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Paul Bouts (1900–1999) was a Belgian pedagogue, a Roman Catholic priest, and the founder of Psychognomy, which is a personality diagnostic system combining phrenology and several related practices – typology, craniofacial measurements, physiognomy, graphology etc. Bouts had a fragile health; therefore, it is unlikely that he travelled to Brazil. Despite this, his most famous book, rich in conservative and religious thoughts, was translated to Portuguese and published with ecclesiastic support in 1943, and the doctrine acquired good reputation among Brazilian members of the clergy, politicians, teachers, and military personnel. Lay scholars and medical doctors founded a Brazilian institute devoted to the study and diffusion of psychognomy in 1949. They published two volumes of a psychognomy treatise, and the institute was active until the early 1960s, when social interest in the subject rapidly vanished. Resumo Paul Bouts (1900–1999) foi um pedagogo e padre católico belga que criou a psicognomia, um sistema de análise caracterológica que combinava elementos da frenologia, tipologia, medições craniofaciais, fisionomia, grafologia etc. Suas teorias influenciaram acadêmicos, religiosos, políticos e militares brasileiros. Bouts tinha uma saúde frágil, e não há evidências de que tenha estado no Brasil. Seu livro mais famoso, Psicognomia, foi publicado no país em 1943 com aval da censura eclesiástica e com apêndices especiais. A doutrina levou, ainda, à criação, em 1949, de um instituto privado de divulgação e estudos de psicognomia com sede no Rio de Janeiro, que publicou dois volumes de um tratado sobre o tema e permaneceu ativo até o início da década de 1960, quando o interesse pelo assunto rapidamente desapareceu na sociedade.

The Narym Selkups are an indigenous population of the Middle Ob River region speaking various dialects of the Selkup language related to the South-Samodian branch of the Ural language family. In the course of the study of Medieval and relatively recent burial grounds in the territory of the Narym Ob area of Tomsk Oblast, considerable amount of craniological material has been collected, which constitutes an important historical source for solving general problems of their origins. According to the archaeological and ethnographic materials, the Medieval burials were left by direct ascendants of modern Narym Selkups, whereas the materials from the later burial grounds are directly associated with their specific local-dialect groups. This paper is aimed to introduce into scien-tific discourse virtually all craniological materials known today from the burial grounds left by the Narym Selkups, and, on the basis of the results of group cross-correlation, to identify trends of the territorial variability of the whole community. Significant increase of new finds from the vast territory of the Middle Ob region, population-driven approach to the data analysis and development of the craniometric technique warranted re-grouping of the finds by the territorial principle and their repeated measurement and analysis. In view of the current problem, all cranio-logical materials were grouped into ten sampling series, five of which are published for the first time (the burial ground of Ostyatskaya Gora and four combined craniological series from the burial grounds of Lower Chulym, Narym Ob, Upper Ket, and the Tym and Vasyugan rivers). Analysis of the variability of the series from the Narym Ob region in chronological and geographical bands showed their weak variability in space and time. Therefore, prior to the Russian colonization of Siberia, this region of the Middle Ob area was not invaded by considerably large groups of people of different anthropological appearance. All studied craniological series were samples from the single unity. Although the territorial variability of the anthropological features within the groups of the Narym Selkups is not large, in some cases an influence of territorially closest neighbours on the anthropological structures of particular Selkup populations can be discerned. It appeared that the southern groups exhibit resemblance with their territorially closest Turkic populations of the Chulym and Lower Tom regions, while in the composition of other Narym groups, there have been identified an admixture of the component genetically related to the Turkic populations of the Western-Siberian forest-steppe — Barabino and Tobol-Irtysh Tatars, and, although being very weak, an influence of the Ob Ugric populations can be discerned.

Introduction. The paper presents results of the funeral rite and material culture study of the Sauromat time Tau cemetery located on the territory of Western Kazakhstan, and also provides anthropological analysis of the skull discovered there. Methods and materials. An interdisciplinary approach was applied in the course of the study with inclusion of typological, analog and cross-dating methods regarding the funeral rite and material culture examination, methods for studying craniometrical and cranioscopic signs, as well as methods of skull pathology evaluation. The source of the study material as well as the male skull discovery site is burial 1 of kurgan 1 of Tau cemetery. Discussion and results. The funeral rite and clothing inventory data confirms that the burial belongs to Sauromat archaeological culture and, within the chronological framework, could be dated back late 6th – early 5th centuries BC. Furthermore, the funeral rite and weaponry features, including a quiver set with a short sword, attribute this burial to this epoch. Historical and archaeological source analysis suggests that there must have been a cult of the Hand in the Sauromat-Sarmatian society; consequently, the separate interment of the right hand in the examined burial reveals its military trophy origin. The male skull possesses Caucasian features with a weakened horizontal facial profile. The morphological features of the skull from the Tau cemetery have analogies in the synchronous population of Western Kazakhstan, Southern Urals and Lower Volga regions. The skull pathology analysis showed the presence of periodontitis, intravital trauma to the frontal bone, as well as some acute sinusitis signs.

The anthropological composition of the population buried at the cemetery of the Scythian Age near Svitlovodsk city (Kirovograd region) is analyzed in the paper. The burial ground is located on the border of the Forest-Steppe and Steppe Zones of the Right Bank of the Dnieper. The anthropological material under study comes from cemetery without mounds. Archaeologists date the main massif of burials to the 4th century BC. The anthropological composition of the population that was buried at this burial ground was not homogenous. The male series of skulls is characterized by a long, medium-wide, high, dolichocranic skull. The face is of medium size, it is mesognathic. The horizontal profile of the face at the upper level is medium, but with a tendency to the sharp; at the middle level, the face is strongly profiled. The orbital and nasal indexes are medium. The bones of the nose are moderately protruding. The average characteristics of the male population fit into the range of variations of the Scythian series. The male series belongs morphologically and statistically to the circle of the steppe Scythian groups. The male group from the burial ground near the city of Svitlovodsk is close to the series from the Nikolaevka burial ground on the Dnister River, the group of skulls from the burial mounds near the village of Shirokoe (Left Bank of the Dnieper River), the group of skulls from the burial mounds near the village of Vyshchetarassivka, a series of skulls from the Mykhailivka burial ground. Of the forest-steppe series, only the combined group of skulls from the Trypillya region is somewhat close to it. All these statistically and morphologically similar groups originate from different territories. This illustrates the specifics of the settlement and demonstrates the mobility of the Scythian groups. The female series from the burial ground is characterized by a long, narrow, medium-high skull, mesocranic in shape. The size of the face is small, it is mesognathic. The horizontal profile of the face at the upper level is moderate, at the zygomaxilar level it belongs to the category of sharp, but with a tendency to moderate. The orbital index is medium, the nasal index belongs to the large category. The bones of the nose are medium protruding. The female series from Svitlovodsk burial ground turns out to be the most gracile among the Scythian series in Ukraine. For this reason, it differs significantly from the entire massif of the steppe Scythian series. The closest to the Svitlovodsk series is a group from mounds near Nikopol.

