Search

This study aims to analyze the deradicalism and terrorism efforts of the Indonesian government as a form of guidance and protection for former terrorists so that they can be rehabilitated both their actions and paradigms, so that there are no more attempts to discriminate and intimidate terrorist perpetrators and families in the community. This research offers a different offer in fostering a more inclusive paradigm to terrorist actors. This study used qualitative descriptive method. The strategy carried out by the Lingkar Perdamaian Foundation is through ideological development, assistance to prisoner families and economic recovery, so this step has implications for recognition of the Republic of Indonesia and religious tolerance.

Based on Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological model, this article focuses on the multidimensionality of radicalization and its relationship with community culture by observing the problem of social isolation. In this framework, sports provide contexts in which forms of social collaboration are necessary, the “rules of the game” must be embraced, and there is close interaction among fellow players. These characteristics can turn organized sports into observatories on (potential) juvenile radicalization through identifying “early warning signals” that are mainly detected by observing those conducts that may reveal a potential risk. In the provided extensive literature review, it comes that these signs can be traced, for instance, in the lack of self-esteem, in the absence of significant bonds, in the intolerance towards values, as well as in extreme introverted behaviour of the young subjects. Alongside such premises, this paper aims to understand whether and to what extent it is possible to hypothesize the shaping of strategies able to prevent radicalization in various contexts. Alongside such premises, this paper is aimed at understanding whether, and to what extent, it is possible to hypothesize the shaping of strategies able to avert radicalisation in various contexts, prevention based on the idea that the interaction between the individual and the environment—in the sense provided by the Chicago School—is heavily influenced by the progressive adaptation of human organism to its surrounding environment.

A significant number of Maldivians have participated in Middle Eastern conflicts and upon their return, many display radicalized religious views. This thesis explores deradicalization programs in Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, and Singapore to gather successful approaches and propose an optimal design for the deradicalization of violent religious extremists in the Maldives. The study reveals that a successful deradicalization program requires a combination of several factors running concurrently to achieve the long-term goal of deradicalizing a violent extremist. The proposed Maldives’ Religious Rehabilitation Program (MRRP) is designed around four main concepts: psychological, religious, and social rehabilitation and an after-care process. Within the proposed design, these concepts are implemented through disengagement, reintegration, and after-care stages to achieve the program’s overall objective. The proposed MRRP allows those with violent religious ideologies to revisit their beliefs, revert to mainstream Islamic values, and reintegrate into society before completing their criminal sentence, and a part of their sentence would be suspended for those participants who successfully pass the program. This concept promotes repentance and rehabilitation for these individuals before they are punished for wrongdoings, which makes the program more attractive and enhances participants’ cooperation. Major, Maldives National Defence Force Marine Corps Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

In April 2016, TSN (The Sports Network), one of Canada’s most prominent broadcasting stations, aired a documentary miniseries,Radical Play, that describes how European organizations are “harnessing sport to prevent isolated Muslim youth from joining extremist groups.” The documentary focuses on Younes, a 17-year-old refugee in Hamburg, Germany, who has been recruited to participate in a deradicalization program run through a local boxing gym. This article offers a contextualized reading ofRadical Playthat explores how the problem of radicalization is constructed in the Canadian context, how sport is positioned in relation to deradicalization projects, and how deeply held beliefs about Muslim boys and men are communicated to Canadians through sporting discourses.

