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INTRODUCTION: Available therapies for acute cough, a condition frequently caused by a viral upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), have shown limited evidence of efficacy. Gefapixant, a P2X3-receptor antagonist, has demonstrated efficacy and safety in studies of the treatment of refractory or unexplained chronic cough, but its efficacy for treating acute cough has not been previously studied.METHODS: This was a phase 2a, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, pilot study. Healthy volunteers were randomized 1:1 to receive twice-daily gefapixant 45 mg or placebo and inoculated with human rhinovirus 16 to induce URTI and cough. Participants were observed while quarantined for 7 days after the start of treatment. The primary endpoint was awake cough frequency on day 3, which was objectively measured with a cough-recording device. Secondary endpoints included change from baseline to day 3 in subjective cough severity measures (cough severity visual analog scale, Cough Severity Diary) and cough-specific quality of life (Leicester Cough Questionnaire-acute).RESULTS: Of the 46 participants who met inclusion criteria [mean (standard deviation, SD) age, 24.6 (6.5) years; females, n = 8], 40 completed the study (gefapixant, n = 21; placebo, n = 19). There was no significant difference in awake cough frequency on day 3 between the gefapixant and placebo groups [least squares means, 2.4 versus 2.7 coughs per hour, respectively; mean difference (95% confidence interval, CI), -0.3 (-2.3, 1.7); P = 0.75]. There were no significant between-group differences for any of the secondary endpoints. Peak cough frequency was low and occurred later in the study than expected (days 4-5). The safety profile was consistent with that of previous studies of gefapixant.CONCLUSION: Compared with placebo, gefapixant did not reduce the frequency or severity of acute cough secondary to induced URTI. Induced viral URTI produced mild symptoms, including lower cough frequency than observed in previous studies of patients selected for acute cough associated with naturally occurring URTI.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03569033; EudraCT, 2017-000472-28; protocol number, MK-7264-013.

Objective This study evaluated the performance of the T-SPOT.COVID test for identifying SARS-CoV-2-responsive T-cells in subjects with SARS-CoV-2 infections. Methods The T-SPOT.COVID test uses ELISpot interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) methodology to measure T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 and nucleocapsid peptides. T-SPOT.COVID and anti-N IgG serology tests were performed on blood from 186 subjects with NAAT-confirmed-SARS-CoV-2 infections and 100 control subjects. Results In the 2-8 week-period after NAAT-diagnosed SARS-CoV-2 infection, the T-SPOT.COVID test detected 98.4% (63/64) of infected subjects; in comparison, anti-N IgG serology detected fewer in this time period (82.8%, 53/64). In the first 2 weeks after diagnosis, during activation of the adaptive immune response, there were fewer reactive T-SPOT.COVID responses (75.7%, 28/37) and many fewer seropositive responses (32.4%, 12/37). Response numbers tapered somewhat after 8 weeks, although T-SPOT.COVID test continued to detect most of the confirmed-infection subjects (83.6%, 56/67) and continued to out-perform serology (52.2%, 35/67). The possibility of T-SPOT.COVID responses due to cross-reactive T cells was ruled out by demonstrating that, of 44 control subjects with T cells responsive to four human common cold coronavirus peptides, only 1 was T-SPOT.COVID reactive. Conclusion The T-SPOT.COVID test performed well in detecting SARS-CoV-2-sensitized T-cells over many months.

Human coronaviruses cause a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from mild common colds to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. Three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses — severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 — have illustrated the epidemic and pandemic potential of human coronaviruses, and a better understanding of their disease-causing mechanisms is urgently needed for the rational design of therapeutics. Analyses of patients have revealed marked dysregulation of the immune system in severe cases of human coronavirus infection, and there is ample evidence that aberrant immune responses to human coronaviruses are typified by impaired induction of interferons, exuberant inflammatory responses and delayed adaptive immune responses. In addition, various viral proteins have been shown to impair interferon induction and signalling and to induce inflammasome activation. This suggests that severe disease associated with human coronaviruses is mediated by both dysregulated host immune responses and active viral interference. Here we discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in each of these scenarios., In this Perspective, Lok-Yin Roy Wong and Stanley Perlman consider how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and related coronaviruses are able to drive immune dysregulation and immunopathology. They provide an overview of the coronavirus-derived molecules that interfere with key innate immune responses, including interferon pathways and complement, NF-κB signalling and inflammasome activation, as well as with the activation of host adaptive immunity.