Cemetery of Chernyakhiv culture near the Velyka Buhaivka village was excavated in 1995—2005 by an expedition of O. V. Petrauskas and R. G. Shishkin. During the excavations the anthropological material was obtained. The male series is characterized by a medium-long, narrow, medium-high, dolichocranial cranium. The face is short, narrow, mesognathic. Horizontal face profiling is sharp. Orbits are medium high, the nose is medium wide. The angle of the nasal bones is on the border of medium and large values. The nose is of medium height. According to the results of statistical analysis, the group from Velyka Buhaivka is close to the series from the cemeteries of Romashki, Kurnyky, Ranzheve. The group is closer to the series of Welbark culture Maslomench, Grudek, a bit closer to the Welbark mixed series of the Lower Vistula, than to individual series of Chernyakhiv culture from the territory of Ukraine. The female group is characterized by a long, medium-wide on the border with a wide, medium-high, dolichokranny cranium. The face is medium-wide and medium-high, orthognathic. The orbits were medium high, the nose was medium wide. Horizontal profiling of the face at the upper level is on the border of sharp and moderate, its profiling at the zygomaxillary level is sharp. The angle of the nasal bones is medium, the epiglottis is medium high. According to the results of the analysis, the women’s series from Velyka Buhaivka is closest to the women from Chernyakhiv, Zhuravka, Popivka. From the groups of Polish Welbark culture the mixed group of Slovinsko-Drawska is close to the women from Velyka Buhaivka. The dolichocranium narrow-faced type was dominant in people buried by inhumation. It is recorded in the people buried in the graves accompanied by the grave goods of the phase C2, C2—C3, D1. This type is present both in burials directed with the head to the North, and to the West.

Surgical accesses through the middle cranial fossa (MCF) and their variations require the surgeons a detailed understanding of a complex anatomy of this site of the inner base of the skull (IBS) and an individual anatomical variability of the anatomical landmarks often used in their medical practice. The aim of this study is to establish individual anatomical variability of the longitudinal dimensions of MCF of mature age human. The research was carried out by studying 50 craniotomograms and 50 bone preparations of mature age human skulls with their further subdivision to extreme types of skulls groups. The examinations of the main longitudinal parameters were done for detailed MCF craniometry, namely: MCF lateral cranial length, MCF general length, MCF medial areas length. It was determined that all longitudinal dimensions increase from brachicephales to dolichocephales. This is due to the fact that for brachicrans (round-headedness) short form of the skull is inherent, for dolichocrans (narrow-headedness) – long and for mesocrans (moderate-headedness) average head size is inherent. According to the received data, MCF longitudinal parameters of mature age human regardless of the extreme types of the skull structure have the tendency to increase from medial sections of the investigated area to lateral. The results of this study substantially complete the existing information about the individual anatomical variability of MCF of mature age human and also make it possible to deeply use this data in practical medicine and for further research in morphology and in craniology in details.

We have examined 942 skulls from the collections of the Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology (13 craniological collections of the Arctic groups). We have analyzed the total frequency of HFI, used a comparative intergroup analysis, and evaluated the degree of HFI expression and the distribution of the trait according to sex and age. Univariate nonparametric statistics was applied. Results. It was found that the rate of HFI in the Arctic groups is much lower than in other groups of modern Eurasian and American populations. In the combined series, HFI was equally represented in both males and females. However, according to the age distribution, the male and female groups are different. HFI was more frequent in males in the Adultus and Maturus groups and in the Senilis group in females. Discussion. The significantly lower frequency of HFI in the Arctic series relative to the other modern groups show us a low level of metabolic disorders in the Arctic population and a good adaptation to the type of nutrition and living in extreme conditions. The obtained data show the predominance of the trait in the groups of mature and elderly women, and the appearance of HFI of different severity in men regardless of the age category. Probably, in the Arctic samples in women, HFI identifies metabolic disorders due to normal hormonal changes in women aging. HFI should be considered as an indicator of the presence of metabolic disorders in young and mature age in Arctic men group.

This article is dedicated to the publication and the comparative analysis of 11 – 12 centuries Pereiaslavl (modern name Pereiaslav) cranial series found during excavations by D. Samokvasov (1877), V. Shcherbakivskyi (1914), and a permanent archaeological expedition of the National Historical and Ethnographic Reserve «Pereyaslav» under the leadership of M. Tovkailo (2004 – 2007), D. Teteria (2008 – 2012), M. Rozdobudko (2014 – 2016), O. Priadko (2015 – 2019). The purpose of the article is to introduce a new material into scientific domain, provide a general description of Pereiaslav population of 11th – 12th cent. on the background of neighboring ethnic groups from Ukraine and Eastern Europe (synchronistic method), determine the distance between separate cranial series of 11th – 12th cent. with the help of multidimensional canonical and cluster analysis, and to find out the place of 11th – 12th cent. Pereiaslav male population in the system of craniological types of Eastern Europe. This paper attempts to apply two typological approaches to the researched group. The methodology of the research. The research is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity, general scientific (analysis and synthesis), historical (comparative-historical), anthropological and statistical methods were used. The skulls were measured according to the full craniometric program using the standard R. Martin method, according to which the numbering of signs was indicated. Computer software developed by B. Kozintsev and O. Kozintsev in 1991 has been used in the research. 14 craniometric traits defined by R. Martin have been involved into the study. Scientific novelty of the work is that for the first time, the general male Old Rus selection of Pereiaslav town including 59 skulls has been created. According to the craniometric trait average value, the male part of the series can be classified as dolichocranic Caucasoid variant with moderately broad face. It has been proved that after uniting two male craniological groups from Pereiaslav, its representatives, according to typological scheme by T. Alekseeva, belong to dolichocranic, middle size face craniological type. This is the same type where Siverians, Dregoviches, Smolensk Krivichs, and Radimichs belong to. Grounding on V. Diachenko typology, the male group can be classified to some extend as Neopontic craniological type. Conclusion. The comparison of the male researched group from 11th – 12th cent. with synchronic series from Old Rus territory with the help of multidimensional canonical and cluster analysis has shown its similarity to town series from Liubech, Halych and to less extend Chernihiv.