Dari segi struktural, kita dapat mengatakan bahwa satu dari sekian penyebab kemunculan terorisme di Indonesia adalah globalisasi yang mendapat sambutan begitu luas di Indonesia. Negeri ini cepat sekali mengalami modernisasi ekonomi, budaya, dan politik. Berbagai modernisasi tersebut kerap kali dianggap sama seperti westernisasi , di mana kemudian memicu reaksi penolakan semu yang menjadi landasan ideology kelompok kekerasan.Tindak pidana terorisme merupakan tindak pidana kejahatan serius yang penanganan dan penanggulangannya membutuhkan metode pembinaan khusus. Upaya pembinaan bagi tindak pidana terorisme merupakan salah satu program Direktorat Jenderal Pemasyarakatan yakni Deradikalisasi Program untuk Narapidana Tindak Terorisme khususnya di lembaga Pemasyarakatan Super Maksimum Security. Pembinaan Narapidana Terorisme Dalam Upaya De-radikalisasi Pemasyarakatan di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Super Maximum Security adalah dengan tujuan untuk memberikan pembinaan yang tepat kepada narapidana khusus terorisme dan implementasi upaya De-radikalisasi pemasyarakatan pada pelaksanaan pembinaan narapidana khusus terorisme di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Super Maximum Security, yang mana model pembinaan narapidana terorisme merupakan salah satu poin dari pilot project implementasi revitalisasi pemasyarakatan pada Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Super Maksimum Security. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif, teknik pengumpulan data dalam penilitian ini menggunakan studi literature dari berbagai sumber data yang terdiri dari buku artikel jurnal dan penelitian lain yang berkaitan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa belum optimalnya pelaksanaan pembinaan terhadap narapidana khusus narapidana terorisme sesuai dengan Permenkumham No 35 tentang Revitalisasi Pemasyarakatan. Hal ini disebabkan karena masih terkendalanya pada pedoman pelaksanaan narapidana khusus terorisme dari segi sosialisasi peraturan, sumber daya manusia serta infrastuktur dan media pelaksanaan pembinaan khusus narapidana terorisme.

The development of Islamic Education course materials and deradicalization in learning is one of the efforts to prevent radicalism. Spiritual neuroscience can be used as a tool to study Islamic educational materials and deradicalization. Learning requires neuroscience to know the framework of student’s brain. This article discusses three things: (a) course material related to Islamic education and deradicalization; (b) the abstracted materials from a spiritual neuroscience perspective, and (c) models of Islamic educational material development and deradicalization in spiritual neuroscience. This article shows there are four materials related to Islamic education and deradicalization, they are: the reorientation of the meaning of jihâd, Islâm rahmah li al-‘âlamîn, multicultural values, and the strengthening of the material on love of the mother land. After being analyzed using neurospiritual operators, all such material closely relates to the meaning of life and positive emotions. Thus, Islamic education learning and deradicalization should be able to foster the formation of life meaning and positive emotions in students. [Pengembangan materi Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) dan deradikalasi dalam pembelajaran merupakan salah satu upaya tindakan pencegahan tindakan radikalisme. Neurosains spiritual dapat dijadikan sebagai alat untuk menelaah materi-materi Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) dan deradikalisasi. Pembelajaran membutuhkan neurosains untuk mengetahui kerangkan kerja otak siswa. Artikel ini membahas tiga hal: (a) materi yang berkaitan dengan Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) dan deradikalisasi; (b) materi-materi yang tersarikan akan dikaji dalam perspektif neurosains spiritual; dan (c) model pengembangan materi Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) dan deradikalisasi dalam neurosains spiritual. Artikel ini menunjukkan ada empat materi yang berkaitan dengan Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) dan deradikalisasi yaitu reorientasi makna jihad, Islâm rahmah li al-‘âlamîn, nilai-nilai multikultural, dan penguatan materi cinta tanah air. Setelah dianalisis dengan menggunakan operator neurospiritual semua materi tersebut berkaitan erat dengan makna hidup dan emosi positif. Dengan demikian pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) dan deradikalisasi harus mampu menumbuhkan terbentuknya makna hidup dan emosi positif pada diri siswa]

Indonesia. The rise of acts of terrorism by Santoso at that time makes the public ask: How far is the deradicalization program? Why do the various community groups become more radical and brave against the apparatus/officers who promote the deradicalization program? Humanization leads to the prevention or overcoming of intensification of conflict and escalation of violence, covering the way for human rights violations or acts of genocide. Humanization refers to a strategy designed to reduce the dynamics of conflict that are destructive and face violence, especially terrorism, as the culmination of radicalism. Indonesia is still not free from inter-religious conflict. Religion, which should be eager to spread liberation and peace for our fellow human beings, is just often breached, even disturbing the integrity of Unity in Diversity. Deradicalization also include humanization because it takes the participation of sincere and serious attention.