Cold injury can result from exercising at low temperatures and can impair exercise performance or cause lifelong debility or death. This consensus statement provides up-to-date information on the pathogenesis, nature, impacts, prevention, and treatment of the most common cold injuries.

Coronavirus constitutes a family of RNA viruses causing respiratory tract infections in both humans and birds. A mild disease appears like the common cold, and in other cases, causes Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), or COVID-19. As compared to COVID-19, SARS and MERS were limited to certain countries. On the other hand, COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on Mar. 11, 2020. In this research, we perform the bibliometric assessment of Coronavirus research using the Scopus database. We studied 27,824 articles written by 64,903 researchers from 1951 till June 20, 2020, published in 3,858 different sources. More than 65% of research appeared in the form of articles. More than 34% of publications appeared in 2020, coinciding with the appearance of COVID-19. This also resulted in a sharp increase in the average citation from 2.2 observed in 2019 to 14.5 seen in the year 2020. The USA is the most-cited country, followed by China. Nevertheless, Russia appears as the most-cited country per year. © 2021 WITPress. All rights reserved.

The causative factors of Coronavirus disease mainly the viruses. Through news we aware that pneumonia cases seen recently in Wuhan city, China. Due to unknown causes. Coronaviruses that cause illness such as a common cold. The Coronavirus infection identified with respiratory symptoms and pneumonia, the severe form of coronavirus infection mainly associated with death and low immune system patients. It is very important for us to more focus on geriatric people because in our countries, geriatric group people facing health problems at this present situation. According to articles Clinical Pathology, Pathogenesis, Immunopathology, and Mitigation Strategies, in that said geriatric people and low immune system patient with symptoms related history are more prone to COVID infection. But according to recent information by WHO all people are at risk of coronavirus but mostly geriatric people facing more risk of developing a severe respiratory infection. Geriatric people easily get coronavirus syndrome due to physical changes that occur as increasing age. There were 95% of these deaths seen in geriatric people above 60 years older. Above 50% of all fatal conditions occurred in geriatric people between 60- 80 years ago. There having disease control and prevention center, which indicate that rates of hospitalizations, intensive care unit admissions and mortality reported among COVID-19 cases in the United States are substantially higher among patients older than 45 years compared with younger patients, with case-fatality rates exceeding 1.4% among patients aged 55 to 64 years and exceeding 2.7% among those aged 65 to 74 years.

This paper analysed the results of morning preventive activities based on exposure to contrasting temperatures in combination with physical exercises in an educational institution. The study involved 18 adolescent boys aged 15–16 years. Preventive activities were performed three times a week and included certain stages. Selection criteria were developed for the conditioning group and admission to the conditioning activities. Anthropometric and physiometric indicators as well as the number of common cold cases during the year were analysed. We found that preventive measures including exposure tocontrasting temperatures produced no effect on the natural physiological processes in this age group. At the same time, the common cold incidence rate decreased by 30 % in the conditioning group. For citation: Kolyvanova S.S., Lepunova O.N., Fisher T.A. Cold Conditioning of Adolescents Aged 15–16 Years in an Educational Institution. Journal of Medical and Biological Research, 2021, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 343–347. DOI: 10.37482/2687-1491-Z072

Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), and the 2019 novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Currently, there is no analyzed data to examine the outbreak of COVID-19 by continent and no determination of prevalence trends; this article reviews COVID-19 epidemiology and immunology. Original research, reviews, governmental databases, and treatment guidelines are analyzed to present the epidemiology and immunology of COVID-19. Reports from patients who were COVID-19 infected showed typical symptoms of neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and increased systemic inflammatory proteins of IL-6 and C reactive protein (CRP). These observations agree with the results of severe conditions of MERS or lethal cases of SARS, in which there is an increased presence of neutrophils and macrophages in the airways. Additionally, analyzed data showed that Europe (49.37%), the Americas (27.4%), and Eastern Mediterranean (10.07%) had the most cumulative total per 100,000 population confirmed cases, and Africa (6.9%), Western Pacific (3.46%), and South-East Asia (2.72%) had the lowest cumulative total per 100,000 population confirmed cases. In general, the trend lines showed that the number of confirmed cases (cumulative total) and deaths (cumulative total) would decrease eventually.