Background The range of normal variation of growth and development of the craniofacial region is of direct clinical interest but incompletely understood. Here we develop a statistical model of craniofacial growth and development to compare craniofacial ontogeny between age groups and sexes and pilot an approach to modeling that is relatively straightforward to apply in the context of clinical research and assessment. Methods The sample comprises head surface meshes captured using a 3dMD five-camera system from 65 males and 47 females (range 3-20 years) from the Headspace project, Liverpool, UK. The surface meshes were parameterized using 16 anatomical landmarks and 59 semilandmarks on curves and surfaces. Modes and degrees of growth and development were assessed and compared among ages and sexes using Procrustes based geometric morphometric methods. Results Regression analyses indicate that 3-10 year olds undergo greater changes than 11-20 year olds and that craniofacial growth and development differs between these age groups. The analyses indicate that males extend growth allometrically into larger size ranges, contributing substantially to adult dimorphism. Comparisons of ontogenetic trajectories between sexes find no significant differences, yet when hypermorphosis is accounted for in the older age group there is a significant residual sexual dimorphism. Conclusions The study adds to knowledge of how adult craniofacial form and sexual dimorphism develop. It was carried out using readily available software which facilitates replication of this work in diverse populations to underpin clinical assessment of deformity and the outcomes of corrective interventions.

This paper is dedicated to discussion of craniological materials obtained from Berezovsky 5 burial mound in the southern Trans-Urals during archaeological excavations in 1994. The mound necropolis dates back to the Late Bronze Age (14th to 13th сс. BC) and relates to the Kozhumberdy stage in the Alakul development line of the Andronovo cultural community. Three researched skulls, two of them male and one female, originate from mound 6 of this burial site. The dental system of a young woman has undergone severe wear as a result of work activity. The craniological research of the female skull using Heincke formula made it possible to tentatively judge about its morphological affinity to skulls from the Laimberdy burial site and a combined skull set of the Akakul culture from the Trans-Urals. Basing on the female skull we have performed a graphic reconstruction of her appearance full face. The female skull shows some Mongoloid traits. Two male skulls failed to preserve their facial skeletons, except for braincases. The indicators of facial skeleton flattening at the orbital level can also testify to the presence of the Mongoloid component in their craniological type.

Article is devoted to studying of bone remains from antique burial grounds from the territory of the Armenian Highland. Anthropological materials of burials consist of 322 skeletons and dated I–III c. AD. The article analyzes the differences in anthropological characteristics of urban and rural population of Armenia of Antiquity period. The work is based on classical craniometric and statistical research methods. Artificial cranial deformationare and unintended deformation of a cradle-type found among urban and rural populations. As an intragroup analysis showed, the main differences between male urban and rural population across the size of the width of the frontal bone and face. If the villagers face orthognatic, angle of horizontal profiling at the top level enters the category of averages, in urban women face mezognatik, the angle of horizontal profiling is characterized by small values. Intergroup analysis showed, closest to urban male groups it turned out the tribes of Chernyakhov culture and the population of the Middle East. A male part of the villagers shows intimacy with Scythians of Crimea, Ukraine and Transnistria. The female part of the towns’ people is close with the Scythians of Ukraine and Crim; villagers are morphologically similar to the carriers of the Middle Sarmatian cultures of the Don region, with a population of the first centuries AD from Tanais, European and Asian Bosporus. Morphological analogies with the population of Northern Turkmenistan (Tumek-Kichidzhik), Western Ukraine (Chernyakhov culture), Middle Dnieper and Moldova (Scythians) were also revealed. This circumstance confirms the fact of sustainable, constant migration flow to the territory of the Armenian Highlands.

Item does not contain fulltext Whereas some of Gall's critics were quick to assail his organology as materialistic and fatalistic, others questioned his methods and scientific assumptions, especially his craniological tenets. The idea that the skull does not faithfully reflect the features of small, underlying brain areas was repeatedly brought up in the scientific debates. Critics pointed to the frontal sinuses above the eye orbits as evidence for the interior and exterior plates of the cranium not being in parallel - hence, for several or many phrenological organs being unknowable. This article traces the origins of the frontal sinus arguments and how Gall, Spurzheim, and later phrenologists responded to it. It reveals how the two sides fought and remained divided about the significance of the sinuses throughout the nineteenth century - that is, on whether the frontal sinus "problem" was an insurmountable obstacle or one that was merely an inconvenience. 34 p.

Contains fulltext : 219420.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Just a few weeks before his death in 1828, Franz Joseph Gall, the father of what others would later call phrenology, wrote a letter to an unknown person, presumably a fellow physician. The manuscript describes the case of girl, 19 months of age. The girl's skull showed marked deformations consistent with what would be called craniosynostosis or Crouzon('s) syndrome by physicians today. Gall related some clinical features of her case and suggested some treatment options. This case report is particularly interesting because it is almost 200 years old, predates Crouzon's description of the syndrome by 84 years, and shows that Gall was still involved with treating patients, even in his final year. 12 p.

Craniology of the Population of the Upper Left Bank of the Kuban River in VIII-XII centuries. Craniological materials of a number of burials from Western Alanya of the early medieval time are studied in the article. It also presents the archaeological attribution of these burials and the results of new multivariate statistical analyses. New comparative materials are employed in the study; the buried people are attributed to urban population.

Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835-1910), the American humorist and author better known as Mark Twain, was skeptical about clairvoyance, supernatural entities, palm reading, and certain medical fads, including phrenology. During the early 1870s, he set forth to test phrenology-and, more specifically, its reliance on craniology-by undergoing two head examinations with Lorenzo Fowler, an American phrenologist with an institute in London. Twain hid his identity during his first visit, but not when he returned as a new customer three months later, only to receive a very different report about his humor, courage, and so on. He described his experiences in a short letter written in 1906 to a correspondent in London, in humorous detail in a chapter that appeared in a posthumous edition of his autobiography, and in The Secret History of Eddypus, the World Empire, a work of fiction involving time travel, which he began to write around 1901 but never completed. All three versions of Twain's phrenological ploy are presented here with commentary to put his descriptions in perspective.

The article deals with the features of human skulls of 10—12 cent. from a mound burial ground in Hushchyn village (Chernihiv region). The author has studied 19 skulls found during the excavations in 1872 and 1983. The male series are mesocranial according to cranial index in the mean. The otic height is moderate. The face is mesognatic, moderately wide and relatively low according to absolute measurements, highly profiled horizontally on upper and middle levels. The upper facial index indicates that it belongs to mesen. The orbits are moderately wide and low, moderate according to the index (mesoconchia). The nose is moderately wide with big projection angle and moderately high nasal bridge. Its index relates to mesorhynia. The male series from Hushchyn belongs to mesodolichocranic class with moderately wide face together with Polians of Chernihiv, Pereiaslav and Kyiv. Female series is mesocranic. The longitudinal diameter of brain case is big. The transversal diameter is moderate. The forehead is straight and moderately wide. The face is orthognatic, moderately wide, highly profiled horizontally. Its upper height is small. The orbits are moderately high. The nasal foramen is moderately wide. The nose protrudes strongly and has high nasal bridge. Female series belongs to mesocranic class with moderately wide face together with Poliany from Kyiv. Therefore, craniological type of women and men from the probed rural group is similar. The male group from Hushchyn is partially similar to the population of Southern Rus from Avtunychi, Zhelny and Halych.

Earlier studies of the linear characteristics of the parameters of the skull demonstrate the lack of a unified point of view on this issue. The current level of development of practical medicine requires morphometric accuracy in determining the shapes, spatial location and dimensional characteristics of the craniofacial complex parameters. The search for the most informative features using new technical and statistical methods is one of the current trends in modern craniology. The purpose of the study is to identify the variability of the morphometric linear parameters of the facial section of the skull, taking into account the craniological type. The article presents the morphometric characteristics of the linear parameters of the facial section of the skull of persons of mature age of both sexes. The work was carried out taking into account the craniological type. The presence of sexual dimorphism with prevalence of indicators on male preparations was found for the length and width parameters of the facial section of the skull only on mesocranic type skulls, for the parameters of the upper and middle depths of the facial section of the skull - only on mesocranic and dolichocranic type skulls. A sign of stability of indicators was established for indicators of the dents-alveolar part of the upper and lower jaw, the height of the lower jaw, the upper and middle depths of the facial section of the skull on preparations of the brachycranic type and the upper height of the facial section of the skull on preparations of the mesocranic type. Thus, the presence of sexual dimorphism with prevailing indicators on male preparations, depending on the type of skull, is proved.

The authors examine the anthropological materials of the Sintashta and related cultures of the finale of the middle – the beginning of the late Bronze Age. Theoretical aspects of the problem of morphogenesis in these populations are presented in connection with archeological and genetic studies. The practical part is devoted to the analysis of new craniological sources from the burials of the Sintashta-Abashevo chronological horizon of the forest-steppe Urals. The materials of the collective burial near the village of Malojuldashevo and the burial ground Krasikovo I of the Orenburg region have being published for the first time. The authors determine the place of these populations among the synchronous forms of the Urals and the Volga region. Anthropological heterogeneity of the population has been shown and the prospect of joint archeological-anthropological and genetic studies for the reconstruction of processes of culturogenesis and morphogenesis is considered.

The excavation of Merovingian-period cemeteries in France began in earnest in the 1830s spurred by industrialization, the creation of many new antiquarian societies across the country, and French nationalism. However, the professionalization of the discipline of archaeology occurred slowly due to the lack of formal training in France, weak legal protections for antiquities, and insufficient state funding for archaeological endeavors. This chapter identifies the implications of the central place occupied by cemeterial excavations up until the mid-twentieth century and its impact on broader discussions in France of national origins and ethnic identity. In more recent years, with the creation of archaeological agencies such as Afan and Inrap, the central place once occupied by grave remains has been diminished. Rescue excavations and private funding for new structures have brought about a shift to other priorities and research questions, with both positive and negative consequences, though cemeteries remain an important source of evidence for our understanding of Merovingian society.

Discusses a poem by Thomas Hood (1799-1845), "Craniology," which is a paradigmatic example of parodying psychological faculties for being material things. Franz Joseph Gall's (1758 -1828) term for organology was schädellehre, a German compound from schädel (skull, cranium, or pate) and lehre (teaching or doctrine). Craniology was used by some of Gall's followers, but mostly his critics; phrenology was coined in 1815 by Thomas Forster. In "Craniology," his Horatian-exemplar poem, Hood ridicules Gall's materialism. The present author notes Gall's idea that there were both intellectual and emotional faculties, which resonates well with contemporary cognitive neuroscience models of the mind. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The paper features the results of an intragroup and intergroup analysis of all presently available craniological materials on nomads from the Altai Mountains of the Hun-Sarmatian period (Bulan-Koby archaeological culture, 2nd century B.C. – 5th century A.D.). A craniometric analysis of 75 male and 38 female skulls indicates a general Europeoid character of the physical appearance of the Bulan-Koby community at all stages of its development. Its composition is mainly represented by the Caucasian morphological component with traces of Mongoloid elements: meso-brachicranial with a wide moderately profiled face of an average height in combination with an average nose protrusion angle. A comparative intergroup analysis involving male craniological series from the territory of Southern Siberia and Central Asia of the Early Iron Age revealed two primary vectors of probable genetic relations of the nomads from the Altai Mountains of the Hun-Sarmatian period. The first vector is associated with the preceding local (Pazyryk) population. The second vector featuring a wide range of nomadic groups from the Eurasian steppes at the turn of the centuries is mainly represented by carriers of the Caucasian meso-brachicranial morphotype with various degrees of Mongoloid traces.