This study discusses the potential of Islamic boarding schools in the deradicalization of Indonesian society through a balanced education system between religion and the state. This study tries to look at the strategy of deradicalization of religious extremism in Indonesia, especially in Islamic boarding schools. Even though the Islamic Boarding School is a place for studying Islam, it does not mean that it cannot be separated from extreme understandings that sometimes act in the name of religion. Allegedly, one of the causes is an unbalanced education system. A cohesive, directed and planned/organized education system can produce responsible citizens, whereas if a fragmented education system naturally results in confused citizens and without direction, and even tend to be apathetic. This study aims to analyze the influence and education system in several pesantren to prevent radicalism for students at the High School level in Indonesia. The method used in this research is a field study with a qualitative approach using purposive sampling in recording pesantren which has a salafiah and modern curriculum. Data collection is done through observation. The analysis is done by collecting, presenting, reducing, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study prove that the education system and the role of the Kiai have a positive impact on counteracting religious radicalism by combining Islamic and state education. This research implies that the management system in Islamic boarding schools can establish intensive partnerships with the government in various aspects of politics, culture, and economy. It should be ruled out that boarding schools are included in education which is sometimes marginalized by the government because sometimes it is considered inclusive. Therefore, every effort to overcome the problem of radical understanding in the name of religion is not possible to achieve significant results, unless there is a cohesive education system between the institution and the government.

This article is limited to a literature study dealing with radicalization in educational institutions. More specifically, the authors want to add as much information as possible, so that this paper strengthens the study of literature and data that can strengthen further research. The preliminary results are as follows: radicalism enters through textbooks, by changing the religious understanding of teachers and students, the books used are official books published by the government and private institutions through worksheets. Based on the above problems, the author has indeed tried to look back at some of the teaching materials for Islamic religious education which are mixed with radical ideas as revised by the government and by the community to improve textbooks so that radical understanding can be lost. So it is necessary to reorientate the handling of radicalization which has been done and understood by great people. Efforts to stem radicalism, which have so far been more focused on terrorists or warfighters, have not been carried out much as an understood precaution and radical action.

This article described the urgency of strengthening digital literacy for santris as an exertion for doing online de-radicalization. As a santri should be core actors in a lot of idea competitions on social media, they should be provided both soft and hard skills in digitizing technology, especially dealing with information media. A Santri should be resourceful in presenting contents carrying the theme of the mercy of Islam and taking a strategic role in online de-radicalization. Five steps should be taken by pesantren in strengthening the digital literacy for santris, namely providing supporting infrastructure in the form of computer laboratories and internet networks, regulating restrictions on the use of the internet only for positive things, giving mentors and supervisors, holding blogging and positive content workshops, and supporting santris in the process of understanding Islamic literature (books of turas). Those were aimed to make santris could provide good content. This research was a qualitative study using a literature method that analyzed the literature and sources related to the research theme.

The article, based on open sources, examines the Programme for the deradicalization of Islamists, which has been operating in Somalia since 2013. The program, along with other local projects, is an example of ‘soft measures’ when interacting with Islamists. The article notes that the Program includes five main stages, or phases: outreach, reception, screening, rehabilitation and reintegration. The biggest problem is caused by the screening stage, when ex-fighters must be classified into two groups ‘high-risk persons’ and ‘low-risk persons’. People with low risk are voluntarily sent to one of 9 rehabilitation centers. The author points out that the Serendi Center in Mogadishu provides the residents of the programme with opportunities for school education, vocational training, and psychological assistance. Sessions with imams are held in Serendi as part of the religious deradicalization programme. Center residents have the opportunity to keep in touch with their family through regular visits and weekend vacations. An important stage of the Program is the reintegration phase. The position of the leaders of the communities has a decisive influence on the success of the Programme. The author notes that the key problem in the implementation of the deradicalization programme is the problem of safety for all involved actors: programme participants, their families and employees of the rehabilitation center.

Abstract. The threat of terrorism and rise of extremist movements across the globe pose some of the greatest challenges the world currently faces. While there have been serious conceptual and methodological problems within the psychological study of terrorism, the nascent field has advanced and the evidence, theories, and models have developed in their sophistication. The current article explores the role of social or collective identity in instigating, propagating, and diminishing engagement in violent extremism. Specifically examining how when a fundamental need to belong is challenged through threats and uncertainty this can lead to the people joining entitative groups which can fuse personal and social identities. These identities can be further amplified through ingroup and outgroup processes leading to involvement in violent extremism. The paper also explores how identity can mediate the stress of this extremist lifestyle and sustain engagement in violence. In order to illustrate these processes the article draws on interviews with Northern Irish paramilitaries. Finally, the paper explores the role of identity in moderating violent extremism, and provides suggestions of approaches to promote desistence from violent extremism.

