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In this paper, we propose a method to judge the degree of the relationship closeness between system input variables and theoretical output through independence test, and apply this method to construct a hierarchical interval type-2 Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) fuzzy inference system. Interval type-2 TSK fuzzy inference systems have been applied in many fields. An interval type-2 fuzzy inference system, which is a special case of generalized type-2 fuzzy inference systems, can reduce the computational complexity of type-reduction and save computational cost. An hierarchical fuzzy system can further reduce the complexity of systems. However, it is found that, with the increase in data dimensions, the computational complexity and error of the system will increase. The system accuracy of a hierarchical fuzzy system is also found related to the order of its input variables. Variable selection can select meaningful input variables to decrease input space dimensions, and sort the input variables in some way. This paper proposes a variable selection and sorting method based on independence test. Firstly, input variables data and theoretical output data are classified and contingency tables are established. Chi-square statistics of the contingency tables are calculated for independence test, and input variables that are not independent of theoretical output are selected. Then, the total inertia of the contingency tables is calculated to represent the degree of the relationship closeness between input variables and theoretical output. According to the total inertia, the input variables are sorted and entered the system in order. The proposed method and the model built by the method are tested by dealing with regression problems. By comparing the proposed method on several types of systems, the hierarchical interval type-2 TSK inference system shows a better performance. Then the model is compared with other advanced fuzzy models and non-fuzzy models. Experiments show that its performance is better than the rest.

OBJECTIVE To compare the prevalence of participants meeting different patient-reported criteria for early osteoarthritis (OA) illness after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). METHODS Participants completed the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcomes Score (KOOS) at a single time-point at 5.0-7.9 months post-ACLR. We used established KOOS subscale criteria (i.e., Luyten_Original and Englund_Original) to define patient-reported early OA illness. A two-by-two contingency table and McNemar's test were used to compare the prevalence of participants that met the Luyten_Original versus Englund_Original KOOS criteria for early OA illness. These analyses were repeated using KOOS subscale thresholds based on established population-specific patient acceptable symptom state (PASS) within the Luyten and Englund KOOS criteria (i.e., Luyten_PASS and Englund_PASS). RESULTS A greater prevalence of participants with ACLR met the Luyten_Original criteria (n=165, 54%) compared to those who met the Englund_Original criteria (n=128, 42%; χ2 =19.3, p

In this paper we provide a deterministic fully polynomial time approximation scheme (FPTAS) for counting two-rowed contingency tables that is faster than any either deterministic or randomized approximation scheme for this problem known to date. Our FPTAS is derived via a somewhat sophisticated usage of the method of K -approximation sets and functions introduced by Halman et al. (2009).

Perilaku prososial penduduk Indonesia pada tahun 2017 mengalami penurunan dibandingkan tahun 2016. Penurunan ini diikuti dengan meningkatnya perilaku agresifitas di Indonesia pada tahun 2017. Jika hal ini tidak segera ditangani, akan menjadi salah satu pemicu meningkatnya perilaku agresifitas di Indonesia. Oleh karenanya, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi variabel-variabel yang memengaruhi perilaku prososial dan melihat kecenderungannya. Data yang dianalisis bersumber dari Survei Pengukuran Tingkat Kebahagiaan (SPTK) 2017 yang dilaksanakan oleh BPS. Analisis yang digunakan yaitu analisis deskriptif dengan tabulasi silang antara perilaku prososial dengan karakteristiknya, dan analisis inferensia dengan regresi logistik biner. Variabel respons yang digunakan yaitu perilaku prososial, sedangkan variabel bebasnya yaitu variabel-variabel kebahagiaan, modal sosial, dan sosiodemografis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel-variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap perilaku prososial yaitu kepuasan hidup, perasaan, makna hidup, sikap percaya dan toleransi, usia, dan pendapatan. Selain variabel pendapatan, keenam variabel lain memiliki rasio kecenderungan positif terhadap perilaku prososial. Sedangkan variabel pendapatan memiliki kecenderungan negatif.

Recently, a subcopula-based asymmetric association measure was developed for the variables in two-way contingency tables. Here, we develop a fully Bayesian method to implement this measure, and examine its performance using simulation data and several real data sets of colorectal cancer. We use coverage probabilities and lengths of the interval estimators to compare the Bayesian approach and a large-sample method of analysis. In simulation studies, we find that the Bayesian method outperforms the large-sample method on average, and provides either similar or improved results for the real data analyses.

El objetivo de este estudio es comparar las capacidades funcionales entre dos grupos de adultos mayores, los que habitan un asilo de ancianos y los que viven en la comunidad. Se trata de un estudio transversal, descriptivo correlacional, cuantitativo, su unidad de análisis son los adultos mayores que conviven en escenarios diferentes que fueron seleccionados por conveniencia, siendo esta un total de 28 adultos (14 en cada lugar). Las técnicas utilizadas fueron: la entrevista, visita domiciliar, y observación directa e indirecta. El instrumento aplicado fue la evaluación clínica del adulto mayor. Para el procesamiento de los datos se utilizó el programa estadístico SPSS 22, se analizaron mediante estadísticos descriptivos de frecuencia simple, tablas de contingencia, y pruebas de Rho de Spearman y Pearson con significación de un 5%. Los principales resultados demuestran el predominó del sexo masculino en asilo de ancianos con 57.1% y en la comunidad el femenino con 71.4%, los rangos de edad para ambos fueron entre 65 a más de 85 años, la mayor representación de procedencia en ambos fue Managua, los niveles de escolaridad fueron primaria y secundaria. Con relación a las condiciones de salud, en ambos escenarios presentaron más de dos enfermedades crónicas (89%), y tienen dependencia funcional en las actividades básicas de la vida diaria e instrumentales (85%). Asimismo, se encontraron niveles altos y moderados de riesgos de caídas (42.84%). Se concluye que las dos poblaciones son significativamente similares, ambas presentan capacidades funcionales limitadas y algunas personas alcanzan la condición de discapacidad.