Background: The first wave of COVID 19 pandemic was among all age group with different presentations and outcome. This study done was to explore the social demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 patients in Bagmati province. Methods: A retrospective study was done among the first wave of SARS-CoV-2 positive patients registered during the first wave in provincial Health Emergency Operation Center (PHEOC), Bagmati, Nepal. Data was collected from 14th April 2020 to 15th October 2020. Demographic and clinical characteristics, comorbidities, isolation centers and outcome of Bagmati province were analyzed and described. Results: Among the 58916 cases; 37045 (62.87%) were male 21871 (37.12%) were female, 4434 (7.52%) cases were below 18 years while 54482 (92.47%) were of older than 18 years. Median age was 36.56 years (IQR 1 day to 108 years). There were 1507 (2.55%) cases having co morbidities while 57409 (97.44%) did not have. There were 48734 (82.71%) asymptomatic cases and 10182 (17.28%) symptomatic. There were cases having fever 2665 (26.17%), loss of taste 2130 (20.91%), loss of smell 2097 (20.59%), cough 1330 (13.06%) and common cold 895 (8.79%) with involvement of respiratory system, gastroenterology and central nervous system. Home and intuitional isolated cases were 55227 (93.73%) and 3689 (6.26%) respectively. Four hundred eighty-seven (6.04%) had travel history within 15 days and 242 (0.41%) died. Conclusions: In the first wave of the COVID pandemic, most cases were asymptomatic while systemic involvement of CNS; respiratory, gastrointestinal symptoms were common presentation. Mostly patient remained in home isolation, few cases had co morbidity and had good outcome in total.

Background: Resilience refers to the ability to recover function after encounter with stressors. While psychological resilience refers to the ability to cope with psychological stress, physical resilience refers to functional restoration after biomedical challenges. However, there is no gold standard to assess physical resilience. Accordingly, we explored whether the perceived recovery time from common cold could be used to represent physical resilience.Methods: We analyzed data of individuals aged 72–86 years who had participated in the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study in 2019. Among the 1,455 survey participants, 594 with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and missing data were excluded. The remaining 861 participants were divided into three groups according to the number of days required for recovery from common cold (Group 1, 1–4 days; Group 2, 5–7 days; and Group 3, ≥8 days). The relationship between recovery time and psychological resilience scale (Brief Resilience Scale [BRS]) score, physical frailty (Fried’s physical frailty phenotype and the Korean Frailty Index for Primary Care [KFI-PC]), and frailty outcome was investigated.Results: Group 3 comprised individuals more likely to be women, sleep less, be less physically less active, fall more often, and have a low EuroQol visual analogue scale score. BRS scores differed significantly among the three groups (Group 1, 13.29; Group 2, 14.32; Group 3, 15.22; p

Background: Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) are the most common infections in the paediatric population leading to health care consultations. Antihistamines are commonly prescribed medicines in children. Objectives: This study attempted to assess the current prescription patterns of antihistamines used in the treatment of URTIs. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the outpatient paediatric department of Kathmandu Medical College from January 2020 to April 2021. Ethical approval was taken from Institutional Review Committee of Kathmandu Medical College. A convenient sampling technique was used. The data were collected from the outpatient department prescription card into a suitably designed proforma. Drug use indicator developed by the World Health Organisation for Rational Use of Drugs was utilised. Data were analysed using SPSS v.20. Results: Data from prescriptions of 345 patients aged less than 14 years were collected from the paediatric outpatient department of KMCTH. The most common condition was common cold (132, 38.26%). Most commonly prescribed antihistamines were Fexofenadine (156, 45.21%). Average number of drugs per prescription was 2.31. The total number of drugs prescribed by generic name was 128 (16%). Antibiotics made its place in prescriptions 279 (34.96%) times. No parenteral medication was used and 140 (17.5 %) of all drugs prescribed were from the National List of Essential Medicines. Conclusion: Antihistamines, mostly second generation, were commonly prescribed in URTIs in paediatric patients. Majority of WHO indicators were within normal limits while some needed marked improvement. Different programmes can be implemented for improvement in prescribing patterns and promotion of rational drug use.