Various acts of radicalism, which brought several disadvantages and anxieties to Indonesia's peace, have captured the attention of various circles. The act of radicalism that follows violence, threats and even murder becomes a separate motive that contributes to the problem of religious affairs, especially Islam. So far a number radical actions has been carried out by certain Muslims and this has been falsely taken to label Islam as a violent religion. Therefore, it is necessary to held deradicalization programs aimed particularly at religious leaders among society. This act counts as the antithesis of violent radicalism.This study aims to illustrate the steps and actions that must be taken by scholars to alleviate the problem of radicalism. This study used description method. The deradicalization programs begin with the socialization of the negative effects of radicalism held by the government agency for countering terrorism (BNPT) to religious leaders, then the leaders preach it through various media.

Fiction is an underappreciated tool for learning in defense analysis. Reading and writing fiction built on academic theory and models in defense analysis could help strengthen students’ understanding of the motivations of people on both sides of conflicts. This capstone project breaks ground by showing how short stories can be written over the framework of established theory related to terrorism and how those fictional narratives can increase students’ comprehension of select theories. This paper also shows how writing and analyzing these stories can help students conceptualize the thought processes of the people in real-world situations related to the theories depicted. By examining four pieces of acclaimed fiction that engage the reader in topics related to defense analysis, the project identifies techniques used by authors to relay their messages. Using similar techniques, this project’s author constructs four stories based on terrorist radicalization, coercion theory, theory of special operations, and terrorist deradicalization. Read individually, the stories can strengthen comprehension of their respective parent theory or model and, if read in sequence, can clarify the connections between various topics and models in defense analysis. The project provides practical guidance on the use of fiction to strengthen students’ comprehension of theory and models in defense analysis and encourages its expanded use in the Naval Postgraduate School’s curriculum. Orlogskaptajn, Royal Danish Navy Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

This article focuses on the activities of the preaching of Nahdlatul Ulama as one of the religious organizations in Indonesia in the realm of the internet world. Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) is considered an Islamic organization that is anti-technological development. This assumption was born as a result of the wrong view of evaluating Nahdlatul Ulama as a pioneer of the traditionalist group due to the mismatch between religion and modernity. For Nahdlatul Ulama itself, the internet can be used as a useful medium for religion and can be used as a medium for deradicalization. The positive response of religion is seen in the use of the internet by Nahdlatul Ulama which is categorized into four forms of use, namely ideological, contextual, polemical and strategic use. All of these forms indicate that the internet as part of modernity can be used for the benefit and broadcast of religious information.

This article responds to Clark McCauley’s commentary on our Attitudes-Behaviors Corrective (ABC) Model of Violent Extremism, in which he contrasts our framework with his own two pyramids model (dev...

This articles discusses deradicalization attempts in religious educational settings. It closely examines the roots of religious radicalism and offers the deradicalisation models in religious educational institutions. The discussion contributes to the current scholarship on the role of religious education in deradicalization programs and how create an Islamic educational institution that corfims and applies principles of multiculturalism. The paper particularly addresses the roles of teacher, the curriculum aspect of learning, and the translation of multiculturalism into Islamic education. Managerial aspect will be also included in the discussion. It further argues that the implementation of principles of multirculturalism reserves as an important element in confronting radical narratives, both from within and without Islamic tradition. It stands as an attempt to create moderate Muslim subjects who persistently uphold principles of inclusivity and transformative learning through opened-deliberation—rather than indoctrination—in education settings.

In this commentary, I compare the ABC model of radicalization with the Two Pyramids model of radicalization. Both models distinguish radicalization of opinion from radicalization of action. Beyond ...

Mental health issues and psychopathologies have been looked at as potential explanations for violent extremist radicalization for a long time and caused significant debates among academic experts. ...