Fisher exact test is one of most popularly used methods in modern data analyses. However, it is conservative because of discreteness. The mid-p method may reduce the conservativeness but it is defined by the factor 1/2, an extra term beyond data. This paper considers an adjustment defined by a data-based factor. The adjusted test is compared with other ten tests. Special attention is given to the comparison between the data-based factor and the factor 1/2. The standardized version of the adjusted test is asymptotically standard normal. The adjustment reduces the conservativeness, as evidenced by increasing test size and power and decreasing p-values. The adjusted test holds such properties as the significance level under control of nominal α, the same modification in the left- and right-sided p-values, and the proportional reduction from Fisher test, which the mid-p method lacks. The mid-p method is more powerful than the adjusted test but the increment of power comes from the factor 1/2 and is not controlled by α. The unconditional tests are also more powerful but the power comes partly from the unobserved samples. The proper choice of an adjustment is based largely upon a consideration of both the power of test and the origin of power so that the adjusted test is an option in data analyses. It is easy to implement for 2 × 2 and r × c contingency tables. Two real examples are given for analyzing 2 × 2 tables and another example for r × c tables.

The Littlewood-Richardson coefficients $c^{\lambda}_{\mu\nu}$ give the multiplicity of an irreducible polynomial ${\rm GL}_n$-representation $F^{\lambda}_n$ in the tensor product of polynomial representations $F^{\mu}_n\otimes F^{\nu}_n$. In this paper, we generalize these coefficients to an $r$-fold tensor product of rational representations, and give a new method for computing them using an analogue of statistical contingency tables. We demonstrate special cases in which our method reduces to counting statistical contingency tables with prescribed margins. Finally, we extend our result from the general linear group to both the orthogonal and symplectic groups.

Location quotients (LQ) are a transformation of raw data stored in contingency tables. This transformation has been used frequently in studies involving international trade (under the name ‘revealed comparative advantage’) and in multiple other settings where a total can be disaggregated under at least two independent criteria and thus arranged in a cross sectional table: eg. employment by industry and city, etc. The spread of LQ values is influenced by row, column and table totals, which prevents us from comparing LQ levels safely across entities, over time or between datasets. This issue dramatically undermines the usefulness of the location quotient transformation. In this paper I offer viable paths for characterizing these so-called size distortions in location quotients.

Missing observations in r × c contingency tables often occur in medical, bio-pharmaceutical and epidemiological researches. The most common method to analyze incomplete contingency tables simply re...

OBJECTIVES In this study, we examined the degree of generality and specificity of OC beliefs are moderated by gender among individuals with OC disorders. METHODS The diagnostic groups consisted of: (1) individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; N = 398); (2) individuals with other anxiety disorders (N = 104); and (3) undergraduate students (N = 285). To evaluate the gender moderating effect, we employed stacked prediction by correspondence analysis (CA). To conduct the analysis, we generated a two-way contingency table with rows of gender nested within the diagnostic groups and columns of OC beliefs stacked to OC symptom severity. To conduct prediction by CA of this stacked table, we considered OC beliefs as predictors and OC symptoms as outcomes. RESULTS We confirmed with the CA results that OC belief generality, but not specificity because the OCD group members did show higher endorsement of OC beliefs compared to individuals with other anxiety disorders. Gender moderated the OC related beliefs of overestimation of threat, inflated responsibility, and intolerance of uncertainty, but not perfectionism in predicting OC symptoms. The correlational results obtained from the stacked prediction by CA further showed that as depression and anxiety increased, endorsement of OC beliefs was stronger for males than females. DISCUSSION Clinical implications and future directions are discussed. PRACTITIONER POINTS OC belief generality was evident in the study but not specificity. Gender moderation was demonstrated in overestimation of threat, inflated responsibility, and intolerance of uncertainty. As depression and anxiety increased, endorsement of OC beliefs was stronger for males than females.

This study proposes a bivariate index vector to concurrently analyze both the degree and direction of departure from the quasi-symmetry (QS) model for ordinal square contingency tables. The QS model and extended QS (EQS) models identify the symmetry and asymmetry between the probabilities of normal circulation and reverse circulation when the order exists for arbitrary three categories. The asymmetry parameter of the EQS model implies the degree of departure from the QS model; the EQS model is equivalent to the QS model when the asymmetry parameter equals to one. The structure of the EQS model differs depending on whether the asymmetry parameter approaches zero or infinity. Thus, the asymmetry parameter of the EQS model also implies the direction of departure from the QS model. The proposed bivariate index vector is constructed by combining existing and original sub-indexes that represent the degree of departure from the QS model and its direction. These sub-indexes are expressed as functions of the asymmetry parameter under the EQS model. We construct an estimator of the proposed bivariate index vector and an approximate confidence region for the proposed bivariate index vector. Using real data, we show that the proposed bivariate index vector is important to compare degrees of departure from the QS model for plural data sets.