Background: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) encompass a tremendous breadth of clinical disease. Our present study aims to accessing the drug utilization pattern of antibiotic usage in medicine and respiratory unit of tertiary care hospital which helps in accessing rationality and monitoring the pattern of drug prescriptions, drug efficacy and other parameters which access the patient safety. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted for a period of six months from October 2019 to April 2020 to analyse the drug utilization pattern of the patient who was diagnosed with respiratory tract infections. Results: 111 patients were included as per inclusion and exclusion criteria, out of which 75 (67.6%) were male and 36 (32.4%) were female. The mean (±SD) age of the population has been found to be 49 (12.05) years. The majority of patients had hypertension 13 (11.71%) as co-morbidity followed by acute exacerbation12 (10.81%). Among 111 cases, 21 (18.9%) cases were diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in which 09 (42.85%) patients had Otitis media, 01 (4.76%) had Supraglottic, 10 (47.61%) had common cold and 01 (4.76%) had Adeno-tonsillitis. In study population 90 (81.1%) cases were diagnosed with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in which 49 (54.44%) were COPD, 12 (13.33%) were B. Asthma, 16 (17.77%) were Pneumonia. The most commonly prescribed antibiotic was ceftriaxone + sulbactam 73 (65.8%) and azithromycin 72 (64.9%). Conclusion: In a nutshell, it is evident those overuses of antibiotics that were prescribed in the patients of URTI and is a matter of concern. The drug utilization studies are an important tool to sensitize and increases awareness among physicians, which ultimately improves rational prescribing and patient care. Key words: Antibiotic Drug utilization, Haryana, LRTIs, Rational Use, Resistance, URTIs.

Background. Seasonal influenza is a common highly infectious disease that can affect the upper and lower airway in children and adults mainly in wintertime which is caused by many different influenza viruses and, in some cases, may cause serious complications such as pneumonia. We conducted this study to assess the knowledge and attitudes among patients and their companions in North Palestine hospitals regarding seasonal influenza and influenza vaccination and factors influencing the uptake of this vaccine so that we can identify gaps in their knowledge and give feedback to health authorities for future quality improvement projects by increasing awareness of its effectiveness and safety. Methods. A cross-sectional 17-item survey included randomly selected samples of 327 North Palestinian patients and their companions at North Palestine hospitals. Result. A total of 327 completed questionnaires were received with a response rate of 92%. Of these, 129 participants (39.4%) believed that influenza is the same as common cold. The majority of participants (85.3%) had heard of the influenza vaccine before. Although nearly half of them (53.6%) believed that the influenza vaccine is safe, only 112 (34.7%) of the participants considered vaccination an effective means in preventing serious influenza-related complications and only 89 (27.2%) participants were previously vaccinated. The main reasons for not being vaccinated included that vaccination is not necessary because flu is not a serious disease (67%), concerns about vaccine efficacy and its side effects (25.6%), fear of needles and injection (25.2%), and 17.8% of the participants believed that this vaccine is expensive. Conclusion. The uptake and knowledge of the influenza vaccine among Palestinians are low. Vaccinated participants in our survey showed a higher level of knowledge compared to nonvaccinated participants. Half of the participants believed in the safety of the vaccine and one-third of them believed in its efficacy in preventing flu illness and its complications. Extensive and sustained efforts are needed by public health programs to promote the flu vaccine among the public by increasing awareness of its effectiveness and safety.

Background Previous epidemiological studies have found positive associations between maternal infections and childhood leukaemia; however, evidence from prospective cohort studies is scarce. We aimed to examine the associations using large-scale prospective data. Methods Data were pooled from six population-based birth cohorts in Australia, Denmark, Israel, Norway, the UK and the USA (recruitment 1950s-2000s). Primary outcomes were any childhood leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL); secondary outcomes were acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and any childhood cancer. Exposures included maternal self-reported infections [influenza-like illness, common cold, any respiratory tract infection, vaginal thrush, vaginal infections and urinary tract infection (including cystitis)] and infection-associated symptoms (fever and diarrhoea) during pregnancy. Covariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated using multilevel Cox models. Results Among 312 879 children with a median follow-up of 13.6 years, 167 leukaemias, including 129 ALL and 33 AML, were identified. Maternal urinary tract infection was associated with increased risk of any leukaemia [HR (95% CI) 1.68 (1.10–2.58)] and subtypes ALL [1.49 (0.87–2.56)] and AML [2.70 ([0.93–7.86)], but not with any cancer [1.13 (0.85–1.51)]. Respiratory tract infection was associated with increased risk of any leukaemia [1.57 (1.06–2.34)], ALL [1.43 (0.94–2.19)], AML [2.37 (1.10–5.12)] and any cancer [1.33 (1.09–1.63)]; influenza-like illness showed a similar pattern but with less precise estimates. There was no evidence of a link between other infections and any outcomes. Conclusions Urinary tract and respiratory tract infections during pregnancy may be associated with childhood leukaemia, but the absolute risk is small given the rarity of the outcome.