The spread of religious radicalism in Indonesia has pervaded all levels of society without being able to be sorted are rigid. Responding to the situation, the government does the de-radicalization program, included Pesantren. This study aims to identify the communication strategy, internal and external factors in shaping public attitudes of Islamic Boarding School (Pesantren) towards the de-radicalization of religious with quantitative and qualitative approaches. The data collection is done by observation, interviews, questionnaires, and focus group discussions. Quantitative analysis tools using SEM. The results showed that the communication strategy of de-radicalization effect on public attitudes of Islamic Boarding School (Pesantren) through external factors significantly. External factors also influence the public's attitudes of Islamic Boarding School (Pesantren) directly with a strong and significant influence. The communications strategy of de-radicalization also directly affects the public's attitudes of Islamic Boarding School (Pesantren) with weak influence.[Penyebaran radikalisme agama di Indonesia telah merasuki semua lapisan masyarakat tanpa dapat dipilah secara rigid. Merespon situasi tersebut, pemerintah melakukan program deradikalisasi, termasuk di lingkungan Pesantren. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi strategi komunikasi, faktor internal dan eksternal dalam membentuk sikap masyarakat pesantren terhadap deradikalisasi agama dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara, kuesioner, dan FGD. Alat analisis kuantitatif menggunakan SEM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Strategi komunikasi deradikalisasi berpengaruh terhadap sikap masyarakat pesantren melalui faktor eksternal secara signifikan. Faktor eskternal juga mempengaruhi sikap masyarakat pesantren secara langsung dengan pengaruh yang kuat dan signifikan. Strategi komunikasi deradikalisasi juga berpengaruh langsung terhadap sikap masyarakat pesantren dengan pengaruh yang lemah.]

This article presents a review and a synthesis of basic strategies and approaches, which constitute the basis of modern strategies for combating extremist and terrorist threats or their prevention. The approaches to the matter are defined, and their social consequences are considered. It summarizes the issues, concerning prior aspects of counter-terrorism strategies, which should be taken into consideration. It also presents some critical expert views whether any universal foundations for counter-terrorism strategies could be found. The author pays attention to the existing general difficulties at this scientific field, which directly affect the studys success. It focuses on the importance of careful approach to the issue from both by the general public and policy makers.

In recent years, the phenomenon of religious radicalism has become alarming, including the increasing number of youth involved in violence and terrorism. The university has now become a significant...

In conflict and international studies, the security of children is gradually becoming a budding area of study. This is against the backdrop of rising concerns over the humanitarian and security dim...

This article focusses on how traditional authorities (TAs) are involved in deradicalization practices as part of the counterinsurgency campaign in Somalia. Through a lens of hybridity, it traces an...

For a successful counter-terrorism campaign, scholars and conflict practitioners emphasize a combination of military and non-military strategies. While a military strategy is useful to weaken the military capacity of terrorists, non-military strategies including negotiations, deradicalization, disarmament, rehabilitation, reintegration, and other soft measures are advanced to tackle the underlying problems fuelling terrorism to achieve a long-term peaceful outcome. Within the non-military approach, deradicalization program is very significant, especially in combating religion- or ideology-motivated terrorism, given that the strategy not only aims to deconstruct extremist ideologies but also facilitates the rehabilitation and reintegration of ex-combatants and victims of violent extremism. This study analyzes the deradicalization program of the Nigerian government towards countering Boko Haram. It is argued that the design and implementation of the program have structural weaknesses that may further contribute to the problem of violent extremism. Therefore, the paper recommends measures that can strengthen the deradicalization program for a successful counter-terrorism operation.

In narratives around insurgencies, terrorism, and other forms of political violence, the media—and policymakers—frequently portray women as victims or unintelligent pawns of men. But these violent ...

The use of veils for Muslim women is still menui pros and cons. The existence of different attitudes is in accordance with the beliefs, values and knowledge of religious beliefs. This study aims to explain the radicalization narratives that have weakened veiled Muslim women by building a more interesting and conceptual comparative narrative, namely, the narrative of de-radicalization. This study uses an ethnographic approach by analyzing the comments column of various parties who argue. The results showed that veiled Muslim women affiliated in @niqabsquad_official were not terrorists, not terrorist wives and not radical Islamists. The @niqabsquad_official account becomes a virtual veiled Muslim group oriented to Mulimah's hijrah concerning obedience to her religion. Each column of comments was filled with opinions and motivations of deradicalization which did not corner a particular religion.

Progress in understanding and responding to terrorism and violent extremism has continued to stall in part because we often fail to adequately conceptualize the problem. Perhaps most notabl...