The reverse global symmetry model in square contingency tables with ordinal categories is useful for analyzing whether the probability that the sum of row and column levels is larger than the reference value is equal to the probability that the sum of row and column levels is smaller than the reference value. This study proposes a directional measure that represents the degree of departure from the reverse global symmetry model. There are two kinds of direction with respect to the departure from the reverse global symmetry model. The existing measure, however, cannot discriminate between the two directions of reverse global asymmetry. The proposed measure can discriminate the direction. The proposed measure is useful for comparing degrees of departure from the reverse global symmetry model in several data. This study shows advantages of the proposed measure by (i) using two artificial data, in which the existing measure has the same value, and (ii) applying to real-world data of unaided vision.

Relative entropy identities yield basic decompositions of cat- egorical data log-likelihoods. These naturally lead to the development of information models in contrast to the hierarchical log-linear models. A recent study by the authors clarified the principal difference in the data likelihood analysis between the two model types. The proposed scheme of log-likelihood decomposition introduces a prototype of linear information models, with which a basic scheme of model selection can be formulated accordingly. Empirical studies with high-way contingency tables are exem- plified to illustrate the natural selections of information models in contrast to hierarchical log-linear models. Analysis of contingency tables with multi-way classifications has been a fun- damental area of research in the history of statistics. From testing hypothesis of independence in a 2 × 2 table (Pearson, 1904; Yule, 1911; Fisher, 1934; Yates, 1934) to testing interaction across a strata of 2 × 2 tables (Bartlett, 1935), many discussions had emerged in the literature to build up the foundation of statisti- cal inference of categorical data analysis. In this vital field of applied statistics, three closely related topics have gradually developed and are still theoretically incomplete even after half a century of investigation. The first and primary topic is born out of the initial hypothesis testing for independence in a 2 × 2 table. From 1960's utill the 1980's, Fisher's exact test re- peatedly received criticism for being conservative due to discrete nature (Berkson, 1978; Yates, 1984). Although the arguments in favor of the unconditional tests essentially focused on using the unconditional exact tests in the recent decades, the reasons for preferred p values and sensitivity of the unconditional tests have not been assured in theory. In this respect, a recent approach via information theory proved that the power analysis of unconditional tests is not suitable for

Background: Falls is a major incidence in elderly life and its sequence may be a major cause of mortality. Falls can be predicted and thus prevented. Screening scales are either a brief one component balance or more composite multifactorial assessment. Four Square Step test is an easy, less time consuming, versus Unified Balance scale which is multi domain. The present study was intended to see which of the two scales could accurately predict adults who were at risk of falls. Thus, helping therapist perform a single test to screen them and give them targeted treatment. Method: 80 Healthy elderly above the age of 60 years were included in the study. Fall history was noted post which Four Square Step test and Unified Balance Scale was administered in sequence. Data Analysis was done, and sensitivities and specificities were calculated. Result: Statistical Analysis was done by plotting the contingency table and plotting the Receiver Operating Curve. The Unified Balance Scale had a better combination of sensitivity and specificity than Four Square step test. Conclusion: Unified Balance scale is better than Four-Square step test in predicting falls in healthy elderly. Key words: Elderly, Fall-Risk, Screening, Four Square Step Test, Unified Balance Scale, Prediction.

This paper describes a statistical model developing from Cor- respondence Analysis to date archaeological contexts of the city of Tours (France) and also to obtain an estimated absolute timescale. The data set used in the study is reported as a contingency table of ceramics against con- texts. But, as pottery is not intrinsically a dating indicator (a date is rarely inscribed on each piece of pottery), we estimate dates of contexts from their finds, and we use coins to attest the date of assemblages. The model-based approach uses classical tools (correspondence analysis, linear regression and resampling methods) in an iterative scheme. Archaeologists may find in the paper a useful set of known statistical methods, while statisticians can learn a way to order well known techniques. No method is new, but their gathering is characteristic of this application.

Configural Frequency Analysis (CFA) is a useful statistical method for the analysis of multiway contingency tables and an appropriate tool for person-oriented or person-centered methods. In complex contingency tables, patterns or configurations are analyzed by comparing observed cell frequencies with expected frequencies. Significant differences between observed and expected frequencies lead to the emergence of Types and Antitypes. Types are patterns or configurations which are significantly more often observed than the expected frequencies; Antitypes represent configurations which are observed less frequently than expected. The R-package confreq is an easy-to-use software for conducting CFAs; another useful shareware to run CFAs was developed by Alexander von Eye. Here, CFA is presented based on the log-linear modeling approach. CFA may be used together with interval level variables which can be added as covariates into the design matrix. In this article, a real data example and the use of confreq are presented. In sum, the use of a covariate may bring the estimated cell frequencies closer to the observed cell frequencies. In those cases, the number of Types or Antitypes may decrease. However, in rare cases, the Type-Antitype pattern can change with new emerging Types or Antitypes.