Reports on T-cell cross-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 epitopes in unexposed individuals have been linked with prior exposure to the human common cold coronaviruses (HCCCs). Several studies suggested that cross-reactive T-cells response to live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) such as BCG (Bacillus Calmette–Guérin), OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine), and MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) can limit the development and severity of COVID-19. This study aims to identify potential cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2, HCCCs, and LAVs in the context of T-cell epitopes peptides presented by HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen) alleles of the Indonesian population. SARS-CoV-2 derived T-cell epitopes were predicted using immunoinformatics tools and assessed for their conservancy, variability, and population coverage. Two fully conserved epitopes with 100% similarity and nine heterologous epitopes with identical T-cell receptor (TCR) contact residues were identified from the ORF1ab fragment of SARS-CoV-2 and all HCCCs. Cross-reactive epitopes from various proteins of SARS-CoV-2 and LAVs were also identified (15 epitopes from BCG, 7 epitopes from MMR, but none from OPV). A majority of the identified epitopes were observed to belong to ORF1ab, further suggesting the vital role of ORF1ab in the coronaviruses family and suggesting it as a candidate for a potential universal coronavirus vaccine that protects against severe disease by inducing cell mediated immunity.

Background Antibiotics are important medicines to prevent maternal and child morbidity and mortality. Women’s knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic use influence their practice. When they become mothers, this may be mirrored in the use of antibiotics for their newborn children. The current study aimed to assess knowledge, attitudes, and reported practice of pregnant women regarding antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance as well as their approach towards antibiotic use for their newborn babies. Methods This was a follow-up study with data collected via structured interviews between September 2019 and August 2020 in Feuang (rural) and Vangvieng (urban) districts in Vientiane province, Lao PDR. We identified and invited all women attending antenatal care in their third trimester of pregnancy in the selected areas. Using a structured questionnaire at third trimester of pregnancy we captured data on knowledge regarding antibiotic use and resistance. We collected information on attitudes and reported practice at two time points: (i) at third trimester of pregnancy and (ii) 6 months after birth. Univariate analysis and frequency distributions were used to study pattern of responses. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare categorical and continuous variables respectively. P value Results We surveyed 539 women with a mean age of 25 years. Two oral antibiotics, i) ampicillin and ii) amoxicillin were correctly identified by 68 and 47% of participants respectively. Only 24% of women (19% in Feuang and 29% in Vangvieng) answered correctly that antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections. The most prevalent response was “I don’t know” suggesting the questions were challenging. Significantly less women would use antibiotics from a previous illness for their child than for themselves (16% vs 29%), however they would be more willing to use antibiotics for their baby even in case of mild symptoms (29% vs 17% while pregnant). The majority of antibiotics were prescribed by healthcare providers and 46% of children with the common cold received antibiotics. Conclusions Women’s knowledge was sub-optimal, still, they manifested appropriate attitudes towards antibiotic use during pregnancy and for their child. Nearly half of children received antibiotics for the common cold. There is a need for context adapted programs aiming at improving women’s knowledge, as well as healthcare providers, emphasising rational antibiotic prescribing during pregnancy and for children.

The use of complementary and integrative medicine has increased . It is estimated that one-third of the population of the United States uses some form of alternative medicine. Physicians should consider integrative medicine therapies . Alternative medical therapies for the common cold and influenza include herbal supplements, dietary supplements, diet, and other adjunct therapies. However, it is important to research and study these therapies. Therefore, communication with patients and other health care providers is important. This will ensure effective and positive patient care experiences. Further randomized clinical trials are necessary to further establish the role of various alternative options.

