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There is an ever-increasing need for computational power to train complex artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) models to tackle large scientific problems. High performance computing (HPC) resources are required to efficiently compute and scale complex models across tens of thousands of compute nodes. In this paper, we discuss the issues associated with the deployment of machine learning frameworks on large scale secure HPC systems and how we successfully deployed a standard machine learning framework on a secure large scale HPC production system, to train a complex three-dimensional convolutional GAN (3DGAN), with petaflop performance. 3DGAN is an example from the high energy physics domain, designed to simulate the energy pattern produced by showers of secondary particles inside a particle detector on various HPC systems.

Energy consumption will become one of the dominant cost factors that will govern the next generation of large HPC centers. In this paper we present the Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) Plugin to automatically tune several energy related tuning objectives at a region-level of HPC applications. This plugin works with the Periscope Tuning Framework which provides an automatic tuning framework including analysis, experiment creation, and evaluation. The tuning actions are based on changes in the frequency via the DVFS. The tuning objectives include the tuning of energy consumption, total cost of ownership, energy delay product and power capping. The tuning is based on a model that relies on performance data and predicts energy consumption, time, and power consumption at different CPU frequencies. The derivation of the models for the DVFS plugin with the principal component analysis is included.

The complexity and size of scientific and engineering challenges are continually increasing to the point where they are approaching exascale computing. One of the main challenges is to be able to run scientific software applications on these extremely large systems in an energy efficient manner, as power consumption will become one of the dominant cost factors that will govern the next generation of large high performance computing data centers. In this paper, we present the results of node level power measurements on a petaflop HPC system.

Energy consumption will become one of the dominant cost factors that will govern the next generation of large HPC centers. In this paper we present the Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) Plugin to automatically tune several energy related tuning objectives at a region-level of HPC applications. This plugin works with the Periscope Tuning Framework which provides an automatic tuning framework including analysis, experiment creation, and evaluation. The tuning actions are based on changes in the frequency via the DVFS. The tuning objectives include the tuning of energy consumption, total cost of ownership, energy delay product and power capping. The tuning is based on a model that relies on performance data and predicts energy consumption, time, and power consumption at different CPU frequencies.

A fusidane triterpene, 16-deacetoxy-7-beta-hydroxy-fusidic acid (1), was isolated from a fermentation of the mitosporic fungus Acremonium crotocinigenum. Full unambiguous assignment of all (1)H and (13)C data of 1 was carried out by extensive one- and two-dimensional NMR studies employing HMQC and HMBC spectra. Compound 1 was tested against a panel of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains and showed minimum inhibitory concentration values of 16 microg/ml.

The production of extracellular galactose oxidase is limited to a few fungal species, including the important plant pathogens Fusarium graminearum and F. moniliforme . The best-studied enzyme is the one produced by the mycoparasitic fungus Cladobotryum (Dactylium) dendroides NRRL 2903. The NRRL 2903 strain was first mis-identified as Polyporus circinatus and later re-determined as Dactylium dendroides , although sporulation was never observed and the fungus was regarded as sterile. Upon growth at 25 °C, 50 rpm, in liquid medium containing 2% cellulose as the sole carbon source, and in the presence of 0·5–0·75% yeast extract, conidial production was induced in NRRL 2903, which was re-identified as Fusarium sp. The only other known commercial strain of Cladobotryum (Dactylium) dendroides able to produce galactose oxidase, ATCC 46032, also produced fusiform conidia upon growth in cellulose-containing medium, and was shown to be genetically identical to the NRRL 2903 strain. Genetic comparison with six different representative strains of Cladobotryum dendroides (teleomorph: Hypomyces rosellus ), and four strains of the closely related Hypomyces aurantius , based on the analysis of the presence or absence of a homologous galactose oxidase gene ( gaoA ), RAPD-PCR and RFLP analysis, confirm the distinct nature of the NRRL 2903 strain and Cladobotryum dendroides . Despite the resemblance of NRRL 2903 conidia and conidiophores to those of Fusarium chlamydosporum genetic comparison, with three different strains, suggests NRRL 2903 cannot be re-identified as F. chlamydosporum . Two of the strains, however, contain a region in their genome that is highly homologous to the galactose oxidase gene ( gaoA ), and one strain exhibits extracellular galactose oxidase activity but only partial homology to the gaoA gene of NRRL 2903.

