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The 2018 Australian Heart Failure (HF) guidelines strongly recommended commencing sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2is) in HF patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The uptake of SGLT-2is for HF patients with T2DM in our health service is unknown.To determine the adoption of the 2018 HF guidelines by assessing the temporal trends of SGLT-2is' usage in HF patients with T2DM at Metro South Health (MSH) hospitals, in South-East Queensland.Retrospective analysis of all HF patients (ejection fraction (EF)50%) with T2DM who were managed within MSH hospitals between June 2018 and June 2021.A total of 666 patients met the inclusion criteria with 918 HF encounters. Mean age was 72 years and 71% were male (473/666). Mean EF was 30% (SD ±11%) and mean eGFR was 48 mL/min/1.73mDuring the study period, 54% of our HF patients with T2DM were not on SGLT-2is due to prescribing guidelines/limitations in the Australian context. We observed a five-fold significant increase in the uptake of SGLT-2is pre- and post-HF guidelines among patients without contraindications to SGLT-2is. There were significantly fewer HF hospitalisations among patients on SGLT-2is compared to those without. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Amyloid cardiomyopathy is emerging as an important and under-recognised cause of heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias, especially in older adults. This disorder is characterised by extracellular deposition of amyloid fibrils that form due to misfolding of secreted light chains (AL) or transthyretin protein (ATTR). In ATTR, amyloid aggregates typically result from excessive accumulation of wild-type transthyretin (ATTRwt) or from protein structural defects caused by TTR gene variants (ATTRv). Amyloid fibril deposition may predominantly affect the heart or show multi-system involvement. Previously considered to be rare and inexorably progressive with no specific therapy, there has been enormous recent interest in ATTR cardiomyopathy due to upwardly-revised estimates of disease prevalence together with development of disease-modifying interventions. Because of this, there is a clinical imperative to have a high index of suspicion to identify potential cases and to be aware of contemporary diagnostic methods and treatment options. Genetic testing should be offered to all patients with proven ATTR to access the benefits of new therapies specific to ATTRv and allow predictive testing of family members. With heightened awareness of amyloid cardiomyopathy and expanded use of genetic testing, a substantial rise in the numbers of asymptomatic individuals who are carriers of pathogenic variants is expected, and optimal strategies for monitoring and treatment of these individuals at risk need to be determined. Pre-emptive administration of fibril-modifying therapies provides an unprecedented opportunity for disease prevention and promises to change amyloid cardiomyopathy from being a fatal to a treatable disorder.

Amyloidosis is a collection of diseases caused by the misfolding of proteins that aggregate into insoluble amyloid fibrils and deposit in tissues. While these fibrils may aggregate to form insignificant localised deposits, they can also accumulate in multiple organs to the extent that amyloidosis can be an immediately life-threatening disease, requiring urgent treatment. Recent advances in diagnostic techniques and therapies are dramatically changing the disease landscape and patient prognosis. Delays in diagnosis and treatment remain the greatest challenge, necessitating physician awareness of the common clinical presentations that suggest amyloidosis. The most common types are transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis followed by immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis. While systemic AL amyloidosis was previously considered a death sentence with no effective therapies, significant improvement in patient survival has occurred over the past 2 decades, driven by greater understanding of the disease process, risk-adapted adoption of myeloma therapies such as proteosome inhibitors (bortezomib) and monoclonal antibodies (daratumumab) and improved supportive care. ATTR amyloidosis is an underdiagnosed cause of heart failure. Technetium scintigraphy has made noninvasive diagnosis much easier, and ATTR is now recognised as the most common type of amyloidosis because of the increased identification of age-related ATTR. There are emerging ATTR treatments that slow disease progression, decrease patient hospitalisations and improve patient quality of life and survival. This review aims to update physicians on recent developments in amyloidosis diagnosis and management and to provide a diagnostic and treatment framework to improve the management of patients with all forms of amyloidosis.

Background The uptake of bone-seeking radiotracers in the amyloid heart is well recognised. 99 m Tc-DPD has been shown to be highly sensitive for cardiac transthyretin (ATTR) amyloid in an overseas population, but is not registered for use in Australia. We explored its utility as a diagnostic tool within our population. Methods Patients diagnosed with AL and ATTR (wild-type and inherited) cardiac amyloidosis were prospectively recruited from the Princess Alexandra Hospital Amyloidosis Centre. Patients underwent injection with 99m Tc-DPD then planar whole body imaging was performed at 5 minutes post-injection (soft tissue phase) and 3 hours (bone phase). A myocardial SPECT and low amperage CT were acquired after the late whole-body scan. Scans were analysed by two nuclear imaging specialists. Intensity of cardiac 99m Tc-DPD uptake was graded as 0 to 3 in accordance with previous criteria, and semiquantitative analysis was performed using a heart to whole body ratio (H:WB) on the 3-hour scan. Patients also underwent electrocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography, and blood samples were taken for troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide levels, to assess for any correlation with DPD uptake. Results Twenty-one patients (8 AL and 13 ATTR) completed the study. Median age was 58 and 70 years for AL and ATTR patients respectively, and 19 (90.5%) were male. 99 m Tc-DPD scintigraphy was positive in 2 (25%) of AL, and 13 (100%) of ATTR patients. Grade of cardiac uptake, and mean H:WB (0.1249 v. 0.0794) was greater in the ATTR cohort (p-value Conclusions 99 m Tc-DPD scintigraphy is highly sensitive for the diagnosis of cardiac ATTR amyloid, but less so for AL amyloid.