We describe an unusual triple burial in southern Bashkiria, dating to 100–400 AD. Its peculiarity is that the two males had been buried on the step of the entrance pit in unusual postures—prone with their knees pulled to the chins. A woman buried in the undercut lay in a normal (supine) posture. The prone position of the dead is quite rare at Late Sarmatian cemeteries, and flexed burials are exceptional. The anthropological examination revealed that the physical types of the buried persons were different: while all of them were narrow-faced Caucasoids, the features of one male, unlike those of other persons, indicate Mongoloid admixture. All the individuals are similar to those buried at Pokrovka-10, a Late Sarmatian cemetery in the Orenburg Region. Graphical reconstructions of the appearance of one male and the woman were made. The postcranial skeletons of all individuals reveal multiple pathologies. To explain the unusual burial rite, we discuss various possibilities, such as that the bodies of the males had been tied up to counter the evil that they might inflict; that they had been sacrificed; or that they all had died of a fulminant infectious disease. The uniqueness of the burial prevents us from selecting one of these options. The humble status of the males may illustrate the words of Ammianus Marcellinus about the maltreatment of the elderly among the Alans.

This thesis demonstrates results of a comparison of new published craniological data of the East Manych catacomb culture population (Middle Bronze Age, North-Western Caspian region), of the funeral rites and the artifacts’ assortments in the burials of this culture and the types of decoration of incense burners - the special ceramic vessel. At least the more frequent appearance of incense burners in burials of individuals with an artificial deformation of the head (both men and women) is detected. Any other combinations of craniological and archaeological features are doubtful. The comparison of incense burners’s decoration and attributes funeral rite demonstrates the correlation of point type of décor and more frequent use of bronze knives and piercers.

A small sample of paleoanthropological materials from the burial grounds Buchta Nakhodka 2 and Yumadoto 1 in the Yamal Peninsula (Yamal district of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Tyumen Region) has been studied in order to specify the nature of intra-group and inter-population variability. The morphological features of the skulls indicate their belonging to the eastern Mongoloid anthropological formation, but in terms of the nasal bridge structure, they at the same time tend to the western Caucasoid population. According to the results of multidimensional statistics, despite a high individual variability typical of the modern species of Homo sapiens, the range of variability observed in the materials from the burial grounds Buchta Nakhodka 2 and Yumadoto 1 is not beyond the scope of the inter-group variability typical of the Northern Samodians. A more representative sample of this ethnic group has been formed on this basis, which is taxonomically included in the Yamalo-Enisey group of populations of the West Siberian anthropological formation. Authors’ contribution: A.N. Bagashev and S.M. Slepchenko have made measurements of skulls, analyzed the obtained data and have written the paper; O.V. Kardash has carried out archaeological excavations of the burial ground Bukhta Nakhodka 2 and has co-written the paper.

The article considers Goethe’s engagement with the doctrines of Franz Joseph Gall, the founder of phrenology. Using the sketch of their first face-to-face meeting in the Tag- und Jahresheft...

Cranial bones of the plesiosaurus Abyssosaurus nataliae Berezin, 2011 from the Upper Hauterivian (Lower Cretaceous) of Chuvashia are described. It differs from other known Cryptoclididae in the evident pedomorphic characters in the skull structure. The skull is strongly hypertrophic; the visceral part is shortened relative to its large occipital region; the orbits are enlarged, the lower jaw is narrow. The jugal is well developed, positioned vertically, and borders most of the posterior orbital wall. This skull structure is evidence of deepwater mode of life. The species diagnosis is revised.

The paper analyzes the anthropological materials of Tankeevka burial ground (9th–10th centuries A.D.) obtained throughout the entire study period. A total of 61 male and 56 female skulls were studied on the basis of the craniological program. In terms of craniometry, the male and female skulls are generally characterized by the meso brachicranal shape of the head, the mesomorphic type of the face with moderate profiling at all levels, and by the average nose protrusion angle. In terms of anthropology, the series is Caucasian, but features an inclusion of a minor fraction of the Mongoloid component. An intragroup analysis of the series revealed several craniocomplexes in its composition mainly varying by the shape of the cranium and the manifestation degree of Caucasian features. A comparative intergroup analysis of the male series dating back to the turn of epochs and the early Middle Ages demonstrated that the formation of anthropological features of the Tankeevka population could have been established with the involvement of the “local” groups of the Volga-Ural genesis, as well as the “alien” groups of the Southern and South-Western origin.

In this paper, we present a study of craniological materials collected in the Psebeps 3, Kabardinka and Tserkovnaya shchel’ medieval grave fields (Krasnodar Krai, Russia). The Psebeps 3 grave field (10 male and 5 female skulls), belonging to the Adyghe people (Circassians), dates to the 14th–15th centuries. The Kabardinka grave field (11 male and 4 female skulls), also correlating with the Adyghes, dates to the 14th–15th centuries. The Tserkovnaya shchel’ grave field (3 male and 3 female skulls), dating to the 17th–18th centuries, was a burial site of the Adyghe tribes. All the skulls are characterized by the Caucasoid craniological complex and a significant typological diversity within this complex. On the basis of intragroup analysis, a graph was drawn that places the skulls from the Psebeps 3 and Kabardinka grave fields on its right and left sides, respectively. This discrepancy is likely to result from a difference in these series, although they both represent culturally related population groups. Following the results of the intergroup analysis of the male series, the graph depicts two clusters. The first cluster features the Pyatigorsk, Natukhai, Kazazovo 1, Moshchevaya Balka, Gamovskoe Ushchelie, Psebeps 3 and Tserkovnaya shchel’ groups. The second cluster includes the Black Sea, Shapsugs, Kazazovo 2 and Kabardinka groups. The Circassian group is located on the graph separately from the aforementioned groups. The graph representing the results of the intergroup analysis of the female series shows the Psebeps 3, Kazazovo 2, Tserkovnaya shchel’ and Natukhai groups to be located on the left, the Pyatigorsk, Shapsugs, Kabardian, Black Sea and Moshchevaya Balka groups to be in the centre, while the Circassian group is located separately. In the distribution of the series, the separate position of the Circassian group stands out; this is likely to be a result of Mongoloid admixture in the territory of the Adyghe settlements recorded in the territory of Circassia. The cluster bringing together the series from the Black Sea, Kazazovo 2, Kabardinka and Shapsug groups can also be quite logically explained by the fact that all these populations belong to the Adyghes. In the third cluster, the new materials are in good agreement with the facts demonstrating the transformation of the anthropological variation typical of the skulls from Moshchevaya Balka and Kazazovo 1 towards that typical of the skulls from the Pyatigorsk group. It is interesting that the Psebeps 3 series originating from the territory of traditional Natukhai settlements demonstrate a convergence with the third cluster containing the Natukhai series.

