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Le autrici sviluppano alcune riflessioni relative a una esperienza pluriennale di applicazione della metodologia di home visiting nella fascia 0-3 anni, sperimentata anche in casi per i quali si è verificato un intervento del tribunale per i minorenni. La cura nella costruzione dell'alleanza e nel potenziamento delle risorse presenti, l'interazione sistematica con tutte le figure professionali e i servizi coinvolti, l'attenzione alla delicatezza della fase di sviluppo, sono elementi importanti per il buon esito degli interventi sia nei contesti spontanei sia in quelli in tutela. Viene descritto il ruolo dell'operatrice di home visiting in funzione della collaborazione della famiglia e della possibilità di rendere più flessibili le rappresentazioni reciproche fra famiglie e servizi.

Chemical mass balance modeling (CMB) was applied to determine the PM10 sources and their contributions. PM10 samples were collected in Lecce (40.338N, 18.108E, a town of South Italy), during two monitoring campaigns performed on July 2005 and February 2006. Nine source profiles and average mass concentration of the following chemical parameters: elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), chlorine (Cl-), nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), sodium (Na+), ammonium (NH4+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were used to run the CMB model. The results obtained by application of CMB8.2 are shown. The contributions to PM10 show that dominant contributor was traffic with 37% followed by petroleum industry with 19% and field burning with 16%. Minor source contributions were marine aerosol (1%), ammonium sulfate production (4%), ammonium nitrate production (11%), oil-fired power plant (0.1%), gypsum handling (10%) and crustal (2%). Moreover, the Absolute Principal Component Scores (APCS) model was applied to the PM10 samples collected in order to find a correlation between the two source profile sets. With APCS model five source profiles were found and a good correlation (correlation coefficient bigger than 0.8) between crustal, marine, industrial profiles of CMB model and the corresponding ones of APCS model was found.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to exert mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Research on extracted organic matter (EOM) from environmental mixtures has indicated several mechanisms of intracellular damage in living organisms. The toxic effect of environmental pollutants is usually assessed on cell systems or in single species. We used the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to compare the effect of synthetic PAHs with that of the EOM from environmental mixtures. The biological effect was measured by monitoring the expression level of some crucial genes, sensitive parameters of the organism's response. The results indicate the ability of C. elegans to counteract damage by mounting a stress-response only in the presence of EOM. On the other hand the exposure of C. elegans to a mixture of synthetic PAHs determines the silencing of the transcriptional machinery, thus preventing the synthesis of proteins that are important for both the damage repair mechanism and survival itself. The results strongly indicate that the study of environmental toxicant effects at the molecular level may provide information on their mechanism of action. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Chemical composition data (ionic fraction, carbonaceous compounds and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) for PM2.5 were acquired during 2005–2007 years by seasonal sampling campaigns performed at six urban sites in Apulia Region. In addition, an industrial site was considered. Discriminant Function Analysis, Principal Component Analysis and Absolute Principal Component Scores were applied to dataset in order to identify PM2.5 sources and to estimate their contributions to samples mass. Three main sources were obtained for the urban sites: combustion processes, natural sources and secondary particulate. Moreover, the application of Principal Component Analysis on chemical and meteorological data highlighted the influence of temperature and relative humidity on natural sources, and the relevance of pressure on secondary particulate content. In PM2.5, secondary particulate contributed on average with 78% to total mass, while combustion processes and natural sources accounted, respectively, 15% and 6.5% of the fine fraction mass. For this reason the secondary background should be taken into account in order to suggest the efficient abatement strategies to improve local air quality in South of Italy.

The chemical composition of PM10 and PM2.5 samples collected during two seasonal monitoring campaigns at residential, urban and industrial Apulia Region- sites was investigated. Ionic fraction, carbonaceous compounds and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons were determined for all samples. High correlations among PM data collected in the investigated sites suggested the regional character of particulate matter. It was also confirmed by five days back trajectories analysis. Moreover, no significant seasonal trend in PM mass concentration was observed in the investigated sites. These results, relevant for the area under investigations, were not observed in the North of Italy and Europe and allow to conclude that PM10 and PM2.5 cannot be considered ‘good’ indicators for the evaluation of local anthropic contributions to air quality. On the contrary, the high levels of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons found in Taranto sampling sites suggested that PAHs can be a better indicator for this purpose. This result is also relevant in order to weigh the importance of industrial area and to suggest right policy control to decision makers.