The symmetry model is the basic model in the analysis of square contingency tables. Multiple test statistics have been developed for the goodness of fit test. Freeman-Tukey test statistics is appropriate to be used in large samples. However, the required sample size to use the Freeman-Tukey test statistics is not clear. In this paper, the asymptotic properties of Freeman-Tukey test statistic are discussed via extensive Monte-Carlo simulation study. The Freeman-Tukey test statistic is compared with members of power-divergence family test statistic under the symmetry model. The results of simulation study are evaluated based on the Type-I error and power of a test. The results of simulation study and artificial data study show that Freeman-Tukey’s T^2 test statistic does not converge to chi-squared distribution for both sparse and non-sparse square contingency tables.

Este artículo tiene por objetivo estudiar las características de 50 adultos mayores que laboran como empacadores voluntarios en cuatro centros comerciales en Ciudad de Carmen, Campeche, México. Para el análisis de las variables estudiadas se emplearon tablas de contingencia y re-gresión lineal múltiple. Los resultados muestran que en promedio una persona obtiene 31 pesos por cada hora que labora y aumenta 1.06 pesos por cada cliente atendido. La principal razón por la que las personas adultas continúa trabajando es porque no recibe ingresos suficientes (ya sea pensión o apoyo gubernamental). Las políticas sociales cubren con deficiencia este sector de la población y obliga a las personas mayores a mantenerse en el mercado laboral

Background Several studies have evaluated the applicability of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) as a screening tool for injury prediction. However, only few studies investigate gender differences for FMS as a screening tool for female and male college students. Objective To evaluate gender differences in FMS single items and the overall score. In addition, the applicability of FMS as a diagnostic tool for injury prevention of German exercise students will be investigated. Method N = 99 college students performed an FMS at the beginning of the semester. Injuries were recorded for the entire term. Gender differences of FMS single items were assessed using the Mann-Whitney-U-Test. Differences in injury prediction were calculated using logistic regression. If the model was statistically significant, diagnostic accuracy was calculated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the curve (AUC). The Youden index was used to identify a cut-off score. 2 × 2 contingency tables, sensitivity and specifity, positive/negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios were assessed. Results There were significant gender differences for Deep Squat, Shoulder Mobility, Trunk Stability Push Up, and Active Straight Leg Raise. The logistic regression showed that the composite score was statistically significant in clarifying the model for females (p = 0.005, RN 2 = 0.14), but not for males (p = 0.18, RN 2 = 0.04). The ROC curve indicated acceptable injury prediction in females (AUC: 0.66, p = 0.02) and poor injury prediction in males (AUC: 0.40, p = 0.19). The cut-off score of ≤ 16 for females resulted in a sensitivity of 63 % and specificity of 54 %. No cut-off score was calculated for males. Conclusion Females performed better on flexibility items, while males scored higher on strength exercises. Results of the study indicate low predictive accuracy. Therefore, no solid recommendation can be made for the use of the FMS as an injury screening tool for either female or male German exercise science students.

OBJECTIVES To investigate the status of nursing interruption events during medicine administration and to analyze the factors influencing interruptions. STUDY DESIGN The nursing drug delivery process was divided into 3 segments: the processing of doctors' orders, drug allocation, and bedside drug administration. The frequency, source, type, and outcome of interruption events during these 3 segments were observed. The interruption time and medication errors caused by interruptions were analyzed. METHODS The structural observation method was used to observe the 3 steps of the drug delivery process. The observations were performed between 8:30 and 10:30 and between 13:30 and 14:30. Count data are described as frequency, composition ratio, and cumulative percentage. R×C contingency table, t tests, and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. RESULTS In 270 hours of observation, 3424 nursing interruptions occurred, for a mean of 12.68 interruptions per hour. The mean (SD) interruption time was 28.03 (11.01) seconds, and the total duration of drug administration interruptions was 26.65 hours, accounting for 9.87% of the total observation time. The sources of interruption events were as follows: family members, the environment, doctors, patients, colleagues, the nurses themselves, and others; of these interruptions, 2340 were low-priority events (eg, visitor inquiry, telephone call, consultation, discharge questions), accounting for 68.34%. The incidence of medication errors due to interruptions was 1.139%. CONCLUSIONS Nursing interruption events occur frequently, come from many sources, have complex causes, and commonly lead to negative outcomes. Interruption also has a time cost and can directly lead to medication errors.

Temporal trait of crashes has huge impact on road crash occurrence and a large proportion of research have considered different time periods to determine the causes and features of crash occurrence or frequency. Compared with other safety studies based on a single time interval, considerably less research has relied on the use of multiple time units, especially for the time intervals of less than one year. The research aims to fill the gap by investigating the temporal distribution of crash counts using multiple time spans including hour, weekday and month. To illustrate the most accurate results possible, both the Chi-square test and Cochran-Mantel-Haenzel tests were employed to explore the independence of various time units based on two-way and three-way contingency tables. Eight contingency table models were developed which can be classified into four groups including Complete Independence, Joint Independence, Conditional Independence and Homogeneous Association. Finally, a set of evaluation criteria were utilized for evaluation of the model performance. The results revealed the significant association existence in all time variables (hour, weekday, month) and the model with both main and all interactive effects of time variables provides best prediction performance. Also, the findings showed that Hour 18, weekdays 1, 6, 7 (Friday and Weekends), and month 8 (August) have the largest number of crash occurrences. It is suggested that both main and interactive effects of time variables should be included for model development, which otherwise might yield misleading information. It is anticipated that research results will benefit the safety professionals with better understanding of the temporal patterns of crashes with different time periods and allow the safety administrators to allocate the safety resources.

