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Tryptic WPHs with considerable residual whey protein content intact were developed from two sheep/goat WPCs (65% and 80% protein) without pH control. Pasteurization was used to avoid denaturation. Changes in non-protein nitrogen (DH_TCASN), free amino groups (DH_TNBS), and major whey proteins were used to investigate the degree and extent of hydrolysis. Antihypertensive potential (ACE-IA), radical scavenging (DPPH-RSA), and iron chelation (Fe-CA) were assessed. No statistically significant changes in pH (5.84–6.29) were observed during hydrolysis and storage. At the start of hydrolysis, DH_TCASN was ≅11% for both substrates whereas DH_TNBS was >10% and >5% for WP65 and WP80, respectively. After one-hour hydrolysis, DH_TCASN was ≅17% for both substrates and DH_TNBS was ≅15% and ≅11% for WP65 and WP80, respectively. The β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, and caseinomacropeptide of WP65 were hydrolyzed by 14 ± 1.3%, 73.9 ± 2.6% and 37 ± 2.6%. The respective values for WP80 were 14.9 ± 1.7%, 79.9 ± 1%, and 32.7 ± 4.8%. ACE-IA of the hydrolysates of both substrates was much higher (>80%) than that of controls (

The isolation and chemical characterization of phlorotannins has gained special attention in recent years due to their specific health-promoting benefits. Flow-cell ultrasound-assisted extraction (90 W/cm2 of sonication power, 2 min of retention time and 20 g solvent/g algae of liquid–solid ratio) was carried out by using double-distilled water (WE) and acetone:water mixture (AWE) as extraction solvents. The AWE showed a higher total polyphenols content (TPC), carbohydrates (CHOs) and antioxidant activities than WE. However, when the WE was purified by using Amberlite XAD16 column, the purified WE (PWE) showed similar a TPC, decreased CHOs and increased antioxidant activity compared to WE. The oxidation of the PWE extract was evaluated under natural, forced and severe oxidation condition for 120 h. Only severe oxidation conditions were able to significantly reduce TPC and antioxidant activities. PWE was dialyzed (20, 10, 3.5 and 2 kDa). The main bioactive fraction of phlorotannins was obtained from 10 to 20 kDa. CHOs were distributed in fractions below 20 kDa. MALDI-TOF analysis was performed for PWE, PD20 and PD2 extracts to analyze the degree of polymerization of phlorotannins, which ranged from 4 to 17 phloroglucinol units/molecule. Fragmentation patterns allowed the proximate identification of several phlorotannins in Ascophyllum nodosum extracts.

(1) Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of Salvadora oleoides (S. oleoides) and Salvadora persica (S. persica) polyphenols as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. (2) Methods: Aerial parts and fruits of S. oleoides and S. persica were collected from the periphery of District Bhakkar, Punjab, Pakistan. Methanol extracts were prepared using the Soxhlet extraction technique. Extract yield varied from 8.15 to 19.6 g/100 g dry plant material. RP-HPLC revealed the detection of thirteen phenolic aids and five flavonoids. Gallic acid, hydroxy benzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, and cinamic acid were the major phenolic acids, whereas catechin, rutin, and myricetin were the flavonoids detected. (3) Results: Maximum total phenolic contents (TPCs) (22.2 mg/g of dry plant material) and total flavonoid contents (TFCs) (6.17 mg/g of dry plant material) were found in the fruit extract of S. persica, and the minimum TPC (11.9 mg/g) and TFC (1.72 mg/g) were found in the aerial part of S. oleoides. The fruit extract of S. persica showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of all the extracts was performed on albumin-induced rat paw edema that was comparable with the standard indomethacin; S. persica fruit extract showed remarkable anti-inflammatory activity. Analgesic activity of aerial part and fruit extracts of S. oleoides and S. persica was investigated using a mouse model, and the results showed that maximum possible analgesia of fruit extracts of S. persica was 53.44%, which is better than the PC group (52.98%). (4) Conclusions: The variations in the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activities of methanolic extracts of S. oleoides and S. persica were found to be significant, and they have therapeutic potential as antioxidant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agents.