Background: A variety of educational interventions have been implemented to assist patients with heart failure to maintain their own health, develop self-care behaviours and decrease readmissions. Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a multimedia educational intervention for patients with heart failure in reducing unplanned hospital readmissions. Methods: The study, a randomised controlled trial in a large tertiary referral hospital in Australia, recruited 200 patients. Patients diagnosed with heart failure were randomly allocated 1:1 to usual education or a multimedia educational intervention. The multimedia approach began with an individual needs assessment to develop an educational plan. The educational intervention included viewing a DVD, and verbal discussion supported by a written manual with a teach-back evaluation strategy. The primary outcome was all-cause unplanned hospital readmission at 28 days, three months and 12 months post-recruitment. The secondary outcomes were changes in knowledge and self-care behaviours at three months and 12 months post-recruitment. Results: At 12 months, data on 171 participants were analysed. There were 24 participants who had an unplanned hospital readmission in the intervention group compared to 44 participants in the control group ( p=0.005). The self-care educational intervention reduced the risk of readmission at 12 months by 30% (relative risk: 0.703; 95% confidence interval: 0.548–0.903). Conclusion: A targeted multimedia educational intervention can be effective in reducing all-cause unplanned readmissions for people with heart failure.

The uptake of bone-seeking radiotracers in the amyloid heart is well recognised. 99Patients diagnosed with AL and ATTR (wild-type and inherited) cardiac amyloidosis were prospectively recruited from the Princess Alexandra Hospital Amyloidosis Centre. Patients underwent injection withTwenty-one patients (8 AL and 13 ATTR) completed the study. Median age was 58 and 70 years for AL and ATTR patients respectively, and 19 (90.5%) were male. 9999

A 39-year-old female from the Philippines was referred to our cardiology service following work-up by her local medical practitioner for atypical chest pain. Computed tomography coronary angiogram (CTCA) was negative for coronary artery disease but suspicious for an infiltrative cardiomyopathy, with increased left ventricular wall thickness and myocardial hypoattenuation streaks of −25HU ( Panels A and B ). Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) revealed an increased basal biventricular wall thickness (RV-free wall 10 mm) with hyper-echogenicity ( Panels C and D ). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) steady-state-free precession …

Background β-Blocking agents reduce cardiovascular mortality in patients with heart disease, but their potential benefit in dialysis patients is unclear. We aimed to determine the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Study Design Pilot RCT. Setting & Participants Patients who received dialysis for 3 or more months and were 50 years or older (or ≥18 years with diabetes or cardiovascular disease) were recruited from 11 sites in Australia and New Zealand. We aimed to recruit 150 participants. Intervention After a 6-week run-in with the β-blocker carvedilol, we randomly assigned participants to treatment with carvedilol or placebo for 12 months. Outcomes & Measurements The prespecified primary outcome was the proportion of participants who tolerated carvedilol, 6.25mg, twice daily during the run-in period. After randomization, we report participant withdrawal and the incidence of intradialytic hypotension (IDH). Results Of 1,443 patients screened, 354 were eligible, 91 consented, and 72 entered the run-in stage. 49 of 72 run-in participants (68%; 95% CI, 57%-79%) achieved the primary outcome. 5 of the 23 withdrawals from run-in were attributable to bradycardia or hypotension. After randomization, 10 of 26 allocated to carvedilol and 4 of 23 allocated to placebo withdrew. 4 participants randomly assigned to carvedilol withdrew because of bradycardia or hypotension. Overall, there were 4 IDH events per 100 hemodialysis sessions; in participants allocated to carvedilol versus placebo, respectively, there were 7 versus 2 IDH events per 100 hemodialysis sessions ( P =0.1) in the 2 weeks immediately following a dose increase and 4 versus 3 IDH events per 100 hemodialysis sessions after no dose increase ( P =0.7). Limitations Unable to recruit planned sample size. Conclusions Recruiting patients receiving dialysis to an RCT of β-blocker versus placebo will prove challenging. Possible solutions include international collaboration and exploring novel trial designs such as a registry-based RCT.

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), a systemic disease that commonly involves the heart leading to progressive endomyocardial fibrosis, frequently manifests as restrictive cardiomyopathy. In this report, we describe the first case of a patient with endomyocardial fibrosis due to HES who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation at our institution. A literature review and discussion are included.