Summary This study proposes two original asymmetry models based on ordered scores for square contingency tables with the same row and column ordinal classifications. The proposed models can be applied to cases in which the scores of all categories are known or unknown. In the proposed models, the log odds for an observation falling in the (i, j)th cell instead of the (j, i)th cell are inversely proportional to the difference of the ordered scores corresponding to categories i and j. The asymmetry parameter of the proposed model can be useful for inferring whether the row variable is stochastically greater than the column variable or vice versa. The proposed models constantly hold when the symmetry model holds, but the converse is not necessarily true. This study also examines what is necessary for a model, in addition to the proposed models, to satisfy the symmetry model, and gives separations of the symmetry model using the proposed and marginal mean equality models. We apply real data to show the utility of the proposed models. The proposed models provide a better fit than that of the existing models.

The focus of this article was to fit a hierarchical loglinear model to data on academic performance. Data on gender, university attended for B.Sc., B.Sc. and M.Sc. grades of 116 M.Sc. graduates were collected from Department of Statistics, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Model estimation was carried out by iterative proportional fitting method. Likelihood ratio statistic was utilized for goodness of fit test. The final model generating class contained University, Gender, and B.Sc.*M.Sc., and in harmony with the principle of hierarchy, also contained B.Sc. and M.Sc. grades. Significant interaction was found between B.Sc. and M.Sc. grades only. All other 2-factor and all 3-factor interactions were found not to be significant. Thus, M.Sc. grade was neither associated with gender and university nor with their interaction. The likelihood ratio statistic with p-value of 0.722 suggested model adequacy. The study concluded that only B.Sc. grade was associated with M.Sc. grade obtained by students on graduation. The need to extend study to other departments in the University was recommended.  Â

PURPOSE: The purpose of the research was to obtain and process data pertaining to the elementary sustainable development (SD) knowledge medical university students in Poland possess in order to grasp their expectations relating to this field., DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The research employed the diagnostic poll method. The study was conducted between March and September 2020 among 636 students of medical universities in Poland. The comparative analysis of qualitative variables employed Pearson’s χ 2 test and contingency tables. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA and the Mann–Whitney U test were applied in the analysis of rank order scale responses., FINDINGS: Findings of the research confirm the existence of an educational gap concerning education for sustainable development (ESD) at medical universities in Poland. The study confirmed that the students possess elementary knowledge of sustainable development. It ought to be noted that they associate SD primarily with environmental and economic aspects. The analysis of results also revealed that the students are aware of the impact an individual may exert upon sustainable development. The study indicated that men proved to be familiar with elementary SD terminology significantly more frequently than women., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The results of the study offer a basis for changes in educational curricula and in projects executed at medical universities concerning SD-associated matters., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Results concerning education, fundamental SD knowledge and familiarity with SD-related issues exhibited by medical university students in Poland. The results consider the impact of various variables such as gender, field of study, year of study, and grade point average., peer-reviewed

Summary In clinical research, collected data are often classified into ordered categories using a set threshold to evaluate efficacy and safety of treatment. Data can be summarized as a shift table, which displays the change in the frequency of subjects across specified categories from the baseline to post-baseline. Although ordered categories are sometimes recombined into three categories, the combined patterns vary. To consider various collapsed patterns comprehensively, this paper proposes a new measure that represents the degree of departure from average marginal homogeneity, and can distinguish between two kinds of marginal inhomogeneity. Additionally, applications of the proposed measure to clinical data are discussed.

The aim of this study was to use Hierarchical Loglinear Model (HLLM) in the analysis of multiway frequency tables and to interpret the main and interaction effects of this model on suicide cases. The data set used in this study was taken from the Turkish Republic State Statistical Institute (TUIK). A total of 6479 cases in 2016 and 2018 years were used in this analysis and the analyzes were made by considering gender, year and age variables. As a result of HDLM analysis, Year, Gender and Age, which are the main effects in suicide cases, and the interactions of Year × Gender and Gender × Age were found significantly (P

We empirically demonstrate that graphical models can be a valuable tool in the identification of mediating variables in causal pathways. We make use of graphical models to elucidate the causal pathway through which the treatment influences the levels of fatigue and weakness in people living with HIV (PLHIV) based on a secondary analysis of a categorical dataset collected in a behavioral clinical trial: is weakness a mediator for the treatment and fatigue, or is fatigue a mediator for the treatment and weakness? Causal mediation analysis could not offer any definite answers to these questions.\\ KEYWORDS: Contingency tables; graphical models; loglinear models; HIV; mediation, Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures

The estimation of RxC ecological inference contingency tables from aggregate data defines one of the most salient and challenging problems in the field of quantitative social sciences. From the mathematical programming framework, this paper suggests a new direction for tackling this problem. For the first time in the literature, a procedure based on linear programming is proposed to attain estimates of local contingency tables. Based on this and the homogeneity hypothesis, we suggest two new ecological inference algorithms. These two new algorithms represent an important step forward in the ecological inference mathematical programming literature. In addition to generating estimates for local ecological inference contingency tables and amending the tendency to produce extreme transfer probability estimates previously observed in other mathematical programming procedures, they prove to be quite competitive and more accurate than the current linear programming baseline algorithm. The new algorithms place the linear programming approach once again in a prominent position in the ecological inference toolkit. We use a unique dataset with almost 500 elections, where the real transfer matrices are known, to assess their accuracy. Interested readers can easily use these new algorithms with the aid of the R package lphom.