Some peak PM10 episodes, occurred during PM monitoring campaigns performed on October 2005 and February and June 2006 in Bari town, have been characterized. Moreover back trajectories of air masses and Principal Component Analyses were applied. Three of the peak PM10 episodes investigated were related to local emissions of primary pollutants during poor atmospheric dispersion conditions. The other two peak PM10 episodes considered are related with long range transport air masses toward Apulia region: in one case the chemical characterization and the back trajectories analysis indicate that high PM10 value detected is due to the Saharan dust advection in the Apulia region; in the other case air masses with different origin give rise to high PM10 value. Moreover PM10 daily mean concentrations, presented in this paper collected from January 2005 to August 2007 and obtained by automatic device in six stations of air quality monitoring networks in Bari territory, do not show a seasonal trend for PM10 concentrations, contrary to the PM10 trend shown in the towns of North Italy. This can be explained mostly considering that our region presents generally meteo-climatic conditions that favour pollutants dispersion.

The human activities in their various aspects cause a change in the natural air quality. This change results more marked in very populated and in high industrialized areas. Some pollutants emitted are typical of a particular activity. Each source of pollution is identified by its profile in the composition of the emissions in the environment. Multivariate receptor models can be used in order to apportion pollutants to the different sources assessing the contribution of each source to the total pollution. This paper deals with the application of Absolute Principal Component Scores (APCS) receptor model to data obtained from the automatic network of air quality monitoring in the city of Bari (South Italy). The parameters monitored by automatic networks, as bihourly values, are PM10, NOx, CO, Benzene, Toluene, Xilene. The data shown in this paper concerning 1 month almost of sampling in different monitoring stations of Bari Municipality during the period of time from January 2005 to April 2006. Moreover preliminary results obtained applying the APCS model to daily PM2.5 samples collected during SITECOS PRIN project are shown. The results concerning data collected in corso Cavour (Bari) during the month of October 2005. The results obtained by APCS receptor model seem to suggest a poor contribution of the “vehicular traffic source” and a relevant contribution of the “secondary particulate source” to particulate matter concentrations.

A method for the determination of Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Fe(II), and Pd(II) at ppb/subppb levels by ion chromatography was developed, improving a previous work of the same authors. In order to lower the detection limits, the direct injection of a large sample volume (5 mL) and 4‐(2‐pyridylazo) resorcinol solution at pH 6, with hexadecylpyridinium chloride as the post‐column reagent were used. The obtained calibration curves were linear (for each metal R2≥0.99) with good reproducibility; the detection limits for Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Fe(II), and Pd(II) were 1.1, 0.46, 39, 0.18, 4.5, and 1.7 ppb, respectively.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to exert mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Research on extracted organic matter (EOM) from environmental mixtures has indicated several mechanisms of intracellular damage in living organisms. The toxic effect of environmental pollutants is usually assessed on cell systems or in single species. We used the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans to compare the effect of synthetic PAHs with that of the EOM from environmental mixtures. The biological effect was measured by monitoring the expression level of some crucial genes, sensitive parameters of the organism's response. The results indicate the ability of C. elegans to counteract damage by mounting a stress-response only in the presence of EOM. On the other hand the exposure of C. elegans to a mixture of synthetic PAHs determines the silencing of the transcriptional machinery, thus preventing the synthesis of proteins that are important for both the damage repair mechanism and survival itself. The results strongly indicate that the study of environmental toxicant effects at the molecular level may provide information on their mechanism of action.

In this preliminary work the toxic activity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) mix standard solutions was studied using "Caenorhabditis elegans" (C. eleguns) as system for biological studies.The nematode cultures were exposed for 3 days to 0.01, 0.1 and 1 ppb (nglml) of PAH Mix and even if no morphological alterations were observed on the C. elegans populations, the lethality was about 50% when the PAHs concentrations were equal to 0.1 and 1 ppb. Moreover, the lethality test was performed using an organic extract from a PM10 sample.When the gene expression pattern was analyzed a down regulation of the expression on all the genes considered was observed, indicating that the genotoxic effect was scattered on the entire transcription mechanism.These results indicate that "C, elegans" is an effective model for the study of PAHs toxicity; future studies will be oriented to the toxicity evaluation of extracts from PM2.5 and PM10 samples collected in Apulia cities.