Lychnis flos-cuculi L., a species with potential medicinal value, contains flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenoid saponins and ecdysteroids. In this study, the antioxidant activity of plant material of L. flos-cuculi obtained from in vitro cultures compared to that of intact plants from the natural site has been evaluated for the first time. Phytochemical screening of the in-vitro-derived material by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) confirmed the presence of the aforementioned metabolite classes. The aqueous methanolic extracts from in-vitro-derived plant material and the organs of intact plants were analyzed using spectrophotometric methods to quantify total phenolics, phenolic acids and flavonoids, and determine the preliminary antioxidant activity by ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays. The results showed that the inflorescence (Ns-F), and flowering herb of both plants gathered from natural habitat (Ns-H) and in-vitro-derived plants from the experimental plot (ExV-H) are the materials richest in polyphenols (195.4, 113.47, 112.1 mg GAE g−1 d.w., respectively), and demonstrate the highest antioxidant activity (20.14, 11.24, and 11.46 mg AAE g−1 d.w.). The extract from callus exhibited the lowest polyphenol content and antioxidant potential. The contents of total phenolics, flavonoids and phenolic acids correlate with the results of the antioxidant capacity of L. flos-cuculi extracts.

Hemp seed by-products, namely hemp cake (hemp meal) and hemp hulls were studied for their lipid content and composition. Total lipid content of hemp cake and hemp hulls was 13.1% and 17.5%, respectively. Oil extraction yields using hexane, on the other hand, were much lower in hemp cake (7.4%) and hemp hulls (12.1%). Oil derived from both hemp seeds and by-products were primarily composed of neutral lipids (>97.1%), mainly triacylglycerols (TAGs), determined by SPE and confirmed by NMR study. Linoleic acid was the major fatty acid present in oils derived from hemp by-products, covering almost 55%, followed by α-linolenic acid, covering around 18% of the total fatty acids. For the first time, 47 intact TAGs were identified in the hemp oils using UPLC-HRMS. Among them, TAGs with fatty acid acyl chain 18:3/18:2/18:2 and 18:3/18:2/18:1 were the major ones, followed by TAGs with fatty acid acyl chain of 18:3/18:3/18:2, 18:2/18:2/16:0, 18:2/18:2/18:1, 18:3/18:2.18:0, 18:2/18:2/18:0, 18:2/18:1/18:1 and 18:3/18:2:16:0. Besides TAGs, low levels of terpenes, carotenoids and cannabidiolic acid were also detected in the oils. Moreover, the oils extracted from hemp by-products possessed a dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging property and their potencies were in a similar range compared to other vegetable oils.

WOS: 000390832800025, Wheatgrass juice is mainly derived from the common wheat Triticum aestivum L. The present study focused on the analysis of the potential of different perennial turfgrass species in grass juice production by determining certain compositional characteristics. The effects of fertilisers on the plants and the cutting time on some chemical constituents and antioxidant potential of grass juices were addressed. The juices from the different species of grasses, such as T. durum, T. aestivum, Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb. were obtained by pressing. DPPH (1, 1dipheny1-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, elemental composition, total chlorophylls, total carotenes, tocopherols, vitamin C, total phenols, viscosity and the colour profiles of the grass juice samples were analysed. Water-soluble dry matter, protein, total phenols, flavonoids and vitamin E (especially Durum cultivar) content were found to be higher in the juices of Triticum species as compared to the other grasses. Turfgrass species demonstrated higher concentrations of oil (in grass), vitamin C (unfertilised samples), chlorophyll (except L. perenne local) and major elements. The pressing of turfgrass was an easy process. Such perennial grass varieties have advantages over the Triticum species in terms of having higher concentrations of vitamin C (unfertilised samples) and major elements. The results of sensory analysis suggested that L. perenne (cultivar) is the most promising cultivar in terms of obtaining pressed grass juice.