We showed that any missing mechanism is reproduced by EMAR or MNAR with equal fit for observed likelihood if there are non-negative solutions of maximum likelihood equations. This is a generalization of Molenberghs et al. (2008) and Jeon et al. (2019). Nonetheless, as MCAR becomes a nested model of MNAR, a natural question is whether or not MNAR and MCAR are testable by using the well-known three statistics, LR (Likelihood ratio), Wald, and Score test statistics. Through simulation studies, we compared these three statistics. We investigated to what extent the boundary solution affect tesing MCAR against MNAR, which is the only testable pair of missing mechanisms based on observed likelihood. We showed that all three statistics are useful as long as the boundary proximity is far from 1.

BACKGROUND Accurate evaluation of the invasion depth of tumors with a Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) score of 3 is difficult. PURPOSE To evaluate the diagnostic performance of a new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) strategy based on the integration of the VI-RADS and tumor contact length (TCL) for the diagnosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). STUDY TYPE Single center, retrospective. SUBJECTS A group of 179 patients with a mean age of 67 years (range, 24.0-96.0) underwent multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) before surgery, including 147 (82.1%) males and 32 (17.9%) females. Twenty-four (13.4%), 90 (50.3%), 43 (24.0%), 15 (8.4%), and 7 (3.9%) cases were Ta, T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE A 1.5 T and 3.0 T, T2-weighted turbo spin-echo (TSE), single-shot echo-planar (SS-EPI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and T1-weighted volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (T1-VIBE). ASSESSMENT Three radiologists independently graded the VI-RADS score and measured the TCL on index lesion images. A proposed MRI strategy called VI-RADS_TCL was introduced by modifying the VI-RADS score, which was downgraded to VI-RADS 3F (equal to a VI-RADS score of 2) if VI-RADS = 3 and TCL

Article presents the algorithm which models the categorical multicollinear data by providing the balance in model accuracy on test data and number of selected features in the model. In all scientific fields, multicollinear data is being generated, where obviously some variables are noise and some are influential reference to response variable. Features and response appeared to be categorical in mathematical and statistical modeling of public health data. These datasets usually appeared to collinear, where partial least squares (PLS) is the potential method, which is not feature selection at its default level and deals with quantitative features. Recently, categorical PLS (Cat-PLS) is introduced. We have implemented the regularized feature selection in Cat-PLS where filter-based feature selection and categorical mean through Cramer’s V, Phi coefficient, Tschuprow’s T coefficient, Contingency Coefficient, and Yule’s Q and Yule’s Y are used. Monte carlo simulation with 100 runs indicates Cramer V ∗ VIP is the better choice in terms of better model performance, number of feature selection, and interpretations for modeling the stillbirths, which is taken as the case study. The framework can be used in related areas to explore and model the related data structures.

Background Clinical trials should ideally use patient-important outcomes to ensure their results are clinically relevant. We aimed to determine if the proportion of patient-important outcomes in surgical trials has changed over the last decade, and to determine whether patient-important outcomes are more likely to be specified as primary outcomes. Methods The 350 most recent randomized controlled trials examining surgical interventions on humans and published in English were included. Outcomes were classified as patient-important, surrogate or laboratory using standardized definitions, along with either primary, secondary or unspecified. Mean proportions were calculated across all trials and a chi-squared test was used to detect the difference between time periods. Contingency tables were populated with each trial's outcomes, characterizing whether each outcome was patient-important or not, and whether it was specified as primary or secondary. Odds ratios were then combined in a random-effects meta-analysis to calculate a pooled odds ratio. Results A total of 64% of all outcomes were patient-important. The mean (standard deviation) proportion of patient-important outcomes per trial was 66% (31.4), which significantly increased over the last decade, from 60% (31.6) in 2009. The mean proportion of primary outcomes which were patient-important increased from 64% (46.0) in 2009 to 77% (40.6) in 2019. Patient-important outcomes were not significantly associated with being a primary outcome and this did not change significantly over the decade. Conclusion Patient-important outcomes are still poorly represented as primary outcomes. The ongoing impact of updated reporting guidelines may improve the reporting of patient-important outcomes in surgical trials.

The article presents the results of the longitudinal study, which was conducted during the years 2018 and 2019 and aimed to identify changes in the assessment of certain socio-economic and psychological aspects of working and living in the Arctic by students of different courses. Special attention was paid to such factors as transport and social infrastructure, working conditions, wages, social guarantees, the climate, health status, the psychological atmosphere in a team, the possibility of self-realization. The sample population at the first stage of the study was 618 people (2018). After bringing the 2019-sample in line with the parameters of the 2018-sample, 337 students’ questionnaires were analyzed in the second stage. The main research method was a questionnaire survey, the results of which were statistically processed using such methods as the qualitative analysis of the empirical data, the analysis of primary statistics, the analysis of contingency tables (for nominative data), comparative and variance analyses (for metric data). The software “Statistica” was used for statistical processing. The main results of the study, first of all, include an increase in internal motivation to work in the Arctic among the students from the 2019-sample: they, to a greater extent, compared to junior students, emphasize the need for personal interest in work. The analysis of the answers of the respondents in year 2019 showed an increasing role of wages and the understanding of difficult climate conditions and the associated difficulties of living in deciding whether to work in the Arctic. In other words, the longitudinal study, implemented during the years 2018 and 2019, recorded the obvious increase in motivation, as well as the increase in the requirements for working and living conditions in the harsh Arctic climate among the surveyed students during their transition to the senior year.