Some researchers pointed out that the anthropological originality of some native groups of Western Siberia was formed as a result of late metisation processes that occurred in modern times. Judging by historical and ethnolinguistic data, one of such peoples is the Northern Selkups, who moved to the Upper Taz River basin in the XVII century for political, economic and, possibly, environmental reasons. Paleoontropological data can be an important source for solving the issue of their origin. The article is dedicated to the analysis of the craniological collection from Kikki-Akki burial, received in 2013 and replenished in 2016. The cranial characteristic of this group is reduced to a combination of the following features: a low subdolichocranial skull, a slightly flattened medium-wide and medium-high mesoprozopic face, a flat nose and a very small nasal protrusion angle. The intra-group variability of the male part of the series was studied. In terms of the degree of internal morphological similarity, two groups were singled out in the population under consideration. The first were mesocranial skulls with a mo-derate protrusion medium-high face (8 individuals), the second were subdolichocranial skulls with a flattened low face (5 individuals). It has been established that the Selkups from the Narym River area are indeed the ancestors of the Selkups from the Upper Taz River region, but their physical appearance changed over a short period of time (200–300 years) because of migration to the north. According to its anthropological type, male population of the Upper Taz River region in the XVIII–XIX centuries became as close as possible to the Eastern Khanty. However, it was possible to find in their anthropological structure features of the morphotype associated in genesis with the Selkups from the Narym River region. Formation of the anthropological originality of the Selkups from the Upper Taz River region proceeded with an active metisation of these two components belonging to one West Siberian formation. However, biological connections of the Northern Selkups with the ancestral group from the Narym River region apparently weakened by the XVIII-XIX centuries, and the Ugric component became dominant. A different situation is observed in the female population from the Upper Taz River region. They clearly have both basic components, with a slight predominance of the Southern Samoyedic.

The article presents preliminary results of an anthropological research of human bone remains, obtained during excavations of medieval monuments on the territory of the Republic of Armenia. Cases of deliberate artificial modifications of skulls and unintentional cradle deformations were observed. Two unusual shapes (triangular, circular) of gaskets on the occipital bone in the individuals with frontal-occipital deformation were found. An individual from Burakn with artificial modification of the skull is characterized by a static asymmetry of the skull, the facial skeleton and the dental system. Craniological data indicates a heterogeneous anthropological composition of the population. A specific set of characteristics close to the Caucasion type were present among the inhabitants of Hovhannavank in the Late Middle Age. Results of the intergroup statistical analysis identified close morphological affinities between the Middle Age skulls from Armenia with groups from Southern and North-Western Caucasus, Iran, Mesopotamia. This article also analyzes morphological features of the postcranial skeleton. Muscular relief оn bones was very well developed in the vast majority of cases.

This article characterizes extensive craniological and osteological materials from Miankal, the site located in the Samarkand region, the central part of the Big Sogd. A review of anthropological and archaeological data on the population having resided in the aforementioned province is given for a lengthy historical period from antiquity, through the Late Middle Ages and up to the present time. The majority of the collections are presented for the first time in their full size. The article reviews the epochal dynamics of main craniological characteristics and indicators. A comparative analysis of the Miankal series with all other Big Sogd series is performed in terms of important morphological and paleodemographic indicators. The main morphological complexes having existed in ancient, Middle Age and close to the present time populations are described. A certain morphological peculiarity of the Miankal groups is shown. These groups are described in terms of intergroup differences and in comparison with the other Sogd population. The relationship vectors of the Miankal populations with those of the Central (Samarkand), Western (Bukhara) and Southern (Kaskadarya) Sogd are demonstrated for different historical periods. A suggestion is made that Miankal, being part of the Central Sogd, was also populated by groups from the Western and Southern Sogd, as well as from other historical and cultural geographical regions, such as the Central Kyzylkum, the Sarikamish region, the lower Syrdarya. In addition, according to archaeologists, this region might have been populated by immigrants from Kangju.

The article is devoted to anniversary of Svetlana G. Efimova – the famous Russian craniologist, an expert on the physical anthropology of ancient and modern population of the Volga-Ural region. The authors present the milestones of the biography of the researcher, the important events of her scientific career, most of which are associated with the Anuchin Institute and Museum of Anthropology (Lomonosov Moscow State University). The authors also analyze the scientific works of Svetlana G. Efimova, primarily characterized by her articles on the craniology of the medieval population of Volga Bulgaria. Attention is drawn to her fundamental treatises on the craniology of the Europepeoples and especially – peoples of Russian plains, on methodological innovations in the field of craniophenetics and biometrics, contained in her publications.

This article describes an attempt of the comparison between data assembled by archaeologists and physical anthropologists relating to group burials in earth catacombs of the Eastern Necropolis at Scythian Neapolis. A coincidence was identified between variability trends in craniometric and some archaeological features. This was interpreted as evidence for the presence in the urban population of at least two initial groups of different origin, which preserved certain differences in some of the details of the funerary rite used.

This paper addresses the history, composition and scientific value of one of the most comprehensive facemask collections in Africa, the Raymond A. Dart Collection of African Life and Death Masks. Housed within the School of Anatomical Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand (South Africa), it comprises 1110 masks (397 life, 487 death, 226 unknown). Life masks represent populations throughout Africa; death masks predominately southern Africa. Males preponderate by 75%. Recorded ages are error prone, but suggest most life masks are those of35 year-olds, death masks of 36+ year-olds. A total of 241 masks have associated skeletons, 209 presenting a complete skull. Life masks date between 1927 and c.1980s, death masks 1933 and 1963. This historical collection presents uncanny associations with outmoded typological and evolutionary theories. Once perceived an essential scientific resource, performed craniofacial superimpositions identify the nose as the only stable feature maintained, with the remaining face best preserved in young individuals with minimal body fat. The facemask collection is most viable for teaching and research within the history of science, specifically physical anthropology, and presents some value to craniofacial identification. Future research will have to be conducted with appropriate ethical considerations to science and medicine.