There is an urgent need for anti-viral agents that treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. The shortest path to clinical use is repurposing of drugs that have an established safety profile in humans. Here, we first screened a library of 1,900 clinically safe drugs for inhibiting replication of OC43, a human beta-coronavirus that causes the common-cold and is a relative of SARS-CoV-2, and identified 108 effective drugs. We further evaluated the top 26 hits and determined their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2, as well as other pathogenic RNA viruses. 20 of the 26 drugs significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in human lung cells (A549 epithelial cell line), with EC50 values ranging from 0.1 to 8 micromolar. We investigated the mechanism of action for these and found that masitinib, a drug originally developed as a tyrosine-kinase inhibitor for cancer treatment, strongly inhibited the activity of the SARS-CoV-2 main protease 3CLpro. X-ray crystallography revealed that masitinib directly binds to the active site of 3CLpro, thereby blocking its enzymatic activity. Mastinib also inhibited the related viral protease of picornaviruses and blocked picornaviruses replication. Thus, our results show that masitinib has broad anti-viral activity against two distinct beta-coronaviruses and multiple picornaviruses that cause human disease and is a strong candidate for clinical trials to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Phamacy, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2Assistant Professor, GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. *Corresponding Author E-mail: yadamnaveen2@gmail.com, sganta@gitam.edu ABSTRACT: Since 2019 December, a rapid increase in a cluster of Pneumonia cases has been identified in Wuhan, China. INTRODUCTION: Since 2019 December, a rapid increase in a cluster of Pneumonia cases has been identified in Wuhan, China.1 Which was then determined by the International Committee on the taxonomy of viruses as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the disease named Coronavirus (COVID-19) with an unknown etiology.2 The novel coronavirus (2019 n-CoV) outbreak has been informed to the World Health Organization (WHO), which further added as it was caused by the novel beta coronavirus that belongs to the family Coronaviridae.3 Which is genetically similar to SARS-CoV, which is responsible for the SAR outbreak in 2002.4 The 2019 coronavirus is a global emergency, the WHO declared global emergencies only five times that is for Swine flu (2009), Ebola, Polio (2014), Zika virus (2016), Kivu Ebola (2018-2020), Coronavirus (2019-2020).5 This family of viruses causes the common cold and named for the spike proteins on its surface that make it look like a crown or a star.6 The first few cases were associated with a wholesale seafood market, which made us understand that Zoonotic (meaning transmitted from animal to human). Later, the pathogen's precise details have been noticed that the COVID-19 is as much like the SARS and MERS.9 The initial treatment is given to COVID-19 was similar to the SARS and MERS, but the results are not much as expected, so the treatment is still symptomatic.10 Pneumonia, particularly the inflammation in the alveoli or the bronchi, can be caused by both the microbes and the virus that invade the lung tissue and make breathing difficult by filling the alveoli with fluid and pus.11 The alveoli are the major site for transferring the O2 into the bloodstream and CO2 out from the body.12 So it makes breathing difficult at times, and it may be either single or double pneumonia meaning it may affect a single lung or both.13 The pneumonia symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath, fastening of heart rate, sweating, fever, dehydration, and appetite loss. Once the virus is inside the cell, it starts to replicate.26,27 The information in the viral RNA is used to produce all the viral proteins (polyproteins), including RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the S-protein, 3-chymotrypsin-like protease, papain-like protease, helicase, glycoprotein, and accessory proteins.28 The genetic RNA is also replicated, and all the viral components are assembled, and finally virus buds out from the host cell.29 Initially, the virus replicates in the upper respiratory tract (cough and fever), and in most cases, the human immune system can fight it and defeat it.

Background: Inappropriate use of antibiotics, especially for treatment of self-limiting infections remains one of the major drivers of antibiotic resistance (ABR). Community pharmacists can contribute to reducing ABR by ensuring antibiotics are dispensed only when necessary. Objective: To assess community pharmacists’ management of self-limiting infections. Methods: A purposive sample of 75 pharmacies participated in the study. Each pharmacy was visited by an investigator and a trained simulated patient who mimicked symptoms of common cold and acute diarrhoea, respectively. Interactions between the simulated patient and pharmacist were recorded by the investigator in a data collection form after each visit. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out. Ethics approval was obtained from the state Ministry of Health Research Ethics Committee. Results: For common cold, 68% (51/75) of pharmacists recommended an antibiotic. Azithromycin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (43%, 24%, 20%, respectively) were the most frequently dispensed agents. For acute diarrhoea, 72% (54/75) of pharmacists dispensed one antibiotic, while 15% dispensed more than one antibiotic. The most frequently dispensed agent was metronidazole (82%), which was dispensed in addition to amoxicillin or tetracycline among pharmacists who dispensed more than one agent. In both infection scenarios, advice on dispensed antibiotics was ofered in 73% and 87% of the interactions, respectively. Conclusion: This study shows high rate of inappropriate antibiotics dispensing among community pharmacists. There is need for improved awareness of antibiotic resistance through continuing education and training of community pharmacists. Furthermore, the inclusion of antibiotic resistance and stewardship in undergraduate pharmacy curriculum is needed. Keywords: Antibiotics; pharmacists; common cold; acute diarrhoea; community pharmacy; patient simulation.