This paper aims to know and analyze the forms of moderation of Islamic Higher Education curriculum. This moderate map of the curriculum is useful for policymaking in order to build an inclusive-multicultural awareness to minimize religious radicalism. This research is qualitative research with the historical approach. The method is used to examine the processes that take place in the life of the community under study. The results conclude that the forms of moderation of Islamic university curriculum in Indonesia are: first, integration and internalization of science. The Second, strengthening the theology of Rahmatanlil-'Alamin. Third, the deradicalization of religion through the strengthening of the local wisdom of Java. The Fourth, build an anti-radicalism curriculum. Fifth, the evaluation of multicultural-oriented learning. Sixth, Integral Muslim Personality Development Assistance Program (P3KMI). Seventh, Value Integration Plurality in the curriculum.Eighth, multicultural learning methods. Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis bentuk-bentuk moderasi kurikulum Pendidikan Tinggi Islam. Peta kurikulum yang moderat ini berguna untuk pembuatan kebijakan dalam rangka membangun kesadaran inklusif-multikultural untuk meminimalkan radikalisme agama. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan historis. Metode ini digunakan untuk memeriksa proses yang terjadi dalam kehidupan masyarakat yang diteliti. Hasilnya menyimpulkan bahwa bentuk moderasi kurikulum universitas Islam di Indonesia adalah: pertama, integrasi dan internalisasi sains. Yang Kedua, memperkuat teologi Rahmatan lil-'Alamin. Ketiga, deradikalisasi agama melalui penguatan kearifan lokal Jawa. Keempat, bangun kurikulum anti-radikalisme. Kelima, evaluasi pembelajaran yang berorientasi multikultural. Keenam, Program Bantuan Pengembangan Kepribadian Muslim Integral (P3KMI). Ketujuh, Pluralitas Integrasi Nilai dalam kurikulum. Kedelapan, metode pembelajaran multikultural . How to Cite : Ekawati., Suparta, M., Sirin, K., Maftuhah, Pifianti, A. (2019). Moderation of Higher Education Curriculum in Religious Deradicalization in Indonesia. TARBIYA: Journal of Education in Muslim Society, 6 (2), 169-178. doi:10.15408/tjems.v6i2. 14886.

On November 24, 2020, Dr. Clark McCauley presented Countering Extremist Violence (CEV) at the 2020 CASIS West Coast Security Conference. The presentation was followed by a group panel for questions and answers. Main discussion topics included the distinction between terrorists and extremists; extremist violence; the role of Islam in extremism; and deradicalization.

Involvement in violent extremism is not a one-way street. People can, and do, leave violent extremist movements. Understanding how and why they leave (or want to leave) constitutes actionable knowledge that brings immense practical benefits. Such knowledge may help in designing initiatives aimed at persuading people to leave violent extremist groups as well as reducing the risk of re-engagement in violent extremism in the future. Deradicalization programs have much to offer but they are not a magic solution to a highly complex, fluid problem. Not everyone who engages in violent extremism is necessarily going to benefit from such interventions, and no program can ever expect to produce complete success. Yet, they continue to show promise. Deradicalization programs can be effective for some and, if subjected to greater evaluation efforts, may prove far more beneficial than is currently believed. Despite an abundance (and apparent increase) in programming, a continued lack of evaluation work both fuels skepticism and hinders our ability to believe that there is a strong future for these programs.

Objectives The current study seeks to explain changes in support for violent extremism during the transition to early adulthood. This period during the life course could increase uncertainty and vulnerability to radicalization, or alternatively lead to maturation, prosocial bonds, and consequently less support for violent extremism. In the absence of population-based longitudinal data on violent extremist attitudes, we know very little about how and why attitudes change during this period. Method Data came from an ongoing longitudinal cohort study in Zürich, Switzerland (n = 910). First, we assessed the variation in violent extremist attitudes between ages 17 and 20 using the Reliable Change Index. Second, we used hybrid regression techniques to investigate to what extent theoretically relevant factors can explain between- and within-individual differences in violent extremist attitudes. Results Our results show that violent extremist attitudes are largely stable or declining between late adolescence and early adulthood, and that within-individual changes in low self-control, conflict coping skills, and peer disapproval of violence can in part explain these changes. Conclusions For young people in Zürich, the transition to early adulthood was characterized by increases in psychosocial maturity, more prosocial peers, and less deviant behavior, which in turn was associated with lower support for violent extremism. Existing research on effective interventions for criminal desistance and disengagement from gangs may therefore be fruitful avenues for developing programs aimed at reducing support for violent extremism and fostering deradicalization.