Fisher’s exact test and Pearson’s chi-squared test are frequently used for testing associations of two binary variables in 2-by-2 contingency tables. In the single test setting, many studies have s...

The main aim of this paper is to propose a logarithmic minimum test for the three-way contingency table. The second aim is to compare the quality of independence tests by using their power. Each te...

Objective:The use of cross tables was frequently seen in early literature research in the biostatistics. Furthermore, its importance in many clinical examinations is still evident today. The aim of this study is to investigate how the 2x2 type tables are perceived in probability literature and how some studies are applied in practice. Thus, different methods can be developed for the purposes of applications.Methods:The method used to determine the distribution of a 2x2 type table is to consider one cell of a table as a random variable and calculate the probability that this variable can take the observed value. Hypergeometric distribution was taken into consideration in the study. This issue is explained in the methodology section of the study.Results:Some of the important statistics obtained from 2x2 type tables are the numerical statistical values that direct the researcher in experimental studies such as odds ratio. Considering the distribution of the table, the probabilities of these values are a very important finding for the experimental study. In particular, a high probability value is a measure of how well the statistical value commonly used in biostatistics applications, such as the odds ratio, represents the experimental study performed.Conclusion:According to the findings of the study, one of the observed results is the determination of the maximum probability ratio representing the experimental study, and the other is the weighted odds ratios that are used to combine odds ratios in the meta-analysis.

La presente investigación se elaboró con el objetivo de determinar en qué medida la gestión estratégica universitaria influye en el posicionamiento del licenciado enAdministración de la Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann de Tacna en el año 2018. La investigación fue básica, de carácter descriptivo-explicativo. Se trabajó con una muestra de 574 miembros de la comunidad universitaria entre docentes, administrativos y licenciados en Administración de la UNJBG; quienes a través de la aplicación del cuestionario otorgaron datos para medir las variables del presente estudio. El instrumento para medir las variables constó de 26 ítems; fue diseñado por Lozano (2013), pero adaptado para la presente investigación. Asimismo, cuenta con la validación de expertos, análisis de confiabilidad mediante el Alfa de Cronbach y análisis de correlación por ítems. Luego de la recolección y procesamiento de datos, a través del software estadístico SPSS V.22, se describieron los resultados obtenidos por cada ítem y variable correspondiente. Las hipótesis fueron aceptadas con los resultados validados a través de las pruebas paramétricas conducidas por la prueba de Kolomogorov-Smirnov. Además, la Prueba Chi cuadrado y coeficiencia de contingencia permitieron concluir que existe una influencia “alta” significativa de la gestión estratégica universitaria en el posicionamiento del licenciado en Administración de la Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann de Tacna.

The reproductive health of women is an essential component, several problems that can occur in the reproductive health of women, one of which is menstrual pain, this complaint is affected by psychological conditions. As a result, if it is not addressed immediately, it emerges the disruption in the routine and depression. The purpose of this study was to find out whether stress affects the occurrence of dysmenorrhea on the final year female students. The research method was the observational analytic with cross sectional approach. Sample consisted of 211 respondents, the analysis used was Kendal Tau. The result of the p-value was 0.000 and the contingency coefficient value was 0.378. It indicated that there was relationship between stress and dysmenorrhea in final year female students of Universitas ‘Aisyiyah Yogyakarta.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan pemahaman EWS dan jumlah pelanggaran dengan angka kecelakaan di perlintasan sebidang yang terjadi di perlintasan sebidang KM 287+8.Jenis penelitian ini merupakan studi kasus yang merupakan penelitian terhadap subjek dan objek yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya. Jumlah responden yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 360 responden, pengamatan dilakukan terhadap jumlah pelanggaran dan angka kecelakaan yang dilakukan selama 20 hari pengamatan dan pemahaman responden, sementara metode analisa yang digunakan adalah metode korelasional dengan menggunakan tabulasi silang (crosstab) dan pearson chisqure. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemahaman EWS memiliki hubungan yang sangat lemah dan searah dengan angka kecelakaan di perlintasan sebidang, hal ini menunjukan bahwa semakin tinggi tingkat pemahaman EWS seorang pengendara, maka akan dapat menekan atau menimalisir jumlah kecelakaan yang terjadi di perlintasan sebidang yang memiliki EWS dan jumlah pelanggaran memiliki hubungan yang sedang dan searah dengan angka kecelakaan di perlintasan sebidang, hal ini menunjukan bahwa semakin tinggi jumlah pelanggaran, maka akan semakin meningkatkan jumlah kecelakaan.

This article considers hypothesis testing using Bayes factor in the context of categorical data models represented in two- dimensional contingency tables. The study includes multinomial model for a general I × J table data. Other data characteristics such as low as well as polarized cell counts and size of the tables are also considered. The objective is to investigate the sensitivity of Bayes factor taking these features into account so as to understand the performance of non-informative priors itself. Consistency has been studied based on different types of data and using Dirichlet prior with eight different choices for multinomial model followed by a bootstrap simulation. Study has emphasized the reasonable choice of values for the parameters that normally represents the underlying physical phenomena, though partially vague in nature.