Objectives As one of the most common health problems, the common cold may lead to negative consequences such as work or school absenteeism, poor productivity and labour loss. Vitamin C supports immune system defences by supporting the various cellular functions of the immune system, both congenital and adaptive. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of vitamin C in white-collar workers and its impact on medical care costs and its impact on the workforce in association with the common cold. Methods For calculation of the effect of 1000 mg vitamin C daily on the workforce and possible healthcare services costs, a Markov-based model was simulated with 6 cycles consistent with the literature that constituted the model input for the 6-month common cold season. The simulated Markov model included parameters for the number of seasonal flu episodes with or without vitamin C use, the duration of the episodes, productivity loss and daily labour costs. The TreeAge Healthcare Pro 2020 program was used for the Markov model. Key findings The calculations revealed that the common cold lasted 0.47 days less with vitamin C use. The calculations revealed that the number of days absent from work is 0.38 days more without vitamin C use compared with vitamin C use. The calculations revealed that the medical treatment costs for the common cold is TL 1723.98. According to the analysis conducted based on the Markov model, the total cost of lost productivity and medical treatment that would occur in case of a common cold is TL 3704.97 with vitamin C use and TL 4223.26 without vitamin C use. Conclusion Based on the results of the analysis, we can suggest that regular vitamin C supplementation may prevent the impact of the common cold on public health and the resulting economic burden.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to understand COVID-19 information seeking among Korean immigrant women in comparison to their flu/cold information seeking. In particular, the study aimed to examine: (1) the levels of information sought regarding both COVID-19 and the flu/cold, and (2) the content of information discussed at each level. Methods: We analyzed the posts on Missy USA––one of the largest Korean online communities for married Korean immigrant women. Two sets of data, one for COVID-19 (n=726) and the other for the flu/cold (n=50), were analyzed with codes at different levels, which were adapted from the social-ecological model. Results: Applying the social-ecological model, we found that about 80% of information regarding the flu/cold and about 60% of COVID-19 information was concentrated at individual, interpersonal, and organizational levels. Information seeking at the community level was more frequent for COVID-19 than for the flu/cold. Conclusions: Our finding that Korean immigrant women primarily sought information regarding COVID-19 serves as a theoretical contribution at the transnational level, which might be relevant for immigrant women during the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic.

Introduction: Common cold is frequently encountered by people and it also largely affects productivity of the daily routine life. Combination of Paracetamol, Phenylephrine and Chlorpheniramine maleate which acts as an antipyretic, nasal decongestant and anti-histaminic respectively, can be used for the symptomatic treatment of common cold. To the above-mentioned combination, Sodium Citrate was added as an expectorant and Menthol for cooling effect and this post marketing surveillance study was conducted to test the efficacy and safety for the symptomatic treatment of common cold. Methodology: Out of 200 enrolled, 174 patients completed the study. Safety assessment was made by analysing the adverse events reported by the patient or their guardian. Efficacy was evaluated by total symptom score [TSS] (eleven-point scale ranging from 0 to 10 where 0 is no symptom to 10 is the maximum symptoms) which was extrapolated to four-point Likert-type symptom severity scales. Results: TSS was reduced from 5.57 at baseline visit to 3.40 at day 3 to 1.69 at day 5. At day 3 and day 5 there was TSS reduction of 38.865 % and 69.690 % respectively as compared to baseline. 18 episodes of adverse drug reactions were reported and all of them were of expected and non-serious nature. Conclusion: Fixed-dose combination of Paracetamol 125mg, Phenylephrine 5mg, Chlorpheniramine Maleate 1mg, Sodium Citrate 60mg and mentholated flavoured syrupy base q.s. per 5ml was found to be safe and efficacious for the treatment of common cold in children of age between 2 to 12 years.

