontal precipitation below the crown of the dragon’s blood tree was estimated to be 792 mm in the highest (951–1545 m a.s.l.), 373 mm in the middle (601–950 m a.s.l.) and 46 mm in the lowest (180–600 m a.s.l.) altitudinal zones. Our model showed that the horizontal precipitation exceeded 40% of the total annual precipitation. The decline in the dragon’s blood tree forest could therefore cause the loss of additional water from the island’s hydrological cycle.

Climate change is a scientific issue of global interest and Africa is one of the most vulnerable regions in the world strongly affected by its consequences in water resources for agriculture. Adaptation to climate change is one of the fundamental measures for human beings. Therefore, extensive researches on dew process have been carried out worldwide. Based on articles and relevant documents on the subject, this paper reviews the latest researches achievement in several domains of science, including measurements technics and dew possible contribution in plants water requirement satisfaction. A case study in Benin climate (West Africa) compares the probable amount of dew that can be harvested by maize canopy as water during the main stages of its growth cycle. Evaluation of dew amount and maize water requirements are done using the Penman-Monteith equation. The theoretical results show that dew can contribute for about 9 to 10% in the IZEE-W-SR-(ODE-TUWE) corn variety’s water requirements. So, future researches on dew can be performed in arid and semi-arid areas as alternative water for agriculture.

A novel multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (MLP-ANN) model is proposed to estimate the dew-point pressure (DPP) of gas condensate reservoirs as a function of gas composition, reservoir...

Self-propelled jumping of condensate droplets (dew) enables their easy and efficient removal from surfaces and is essential for enhancing the condensation heat transfer coefficient and for delaying the frost growth rate on supercooled surfaces. Here, we report the droplet-jumping phenomenon using nanoporous vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VA-CNT) microstructures grown on smooth silicon substrates and coated with poly-(1

European colonizers have impoverished Africans for spoiling their natural resources. African Anglophone writers such as Shimmer Chinodya and Ngugi WA Thiongo respectively in Dew in the Morning and Weep Not, Child devote most of their writings to land issues and cultural alienation. The aim of this article is to display the strategies of the White man to achieve his objective, and the contribution of his black collaborators to take Africans’ lands. It also reveals the importance of African traditional practices in the resistance against colonialism. Finally, it shows the perpetual quest of western education by Africans to “beat the white in his own game”.

Fil: Hirsch Jofre, Matias Eberardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Tandil. Instituto Superior de Ingenieria del Software. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Instituto Superior de Ingenieria del Software; Argentina

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume crop in the world. In global wide, it was cultivated during rabi season (Nov-Feb). Under India, it was cultivated during cool winter season mostly depending upon rainfall and dew distribution. In Tamil Nadu, mostly north – western districts are considered as chickpea belt. Regularly crop period, wilt or root rot diseases are highly prevalent and drastically reduced yield. Since, Rabi (2017-18) a new disease was occurred and reported that causing yield loss (40-60%) from vegetative to podding stage by failure of seed formation on mostly in Coimbatore and Tirupur districts. Under extensive survey, a viral outbreak of incidence occurred due to chlorotic stunt disease, maximum recorded in Poolankinar (28.6%) on cv. CO 4 and the least incidence has been recorded in Kuppuchipalayam (12.9%) on cv. JAKI-9218 at age of 65 days old crop. Based on symptomatic diagnosis viz., chlorosis, reddening of leaf petioles, shortening internodes, bushy appearance was characterized initial stages and later failure attained in blooming and pod formation. This disease was the most prevalent in North India. Perusal of literature showed that the occurrence of this disease in Tamil Nadu seems to be new. Hence, this may be a new report based on the visual diagnosis.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of osmotic solution concentration and a pretreatment with pulsed electric fields (PEF) (1.6 kV/cm, up to 1500 pulses/19.7 kJ kg−1) on mass transfer during osmotic dehydration (OD) of sea bass fillets. Osmotic solutions of 40–60% glycerol and 5% NaCl were applied at 15 °C for processing times up to 240 min. The increase in glycerol concentration enhanced significantly mass transfer expressed by the effective diffusivities of water (Dew values ranged from 1.9 to 3.6 × 10-9 m2 s−1) and solubles (Des values ranged from 1.8 to 4.1 × 10-9 m2 s−1). PEF pretreatment further increased Dew and Des values up to 50% and 66% respectively (for 1500 pulses/19.7 kJ kg−1). The energy input correlated with the calculated Dew and Des values, following a logistic mathematical model. The logistic model had a center point at 7.28 kJ kg−1 and 7.15 kJ kg−1 for water and solubles, respectively and showed a sharp increase of the diffusivity values between 3.3 and 9.8 kJ kg−1 ranging from 3.0 × 10-9 m2 s−1 to 4.0 × 10-9 m2 s−1 for Dew and from 2.7 × 10-9 m2 s−1 to 4.1 × 10-9 m2 s−1 for Des.