Context: Multifunctional food protein-derived peptides attract a great deal of research interest due to their health-promoting benefits. Particularly, peptides that have both antihypertensive and antioxidant properties are desired, since both effects can be synergistic in prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of two species of the Nigerian periwinkles: Pachymelania aurita and Tympanotonus fuscatus. Methods: The ACE inhibitory and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities of simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SGID) hydrolysates and ultrafiltered (UF) fractions of T. fuscatus var. radula and P. aurita were determined. Human SGID of the protein extracts of T. fuscatus and P. aurita was carried out using pepsin, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, and the hydrolysates were fractionated into two by centrifugal ultrafiltration. The ACE inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities of the crude hydrolysates and UF fractions were tested. The UF permeates were observed to have relatively higher activities and was subjected to gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-50. The chromatographic fractions showed absorbance at 215, 225, and 280 nm and were assayed for DPPH radical scavenging activity. Results: The inhibitory effect of the fractions on ACE activity was reported as the minimum concentration of extract that caused 50% of the inhibition (IC50), where the IC50 values of P. aurita UF permeate and P. aurita UF retentate were 65.2 ± 6.4 and 301.9 ± 59.1 μg/ml, respectively, and that of T. fuscatus UF permeate (TFUFP) and T. fuscatus UF retentate were 54.93 ± 2.83 and 291.7 ± 8.6 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion: This study suggests the potential health benefits of consuming T. fuscatus var. radula and P. aurita in health maintenance.

Blackberry pomace represents a valuable but underused byproduct of juice manufacturing. Its further applicability in various food systems is facilitated by detailed knowledge of its own bioactive potential. This study was focused on the investigation of the polyphenolic compound profile, total phenolic and ascorbic acid content, as well as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of blackberries (Rubus fruticosus L.) coming from spontaneous flora of two different areas of Romania, Paltinis (Sibiu County) and Zugau (Arad County) and their fractions, juice and pomace, resulting from home-scale processing. To ensure a satisfactory shelf life, the blackberry pomace was subjected to convective drying (60 &deg, C for 12 hours) and the impact of this treatment on the antioxidant properties was evaluated. No significant differences in the investigated characteristics according to the place of origin were recorded. However, a slight increase in the antioxidant properties of fruits and fractions from the Zugau region, characterized by higher temperatures and a lower precipitation regime, was noticed compared with samples derived from the Paltinis area. The drying of blackberry byproducts led to losses of 10&ndash, 23% in the content of the investigated bioactive compounds and DPPH radical scavenging activity. A significant correlation between DPPH radical scavenging activity and the total phenolic content has been recorded. Our findings are of interest in blackberry selection to enhance the level of bioactive compounds in the targeted products. The obtained results confirm that the blackberry processing byproducts may be regarded as a promising source of high-quality bioactive compounds and a proven radical scavenging capacity, representing a starting point for further analyses. This study responds to a global issue regarding fruit byproduct management in order to ensure the sustainable development of a circular economy.

Proanthocyanidins, which are composed of oligomeric flavan-3-ol units, are contained in various foodstuffs (e.g., fruits, vegetables, and drinks) and are strongly biologically active compounds. We investigated which element of the proanthocyanidin structure is primarily responsible for this functionality. In this study, we elucidate the importance of the upper-unit of 4–8 condensed dimeric flavan-3-ols for antimicrobial activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) and cervical epithelioid carcinoma cell line HeLa S3 proliferation inhibitory activity. To clarify the important constituent unit of proanthocyanidin, we synthesized four dimeric compounds, (−)-epigallocatechin-[4,8]-(+)-catechin, (−)-epigallocatechin-[4,8]-(−)-epigallocatechin, (−)-epigallocatechin-[4,8]-(−)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate, and (+)-catechin-[4,8]-(−)-epigallocatechin and performed structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies. In addition to antimicrobial activity against S. cerevisiae and proliferation inhibitory activity on HeLa S3 cells, the correlation of 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity with the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups was low. On the basis of the results of our SAR studies, we concluded that B-ring hydroxyl groups of the upper-unit of the dimer are crucially important for strong and effective activity.