El sobrepeso y la obesidad son de los retos más importantes de salud pública mundial. México ocupa el primer lugar mundial en este rubro. En riesgos laborales, las empresas metalmecánicas ocupan el tercer lugar a nivel nacional. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre rendimiento con sobrepeso y obesidad en los trabajadores de una empresa metalmecánica. Métodos: Estudio transversal, con la participación de 40 trabajadores del área de producción de una metalmecánica. Se aplicaron tres instrumentos: índice de masa corporal, cuestionario sociodemográfico - laboral y Nasa TLX. Se utilizó la Chi cuadrada, coeficiente de contingencia y odds-ratio. Resultados: El promedio etario de los participantes fue de 38 años (± 9). La escolaridad no mostró diferencias para primaria y secundaria trunca. Fue más prevalente el número de empleados con pareja estable. La antigüedad en el puesto fue en promedio de 7 años (± 3 años). No hubo asociación estadística (p

La exigencia mental es una de las seis dimensiones del instrumento NASA-TLX. Suele utilizarse para evaluar su contribución a la carga global de trabajo, así como su trascendencia individual en la salud mental del individuo. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de carga de trabajo mental asociada al turno nocturno, en trabajadores de una empresa pre-farmacéutica dedicada a la manufactura de jeringa de vidrio. Métodos: La muestra fue de 60 trabajadores divididos equitativamente en turno nocturno y diurno. Se utilizó el instrumento NASA-TLX. Se analizó mediante la construcción de tablas de contingencia y el programa SPSS v22. Resultados: La estimación del riesgo evidenció un 62% de menor probabilidad de tener carga de trabajo mental al estar en el turno diurno con respecto al turno nocturno, por lo tanto hay mayor carga de trabajo mental en la noche. Además, el insomnio, el considerar el turno como un factor de cansancio, el mayor uso de permisos sindicales, el esfuerzo y la carga global de trabajo son significativos en el turno nocturno en comparación con el turno diurno. Conclusiones: El desempeño de la actividad laboral nocturna puede presentar una disminución en la capacidad física y cognitiva del trabajador, aunado a la asociación con variables intervinientes propias del individuo (sociodemográficas, fisiológicas y conductuales), como de su entorno (familiar, social y laboral)

Hypertension arises when the blood pressure against the artery walls is very high. Blood pressure is represented with two numbers. The first number (systolic) signifies the pressure in blood vessels when the heart beats and while second number (diastolic) denotes the pressure in the vessels when the heart rests between beats. Usually hypertension is referred to as blood pressure above 130/90, and is considered severe if the pressure is above 180/120. Hypertension has been a major public health challenge in the world at large which is also the most common widespread of diseases affecting human life. Hypertension has been an important area of research due to its high prevalence and major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. It affects mostly adults and is called a silent killer because it shows no symptom. This article examines reported cases of hypertensive patients at Akulue Memorial Hospital, Nsukka, Enugu State. The data used in this research was collected from inpatient unit of the above mentioned hospital for a period of ten years, from 2009 to 2018. A 3-way contingency table was used based on Chi-squared test of independency. The result obtained from this study show that there is an association between the three criteria tested (gender, year and type of hypertension patient suffers). Also, we observed that the type of hypertension a patient suffers from depends on gender and year of occurrence.

Data in its original form, however, typically contain sensitive information about individuals. Directly publishing raw data will violate the privacy of people involed. Consequently, it becomes increasingly important to preserve the privacy of published data. An attacker is apt to identify an individual from the published tables, with attacks through the record linkage, attribute linkage, table linkage or probabilistic attack. Although algorithms based on generalization and suppression have been proposed to protect the sensitive attributes and resist these multiple types of attacks, they often suffer from large information loss by replacing specific values with more general ones. Alternatively, anatomization and permutation operations can de-link the relation between attributes without modifying them. In this paper, we propose a scheme Sensitive Label Privacy Preservation with Anatomization (SLPPA) to protect the privacy of published data. SLPPA includes two procedures, table division and group division. During the table division, we adopt entropy and mean-square contingency coefficient to partition attributes into separate tables to inject uncertainty for reconstructing the original table. During the group division, all the individuals in the original table are partitioned into non-overlapping groups so that the published data satisfies the pre-defined privacy requirements of our ( $\alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta$ α , β , γ , δ ) model. Two comprehensive sets of real-world relationship data are applied to evaluate the performance of our anonymization approach. Simulations and privacy analysis show our scheme possesses better privacy while ensuring higher utility.

The incidence of driving accidents due to human error, and drowsy driving in particular, is an important topic in the field of public health research, and might be considered preventable. Our study investigates the 606 police-reported drowsy driving accidents in 2013 as recorded in the NASS General Estimates System from the NHTSA. This study seeks to examine how the prevalence of drowsy driving in accidents differs between subpopulations and how this prevalence changes depending on the time of day. We explore these interactions using recent developments in survey-weighted ROC analysis. By doing so, we hope to offer employers and government agencies insight into what can be done to reduce the rate of injuries and fatalities related to drowsy driving.