In order to studying the concentration and the chemical characterization of atmospheric particulate in the different season in all the Italian territory, inside the SITECOS project (PRIN 2004), a gravimetric sampling campaigns have been conducted. The PM10 and PM2.5 samplings were placed at the same time in different sites along the Italian peninsula. The sampling sites were: Bari, Taranto, Pollino (m.1800, remote site), Catania, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Arezzo, Grosseto, Capannori-LU, Prato, Montale-PT (rural site), Bologna and Monte Cimone (m.2100, remote site on Italian Apennines), Padua, Milan, San Colombano (m.2300, remote site on Italian Alps), Trieste and San Rocco a Muggia (TS). Daily PM2.5 and PM10 samples have been collected, to do a “sampling bank “, available for a further chemical / physical / toxicological characterization of atmospheric particulate Samples have been chemically characterized according to their main species: PAHs, inorganic ions and EC/OC in the PM2.5 samples; elements in the PM10 samples. In the Padana plain (Milan, Bologna, Padua) the PM concentration is uniform and a strong seasonal trend is observed, with the highest values in winter time and the lowest values in summer while PM concentration in S. Colombano and Monte Cimone sites show an opposite seasonality, with the highest values in summer and the lowest ones in winter. These data show a slight evolution during the winter’s day because of the height of the dispersion layer, in connection with microclimatic parameters; for example in Milan city during acute cases of pollution, the height is no more that 300m (Ferrero et al., 2006). Remote sites of S. Colombano and Monte Cimone in the winter time are above the boundary layer while during summer period they are on it. In the center of Italy PM seasonality concentration is less important while in the South Italy and in Sicily there is any seasonal trend. The reasons are, in part, linked to the different meteoclimatic features present in the Italian peninsula. Chemical composition data show a significant differences. In the North of Italy there is a strong seasonality of ionic component; in particular, during the winter, the Nitrate concentration is higher than the Sulfate one while the situation is opposed in summer. Ammonium does not show a strong seasonality, but it remains pretty constant; the same applies to Carbon. In the South of Italy cities, SO , NO 3 - and NH 4 + , primary component of inorganic ions, they do not show a seasonality with a Sulfate concentration that is always higher than Nitrates. In the center of Italy the seasonality is less marked thanks to the inorganic ions. Sulfate and Nitrate are similar from a percentage point of view. Also PAHs (expressed in weight/weight, quality of particulate), in the Padana plain, shows a strong seasonality, with a high percentage in the winter season and a lower one in summer (Ravindra et al., 2006). Over the year concentrations are constant in South of Italy, while in the center area, the seasonality is less strong. The vehicles traffic source is estimated to be one of the main PM source in the Padana plain, while in the South of Italy there are other sources like photochemistry reactivity, Saharan Dust events, etc. These results show a different role of PM sources along the Italian peninsula and they carry fundamental information for a correct management of the complex problem on a national scale. Ferrero, L., Lazzati, Z., Lo Porto, C., Perrone, M.G., Petraccone, S., Sangiorgi, G., Bolzacchini, E., (2006) Vertical distribution of particulate matter in the urban atmosphere of Milan. Poster. International Aerosol Conference 2006. Ravindra, K., Bencs, L., Wauters, E., Hoog, J., Deutsch, F., Roekens, E., Bleux, N., Berghmans, P., Van Grieken, R., (2006) Seasonal and sitespecific variation in vapour and aerosol phase PAHs over Flanders (Belgium) and their relation with anthropogenic activities. Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006) 771-785.

Why choose the aircraft type gas turbine for ship propulsion? Initial cost, weight, space, floor area, engine room height, fuel cost, and other operating costs are the factors determining the selection of the propulsion plant. A comparison of these factors with regards to containerships and tankers is evaluated. It is evident from the results that total economics favors the aircraft type gas turbine power-plant.