Trifoliate orange seed extracts (TSEs) were made using either distilled water (TW), ethanol (TE), or n-hexane (TH), to measure total polyphenol contents, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and anti-complementary activity. The results showed that the total polyphenol content showed higher value at TE (235.24 μg/mL, pTW (56.87%)>TH (39.78%). The results of ABTS radical scavenging activity showed that TW (34.26%) and TE (31.81%) showed similar activities, which were higher than TH (12.74%, p

Recent studies have associated the consumption of yacon root as a functional plant food with reduced glycemic index and, due to its considerable phenolic acid levels, a protection of cell membranes against free radical damage. This study examined the effect of four different treatments including: (1) storage duration after harvest (one and three weeks after harvest), (2) pre-treatment before drying (untreated, pre-treatment with diluted lime juice), (3) drying method (freeze drying (FD) and convective hot air drying (CHAD)), and (4) cultivar (white and red), on the quality of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. and Endl.) chips in terms of their total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (AA) (ABTS (2,2&prime, Azino-Bis (3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid) Diammonium Salt) radical scavenging activity, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)). Overall, the chips that were produced using pre-treatment with diluted lime juice and FD had the highest amounts of TPC and AA. Regarding the chips produced by means of CHAD, retention of higher TPC and AA was possible with lime-juice pre-treatment and use of higher hot air temperatures. Moreover, chips produced from the white cultivar had higher TPC and AA than chips produced from the red cultivar.

The chemical compositions of essential oils obtained from Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora (1.39 % dry weight) and Ocimum basilicum (0.61 %) were analyzed by GC-MS. Seventy-three constituents representing 99.64 % of the chromatographic peak area were obtained in the O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora oil, whereas 80 constituents representing 91.11 % observed in the essential oil of O. basilicum were obtained. Methyl chavicol (81.82 %), ?-(E)-ocimene (2.93 %) and ?-(E)- bergamotene (2.45 %) were found to be the dominant constituents in O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora oil while O. basilicum contained predominantly linalool (43.78 %), eugenol (13.66 %) and 1,8-cineole (10.18 %). The clear separation of the volatiles in all samples, demonstrated by the application of GC?GC, resulted in significantly different fingerprints for the two types of basil. The O. basilicum oil showed strong antioxidant activity while the oil of O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora exhibited very low activity, which was attributed to the significant differences in linalool and eugenol contents in these essential oils.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics of seven yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. and Endl.) cultivars (Cajamarca, Cusco, Early White, Late Red, Morado, New Zealand and Quinault) cultivated in the southwest of Germany. The following phyto/chemical traits were investigated in different yacon tuber parts (flesh, peel, and whole tubers): total dry matter, sugar content (fructose, glucose, and sucrose content), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), 2,20-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The results indicated a significant interaction between cultivar and tuber part on all of the examined traits (p < 0.0001). Of flesh and whole tuber, cv. Late Red, cv. Morado, and cv. Cajamarca had the highest TPC, TFC, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and FRAP. They also had relatively higher total sugar content. Cv. New Zealand had the lowest amount of sugars, TPC, TFC, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and FRAP, but the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity content in its flesh and whole tuber. Moreover, the results indicated that the peel of yacon tubers contained considerably high amounts of phytochemicals while possessing low sugar contents. Overall, this study provides a broad insight into the phyto/chemical content of yacon tubers from different cultivars, which can be used for further breeding programs, and the selection of proper cultivars for specific food product development.

Citron seed extracts (CSEs) were made using distilled water (CSEW), ethanol (CSEE), and n-hexane (CSEH), to measure the total polyphenol contents, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities, and anti-complementary activity. The total polyphenol content was observed the highest in CSEE (188.71 μg/mL), and occurred in the following order: CSEE>CSEW (141.11 μg/mL)>CSEH (26.19 μg/mL) at 10 mg/mL. CSEE (63.56%) and CSEW (56.61%) showed significantly higher DPPH radical scavenging activities when compared with CSEH (28.57%). ABTS radical scavenging activities of CSEE (45.53%) and CSEW (40.02%) were also observed to be higher, whereas CSEH did not show ABTS radical scavenging activity. Anti-complementary activity of CSEE (26.85%) showed a greater activity than that of CSEW (7.84%) at 1,000 μg/mL. Limonin and nomilin contents had the highest values (1.882% and 2.089%) in CSEE, and with 0.327% and 0.139% in CSEW; however, CSEH showed relatively very low values at 0.061% and 0.026%, respectively. Among the CSEs tested, CSEE as a by-product from citron may provide an important source of dietary antioxidant compounds with rich polyphenol and limonoid contents, and immunopotentiating activity, including the complement activation factor.