This article explores the importance of the Derbyshire antiquarian Thomas Bateman in the context of mid-nineteenth-century debates about ethnology, craniology, and archaeological chronology. New information on the relationship between Bateman and the authors ofCrania Britannica, Joseph Barnard Davis and John Thurnam, is brought to light thanks to unpublished archival material from the Sheffield Museums and the Royal Anthropological Institute.Crania Britannicawas the first publication of British national skull types from prehistory to the Anglo-Saxon period. The publication employed the techniques of craniology—the systematic study of head types—as a chronological tool. Indeed, craniology is often seen as the mechanism by which the Three Age System was initially received in Britain and Ireland. Here, Bateman's involvement in the publication and his own theories on the development of the past with regard to cranial sequencing and archaeological chronology are explored in greater detail.

Contains fulltext : 214568.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Most of what was known about Franz Joseph Gall's (1758-1828) organology or Schädellehre prior to the 1820s came from secondary sources, including letters from correspondents, promotional materials, brief newspaper articles about his lecture-demonstrations, and editions and translations of some lengthier works of varying quality in German. Physician Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus (1776-1827) practiced in Vienna's General Hospital in 1797-1798; attended some of Gall's public lectures; and, in 1801-1802, became one of the first physicians to provide detailed reports on Gall's emerging organology in French and English, respectively. Although Bojanus considered the human mind to be indivisible and did not entirely agree with Gall’s assumption that the brain consists of a number of independent organs responsible for various faculties, he provided valuable information and thoughtful commentary on Gall's views. Furthermore, he defended Gall against the charge that his sort of thinking would lead to materialism and cautiously predicted that the new system would be fruitful for developing and stimulating important new research about the brain and mind. Bojanus became a professor of zoology in 1806 and a professor of comparative anatomy in 1814 at Vilnius University, where, among other accomplishments, he established himself as a founder of modern veterinary medicine and a pioneer of pre-Darwinian and pre-Lamarckian evolutionism. 19 p.

В статье приводятся результаты комплексного палеоантропологического исследования скелетного материала из поверхностных слоев с некрополя Дейр-эль-Банат. Костные находки не имеют четкой привязки к периодам формирования некрополя (греко-римское — раннекоптское время). Население, похороненное на могильнике Дейр-эль-Банат, скорее всего, не было однородным. Большей неоднородностью характеризуются женщины изученной выборки. Краниологически это население относится к средиземноморскому антропологическому варианту. Данное население имело рост немного выше среднего, причем мужская часть популяции была более разнообразна в ростовых параметрах. Отмечаются довольно слабое развитие мускульной компоненты и в основном преобладающий грудно-мускульный вариант конституции. Ряд патологических изменений говорит о недостаточности питания в целом и нехватке кальция в пище в частности. Травматические проявления очень редки., The article presents results of a comprehensive paleoanthropological study of skeletal material found in the surface layers on the necropolis of Deir el-Banat. The material is not clearly linked to the chronological periods of the necropolis formation (Greco-Roman — Early Coptic time). The population buried on the Deir el-Banat necropolis, most likely, was not homogeneous. The women of the studied group are characterized by greater heterogeneity. Craniologically, this population belongs to the Mediterranean anthropological variant. This population had growth slightly above average, and the male part of the population was more diverse in growth parameters. There is a rather weak development of the muscular component, and the pectoral-muscular variant of the constitution was prevailing. A number of pathological changes indicate malnutrition in general and a lack of calcium in food in particular. Traumatic manifestations are very rare.

Contains fulltext : 214524.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Franz Joseph Gall's (1758-1828) proposal for a new theory about how to represent the mental faculties is well known. He replaced the traditional perception-judgement-memory triad of abstract faculties with a set of 27 highly specific faculties, many of which humans share with animals. In addition, he argued that these faculties are dependent on specific cortical areas, these being his organs of mind. After several years of presenting his new views in Vienna, he was banned from lecturing for what he considered absurd reasons. The edict enticed him to make a scientific journey through the German states, both to present his ideas to targeted audiences and to collect more cases. This trip, started in 1805, was extended to include stops in Denmark, Holland, and Switzerland before finally ending in Paris in 1807. For the most part, Gall was received with great enthusiasm in what is now Germany, but there were some individuals who strongly opposed his anatomical discoveries and skull-based doctrine. In this article, we examine the concerns and arguments raised by Johann Gotlieb Walter in Berlin, Henrik Steffens in Halle, Jakob Fidelis Ackermann in Heidelberg, and Samuel Thomas Soemmerring in Munich, as well as how Gall responded to them. 20 p.

Objectives: We examine how dental sexual dimorphism develops in mandrills, an extremely sexually dimorphic primate. We aimed to (a) establish the chronology of dental development (odontochronology) in male and female mandrills, (b) understand interindividual and intersex variation in odontochronologies, and (c) determine how dental sexual dimorphism is achieved. Materials and Methods: We prepared histological ground sections from the permanent teeth of four female and four male mandrills from the semi‐free ranging colony at the Centre International de Recherches Medicales, Franceville, Gabon. We used the microscopic growth increments in the sections to create odontochronologies. We compared ages at crown initiation, crown formation times (CFT) and crown extension rates (CER) between individuals and sexes to assess interindividual and intersex variation. Results: All mandrill teeth are sexually dimorphic in size. Dental sexual dimorphism in mandrills is achieved via sex differences in the duration of growth (bimaturism) and in growth rates. We also found interindividual and intersex variation in the ages at initiation and completion of crown formation. Discussion: Our results show that the rate of ameloblast differentiation varies between individuals and that selection for both the age at tooth initiation and CER has occurred independently in males and females to ensure that the teeth develop at appropriate times relative to the growth of the sexually dimorphic jaws. They also show that canine dimorphism is achieved through differences in both CER and CFT, unlike extant great apes or Cantius . Given at least three mechanisms for achieving canine dimorphism, we need more information to trace the evolution of this trait in primates.