This chapter considers how societal changes contributed to the reconstitution of post-war Europe in such a way as to restrain sovereignty, depoliticize the economy, and deradicalize politics. The chapter traces the re-foundation of an economic liberalism that had collapsed in the interwar period, attending to the influence of ordoliberalism and neo-liberalism in the constitutional imagination. It examines how economic liberalism was tempered in practice, as a result of social democratic and Christian democratic influences, the realpolitik of a programme of social market economy, and the process of European economic integration itself. It goes on to consider how the economic constitution was entrenched along with the ‘end of ideology’ in Europe, as even notionally communist parties turned towards the political mainstream and rescinded any revolutionary ambitions, long before the ‘end of history’ was proclaimed in the aftermath of the fall of the Soviet Union. The chapter concludes that the economic constitution does not signify the triumph of liberal democracy, but of technocratic managerialism, establishing a path that would be deepened, but also contested, after Maastricht.

What is radicalization, and what drives individuals to become radicalized? Many individuals who hold radical beliefs will never become violent, yet others are compelled to enforce their ideology through violence. Drawing from existing literature, radicalization is defined as a transformation rooted in grievances, networks, enabling environments, and ideology that brings an individual to hold radical beliefs and support the use of violence. Conversely, deradicalization is defined as both a cognitive departure from radical ideology and a behavioral shift away from radical activities and group membership. Competing theories of radicalization and deradicalization have created a debate about whether or not these phenomena must be experienced in a linear fashion, and several scholars posit that strains caused by society can lead to both cognitive and behavioral forms of radicalization. The evidence supporting these theories is demonstrated in the counter-radicalization policies of several Western countries, which use localized policing and community members to address the social and political issues that breed radicalization. Moreover, radicalization and deradicalization are not “one size fits all” phenomena; instead, they are experiences that can differ between ideologies as well as within ideologies. For example, sociopolitical factors specific to one’s nationality can impact the radicalization and deradicalization of individuals and organizations belonging to the same ideology. Despite all this, there are still significant gaps in the study of radicalization and deradicalization that need to be addressed. In academia, two debates must be settled: how should radicalization be defined, and should radicalization be understood as occurring in a linear or nonlinear fashion? In the policy realm, professionals must understand and address the grievances that increase the risk for radicalization to occur through social programs and education initiatives. Finally, policymakers and academics must communicate with each other regarding the research needs for enacting sound policies that will reduce the occurrence of radicalization.

The article is devoted to the analysis of non-violent elements in the anti-terrorist approach of Saudi Arabiaat the present stage. The article consists of three thematic parts. First of all, the authors considered several main factors, leading to the radicalization of the partisans of political Islam. Second, they pointed out some preventive measures that could prevent the dissemination of radical ideas among the Muslim population. The final stage was the consideration of the direct deradicalization program used by Saudi Arabiaagainst those accused of religious terrorism and extremism. The analysis, which had been made, showed that the program of deradicalization used in Saudi Arabiahad demonstrated quite impressive results. Apparently, Saudi Arabia is seriously trying to play a leading role in the middle East, strengthening its position not only through military operations against Islamist radicalism, but also paying great attention to the reasons for the growth of radical convictions among the Islamist groups in the region.

The evaluation of interventions aimed at countering violent extremism (CVE) remains an underdeveloped field. While various evaluation frameworks and metrics have been proposed in the literature, fe...

Young people are one of the targets of terrorism groups in recruiting new members. Some terrorists who have been arrested show their status as students or young people. This study discusses the concept of deradicalization in integrated learning-based education, namely on subjects of citizenship, history, religion, also counseling and guidance. In addition, one important way to be developed in the environment of the younger generation is to conduct campaigns against radicalism and peace on a regular basis. This is the right way to improveor recover the situation from radical acts and terrorism. This study uses a literature study method with a qualitative descriptive approach. The unit of analysis of this research is the younger generation who are vulnerable to radicalism. The conclusion is that integrated learning education can strengthen the values ​​of the national character of the younger generation to prevent and fight radicalism.