This study was conducted to develop an optimal composite recipe for pan bread with ramie powder that has high sensory approval with all age groups and to estimate the DPPH radical scavenging activity and the pan bread shelf life after gamma irradiation. The sensory evaluation results showed significant differences in flavor (p＜0.05), appearance (p＜0.01), color (p＜0.01), moistness (p＜0.01), and overall quality (p＜0.05) based on the amount of ramie powder added. As a result, the optimum formulations by numerical and graphical methods were calculated to be as follows: ramie powder 2.76 g (0.92%) and water 184.7 mL. Optimized pan bread with ramie powder and white pan bread were irradiated with gamma-rays at doses of 0, 10, 15, and 20 kGy. The total bacterial growth increased with the longer storage time and the least amount of ramie powder added. Consequently, these results suggest that the addition of ramie powder to pan bread provides added value to the bread in terms of increased shelf life.

Garcinia xanthochymus has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for expelling worms and removing food toxins. Bioassay-guided fractionation of an EtOAc-soluble extract of G. xanthochymus stem bark led to the isolation of six new xanthones. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, especially 2D-NMR techniques. Free-radical-scavenging activities of the isolated compounds were elucidated through DPPH method. Most of the isolated compounds showed considerable free radical scavenging activity on DPPH assay. Compound 1 exhibited effective antioxidant scavenging activity against DPPH radical with an IC50 value of 19.64 μM, and compound 6 showed the lowest activity among all the tested molecules, with an IC50 value of 66.88 μM. These findings support the notion that the plant genus Garcinia is a good source of bioactive compounds.

The aim of this work was investigation of antioxidant activity of the eyebright herb. It is known that this plant (Euphrasia officinalis L., Scrophulariaceae) contains a mixture of polyphenolic components. Usually antioxidant activity is connected with the presence of this kind of plant constituents. For investigation, dry methanol extract of previously defeated herb was prepared. The antioxidant activity was investigated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl) free radical assay. Before, the determination of polyphenolic constituents in the plant material as well as, in the extract was done. The herb contains 1.27% of total polyphenols, while the concentration of these substances in methanol extract was 14.54%. Besides this, content of tannins (0.97% in the herb; 10.42% in the extract), total flavonoids (0.59% in the herb; 1.67% in the extract) and anthocyanins (0.75 mg/g of the herb; 1.45 mg/g of the extract) was determinate. The methanol extract showed concentration dependent, significant DPPH radical scavenging activity IC.,o value for the dry methanol extract of the eyebright herb was 11.2 µg/ml. Vidovčica (Euphrasia officinalis L., Scrophulariaceae) je poluparazitska biljna vrsta, rasprostranjena u Evropi. Tradicionalno se primenjivala eksterno, naročito kod inflamacija oka, u vidu kupki ili losiona. Pošto se antioksidantna aktivnost biljnih ekstrakata povezuje sa sadržajem polifenolnih sastojaka, određen je njihov sadržaj u ispitivanoj herbi i ekstraktu. Utvrđeno je da ispitivani uzorak herbe vidovčice sadrži 1,27% ukupnih polifenola. Posebno je određen sadržaj tanina (0,97%), ukupnih flavonoida (0,59%) i antocijana (0,75 mg/g). Antioksidantna aktivnost herbe vidovčice je ispitivana na osnovu neutralizacije slobodnih radikala primenom DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidraz.il) testa. Posle obezmašćivanja herbe, pripremljen je metanolni ekstrakt (70%; v/v) i uparen do suva. Metanolni ekstarakt je sadržao 14,54% ukupnih politenola i to: 10,42% tanina, 1,67% ukupnih flavonoida i 1.45 mg/g antocijana. Utvrđeno je da metanolni ekstrakt herbe vidovčice poseduje izraženu sposobnost uklanjanja slobodnih radikala. Ovaj ekstrakt je ispoljio dozno zavisnu sposobnost neutralizacije DPPH radikala. IC50 vrednost je iznosila 11,2 µg/ml. Može se pretpostaviti da su za ovakvu aktivnost ispitivanog ekstrakta odgovorni polifenolni sastojci vidovčice.