Neonectria (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) species having Cylindrocarpon anamorphs that lack microconidia and chlamydospores include: Neo. discophora var. discophora, Neo. discophora var. rubi, stat nov. et comb. nov., Neo. lucida, comb. nov., Neo. viridispora, sp. nov. and Neo. westlandica, comb. nov. Perithecia of these species are red and perithecial anatomyis of the N. mammoidea type, with a palisade of hypha-like cells in the outer perithecial wall. These species occur on recently dead or dying trees. Perithecia of Neo. betulae, sp. nov and Neo. dumontii, sp. nov. are anatomically and biologically similar to those of Neo. discophora. The only known culture of Neo. betulae remained sterile, while Neo. dumontii has not been cultured; their anamorphs are presumed to be Cylindrocarpon. Analyses of mit ssu rDNA sequences indicate that Neonectria/Cylindrocarpon is monophyletic. Within the genus, species having N. mammoidea type perithecia are paraphyletic. Most species cluster with Neo. discophora, but Neo. westlandica and Neo. trachosa are basal to a clade that includes species that do not have a N. mammoidea-type perithecium. Nectria fuckeliana clusters independently of Neonectria and Nectria. Although reported to have a Cylindrocarpon anamorph, fresh ascospore isolates of N. fuckeliana did not produce Cylindrocarpon macroconidia but produced acremonium- or verticillium-like anamorphs. A key to nectriaceous species of Neonectria that have Cylindrocarpon anamorphs that lack microconidia and chlamydospores and/or that have a N. mammoidea type perithecial wall anatomy is presented. New combinations are proposed for other species formerly included in Nectria that have non-microconidial Cylindrocarpon anamorphs: Neonectria cinnamomea, Neo. jungneri, Neo. platycephala, Neo. phaeodisca and Neo. verrucospora.

Antagonistic interactions in the form of narrow, black ‘zone-lines’ were observed between paired cultures of elm Phomopsis . Antagonism occurring between the two previously described morphological ‘groups’ of elm Phomopsis was interpreted as inter-specific antagonism, whereas that within each group was intra-specific. Within group one Phomopsis , which had a dimictic mating system, antagonism was very common between isolates from natural populations and between siblings derived from single ascospores. This suggested that several loci were involved. Antagonism was not a sterility barrier and the mating-type locus did not cause vegetative incompatibility. Group two Phomopsis , which was self-fertile, contained a smaller number of v-c types and its siblings intermingled.

Two morphological types of Phomopsis , termed group one and group two, were confirmed as occurring on twigs and bark of elm in Wales, England and Italy. Group one isolates formed abundant conidiomata in culture were culturally heterogeneous and had a dimictic mating system. Group two isolates did not produce conidiomata on agar, were more uniform and self-fertile. No cross-fertilization was detected between the two groups. Three isolates from Italy formed a separate dimictic mating group. Isolates from some other host plants also fell into two groups and some from Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplatanus and Fagus sylvatica were cross fertile with elm isolates. The taxonomic implications of these results are discussed.

Nectria radicicola is characterized by its distinctive perithecial morphology and anatomy, and by its anamorph, Cylindrocarpon destructans. Several collections readily identified as N. radicicola were made in New Zealand, Indonesia, and Venezuela. Pure cultures derived from ascospores isolated from these collections showed considerable variation in cultural and morphological characteristics. The anamorph, Cylindrocarpon destructans var. destructans, is characterized by a fast growth rate and by the formation of discrete chlamydospores. It is distinguished from C. destructans var. coprosmae (C. Booth) comb. nov., which has a slower growth rate and does not form discrete chlamydospores. Cylindrocarpon destructans var. coprosmae is the anamorph of N. radicicola var. coprosmae (Dingley) stat. nov. Cylindrocarpon macroconidialis sp. nov., the anamorph of N. radicicola var. nuicroconidialis var. nov., is distinguished by larger macroconidia. Other variants of C. destructans are discussed but are not given separate taxonomic status because they are based on single collections. Nectria austroradicicota sp. nov. is distinguished from N. radicicola by having much larger ascospores and by its anamorph, C. auslrodestruclans sp. nov.

We introduce a model for the illumination of multilayered surfaces. The model enables the simulation of numerous optical characteristics based upon the physics of light, such as thin film interference that occurs between layers. The technique can also account for spatial distribution, scattering and diffraction characteristics associated with subsurface particles

First author: Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0680; second author: Laboratoire de Recherches sur la Flore Pathogene du Sol, INRA, 17 rue Sully, B.V. 154

Neonectria (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) species having Cylindrocarpon anamorphs that lack microconidia and chlamydospores include: Neo. discophora var. discophora, Neo. discophora var. rubi, stat nov...