The Salafi (Wahabi) movement in Indonesia in recent decades is growing rapidly. Generally, the group is often considered as part of takfĩriy, radical or terrorist group considering its similarity in rejecting the heresy (bidah) practices and its view on democracy. This research attempts to explore how its religious teaching and strategies as well as its compatibility to deradicalization efforts. The research uses Hertbert Blumer's theory which classifies the development of a movement in four stages; social chaos, popular excitement, formalization and institutionalization. This research found that their Islamic teaching merely refers to the model of Islam practiced by three early generations. Meanwhile, the strategy undertaken is focused on teaching tauhid through education that has been purified (taşfiyah) and tarbiyah. Compatibility to deradicalization of this group lies on the evidence that Salafi is different with takfĩriy, radical or terrorist group. Moreover, they believe that Pancasila is not against Islam.

Intolerance and radicalism in Indonesia achieve dangerous staging status. This condition in individual aspects have an influence on the way of view that will tend to be defensive, apologist and pessimistic in religion. This also becomes the initial cause for the birth of social, political and educational implications. HTI (Hizbut-Tahrir Indonesia) is a radical mass organization that is quite influential in Indonesia. The epistemological problem related to the theory of knowledge is one of the important and fundamental factors in the emergence of understanding and various acts of radicalism in HTI, where it only recognizes thinking by relying on factual objects as the only valid knowledge that leads to empiricism and materialism so that it rejects the form of spiritual knowledge that is able to accept diversity in opinion. In addition to these fundamental reasons, Sufism is also often considered to be heretical because it is not committed to the Qur'an and Sunnah. It is thus necessary for an integrative understanding between the three epistemological elements (Textual, spiritual, and rational) as the building blocks of deradicalization in religion as well as a strong commitment to the Qur'an and al-Sunnah. A descriptive analysis of Mulla Sadra's epistemology as a philosopher and Sufi can be one of the cornerstones of criticism as well as a solution to the problem of HTI's radical epistemology. This is reflected in the integration of the three methods (textual, spiritual and rational) which he uses as a way of knowing the nature of things. Thus, the thesis that we can propose is to use Sadra's integrative epistemology in gaining knowledge will avoid an understanding of HTI’s radicalism.

Terrorism is a serious problem for the world recently. The groups of terror currently appeared to be closely related to groups that have radical understanding. They claim that their actions are the implementation of Jihaad. The goal of their struggle is to establish the Khilafah Islamiyah, a global leadership system based on Islamic law. Countries embraced nation state, including Indonesia, labeled them as a radical group-terrorism. The Government of Indonesia through the National Agency for Combating Terrorism (BNPT) has a special strategy to combat radical-terrorism groups with the policy of de-radicalization. De-radicalization attempts to reduce and eliminate one's radical understanding. This study will discuss de-radicalization in the political Spectrum perspective. This paper specifically takes a study on the concept and implementation of de-radicalization programs implemented by the National Agency for Counter-Terrorism (BNPT) during this time. This paper shows an answer whether the deradicalization efforts undertaken by BNPT will change the political spectrum of a person.Â

In recent years, many governments have introduced so-called ‘countering violent extremism’ (CVE) measures to promote terrorists’ and potential terrorists’ deradicalization and disengagement from te...

Using qualitative secondary analysis, the research examine the effects of Operation Safe Corridor (OSC), a home-grown prison-based deradicalization program targeted at low-risk Boko Haram combatants, and Yellow Ribbon Initiative, an education-based recivilization program designed for young adult women associated with Boko Haram. Together with pioneer countries like Saudi Arabia and Indonesia, the structural design and implementation of OSC remain shrouded in utmost secrecy. Even though it claims to have rehabilitated over 2,000 ex-Boko Haram combatants, there is no medium to independently ascertain these claims. Relatedly, the Yellow Ribbon Initiative also claimed to have successfully reintegrated thousands of women, with little to no means to validate their claims independently. Premised on the need to implement context-specific, inclusive and robust counterinsurgency programs, the research takes issues with both programs. Furthermore, the lack of accountability and transparency in the operations of both programs put to question their credibility and objectiveness. Alternatively, the research suggests the need for a paradigm shift from deradicalization to counter-radicalization, as this will put the government on the offensive side against radicalization. If targeted at volatile communities, counter-radicalization could be designed to address underlying causalities such as unequal education opportunities and poor social infrastructure, which will in turn foster a sense of belongingness in deprived and impoverished youths in the Northeast.