Up to the present time, a few craniological samples of the migration period from the Early Iron Age to the Middle Ages from the Lower Tobol river have been introduced in scientific circulation [Zolotareva, 1957; Bagashev, 2000; Poshekhonova et al., 2016]. In addition, there was no acces for observation of the morphology of the cranium of the buried, due to a widespread practice of artificial cranial deformation in that period. Accumulation of materials of the III–VI centuries AD from this region became necessary to form a general sample that would allow investigating its anthropological specificity. Some important conclusions were a result of an extensive comparison of the series with groups of Western Siberia and adjacent territories of the Early Iron Age — the Middle Ages. No doubt, the population that left the burial grounds in the Lower Tobol river basin in the III–VI centuries AD was multicomponent. Those characteristics, which related to the medieval inhabitants of the taiga regions of Western Siberia, and to the Mongoloid part of the population of the previous period predominate during the morphological stage of the study of the group [Bagashev, 2000, 2017]. The population characterized by low facial and cranial length, a minimal nasal protrusion angle and a medium profiled transference. The migration of the groups from the taiga zone to the south in the III–VI centuries AD is not excluded. The Caucasian component in the ge-neral sample from the Lower Tobol river, which is already registered as a minor impurity, is not clearly observed. As a result, it was established, as well as the Sargatka paleopopulation, which became a basis for the formation of the Early Medieval tribes. However, a biological mixing has led to a leveling of the features inherent in various components, they can no longer be correlated with any morphotype of the Early Iron Age. Also we cannot make a conclusion about the migration of the population in the III–VI centuries AD from Western Siberia to the Urals, although this assumption has been repeatedly described in archaeological literature [Matveeva, 2015; Rafikova, 2011]. There is no reason to assume large-scale advancement of groups from the south or east to the territory of the Tobol river during that period, despite the fact that it was demonstrated by an artefact (appearance of a superstratum nomadic component) [Matveeva, 2016].

Item does not contain fulltext Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828) introduced a new theory of mind and brain at the end of the eighteenth century, which he referred to as organology, dealing with mental functions and their cortical localizations. Gall wrote that observations regarding the verbal learning capacities of his schoolmates brought about his new way of thinking. This widely accepted view, however, requires qualification. Although Gall's experiences and observations as a schoolboy were relevant, especially for his craniology, these childhood memories might have been recalled and reinterpreted after he had started to think about the faculties of mind --- specifically after he had met Bianchi, a 5-year-old girl with a special talent for music. 9 p.

The article is dedicated to the study of the anthropological composition and origin of various groups of the ancient population of Armenia. Along with the paleoanthropological materials previously published by other researchers, the author studied new collections, gathered by various archaeological expeditions of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the National Academy of Sciences. We investigated a total number of 90 skulls of adult individuals of both sexes (57♂, 33♀). The new materials characterize the anthropological composition of the population of Lori, Shirak, Aragotsotni, Syunik regions of Armenia for the first time. The results of statistical analysis identified close affinities between the Transcaucasia samples and the samples from Southern Eastern Europe (Maikop, Lolinsk, Catacomb, Srubna cultures of the Fore Caucasus).

Newly excavated materials from Areni 1 cave allowed characterizing for the first time the anthropological composition of the Late Eneolithic inhabitants of Armenia. Based on anthropological and paleopathological data, physical features and disease pathology of the bones were analyzed. Results of the intergroup statistical analysis identified close morphological affinities between the Eneolithic skulls from Areni 1 with groups from Tepe Hissar II, Ginchi, Catal Huyuk, Alishar Huyuk and the bearers of the Kuro-Araxes from the Southern Caucasus. Their connection with bearers of the Maikop, Khvalynian, Pit-Grave and Catacomb cultures was also revealed. As for race and genetics, the Late Eneolithic inhabitants from Areni 1 cave, more probably, originate from the territory of the Middle East. Special treatment of the bones of the deceased is observed (polishing). Certain crania, mostly male, display traumatic lesions. Such markers of childhood stress as enamel hypoplasia and cribra orbitalia were found among individuals from Areni 1 cave. Exposure to cold coinciding with chronic staphylococcal and streptococcal foci was likely the major cause of otitis media. Auditory exostoses may indicate exposure to cold air and/or cold water, too. Unintentional deformation of the head (parietal and occipital) is found on the skulls, which is associated with social-domestic conditions.

This article discusses my practice as an artist and researcher examining the situation and significance of graves. First, in a site-specific installation at West Norwood Cemetery in South London, talking with visitors about whether it matters where human remains are deposited; secondly, in exhibitions at the Crypt Gallery St. Pancras and Lumen Crypt Gallery in Bethnal Green, presenting evidence of the historical circumstances in which human remains were appropriated from graves in the colonies, for the purposes of research into racial ‘science’ in museums during the late nineteenth century.

В мае 2010 года, во время строительных работ на территории Советской площади г. Пензы было обнаружено большое скопление человеческих костей. Эти кости принадлежали людям, проживавшим на территории города в конце XVII XVIII вв. Были исследованы черепа из этого скопления. Были выявлены морфологические особенности и степень морфологической гомогенности. Серия черепов была европеоидной. Наблюдалась небольшая морфологическая неоднородность. Краниологические данные пензенской серии были сопоставлены с материалами из других районов Восточной Европы. В целом, пензенская серия была сходной с черепами других русских серий. Однако в пензенской серии наблюдалась тенденция к уменьшению угла выступания носа. Это могло быть результатом участия в формировании населения Пензы представителей финно-угорских народов Поволжья.

With tooth attrition, the height of the alveolar crest does not increase to keep pace with active tooth eruption and the cemento-enamel junction-alveolar crest distance increases slightly with age in aboriginal skulls. But there is no atrophy of the alveolar bony margin. Some decrease in interalveolar height does occur. This does not necessarily mean that passive eruption with exposure of cementum is normal. Rather it is postulated that the epithelial attachment proliferates onto cementum, inhibiting alveolar crest addition, while the base of the gingival sulcus remains at the cemento-enamel junction. During the course of this investigation, it was found that the distance between the cemento-enamel junction and alveolar crest increased more rapidly with advancing wear in the lower molar region than in the upper. In the lower first molar region, the lingual distance was significantly greater than that between cemento-enamel junction and alveolar crest on the buccal aspect during each stage of wear. The size of the tooth, as reflected in the robustness index, had no influence on the processes or rate of active eruption, bone deposition at the alveolar crest, or measurements taken between cemento-enamel junction and alveolar crest.