Corona viruses are a large family of viruses that can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). A typical presentation of MERS-COV disease is fever, cough and shortness of breath. Pneumonia is a common finding, but not always present. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhoea, have also been reported. Severe illness can cause respiratory failure that requires mechanical ventilation and support in an intensive care unit. The virus appears to cause more severe disease in older people, people with weakened immune systems, and those with chronic diseases such as renal disease, cancer, chronic lung disease, and diabetes. No vaccine or specific treatment is currently available to prevent. The only way to prevent from COVID-19 is to have proper knowledge and awareness. So, accessing knowledge and awareness among people is very important. In this paper a study have been carried out to access the knowledge, awareness and practices about COVID-19 among the people of Jazan. The data collected in this survey can be used as a baseline data to monitor public perception and their behavior in case of a future outbreak of any infectious disease in Jazan. This study will be useful to get the current level of knowledge and awareness among people of Jazan. © 2021 NSP.

Upper respiratory tract infections (URI) are prevalent in the United States. URIs can also be debilitating and costly. The most common etiology for an URI is viral, and there are currently no antiviral medications for the common cold. Therefore, cost-effective preventative measures are essential in the prevention of URIs. This literature review intends to compare the few studies evaluating the effectiveness of saltwater gargle for preventing URIs. The goals of this review include commenting on the potential for a saltwater gargle in preventing URIs, shortcomings of the few studies performed and recommendations for further research in evaluating saltwater gargle as an effective prevention method. This review looks explicitly at three studies evaluating the effectiveness of saltwater gargling and the prevention of URIs. Conclusions derived from this review include both physiological and clinical evidence of the potential for saltwater gargling in URI prevention. The first two studies demonstrate patient-derived evidence for saltwater gargling, potentially providing a decreased risk of URI when used preventatively. The third study demonstrates the potential for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in evaluating the effectiveness of saltwater gargling in reducing the duration of illness. Additionally, in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, cost-effective treatment options targeting viral URIs, such as SARS-CoV-2, warrant further evaluation and discussion.

The new coronavirus outbreak emerged at the end of 2019 worldwide in a very short period of time. The number of victims of this virus until 2020/11/17 has been 1323143. The consequences of these viruses in humans are common cold or mild illness in the upper respiratory region. In more severe cases can causes severe interstitial pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). So far various drugs have been prescribed and used for the treatment. However, their efficiency and their side effects for treatment of pneumonia of COVID19 are unknown and should be more investigated. Low-dose radiation (LDR) (30 to 100 cGray(Gy)) has been used historically since the early 1930s with hopeful results for pneumonia treatment and was a common treatment solution for viral pneumonia until the 1940s. As some recent studies have raised the use of LDRT for COVID19 treatment, we sought to review previous evidence oftherapeutic role of LDRT in the inflammatory diseases as well as recent recommendations about consider LDRT as the treatment method for COVID19. Based on the available evidence and the background of studies, it seems that choosing a dose 0.3-0.5 Gy in severe cases of the disease, as well as using radiation for the whole body instead of the lungs, can optimize the immune system, and optimizing the immune system will help improve COVID-19.

The use of organic solvents as eluants in RP-HPLC has an important role to decrease retention time and improve peak shape; however, it has high environmental impacts. Their production and disposal represent economic and biohazard problems. So, alternatives had to be introduced and studied to minimize such pollution. Combination of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) together with polyoxyethylene-23-lauryl ether (Brij-35) was studied as an alternative to the presence of organic solvents on the separation performance of six active pharmaceutical ingredients. Response surface methodology was applied to test the impact of three independent variables; concentrations of SDS and Brij-35, as well as, pH of the mobile phase; on retention, peak symmetry, and resolution of the analytes using a rotatable central composite design. Significant variables were determined and the suggested models for predicting retention and resolution parameters were significant. Meanwhile, the common cold is the most abundant disease treated with over-the-counter (OTC) medications worldwide. In 2015, the USA recorded $9.56 billion total sales of OTC cold and cough medicaments alone, with average individual patient expenditure of $338. The worldwide sales and generics of common cold and cough products keep growing annually. The six active pharmaceutical molecules under study, namely, paracetamol, guaifenesin, pseudoephedrine, ibuprofen, chlorpheniramine, and dextromethorphan, are widely used in common cold products. The predicted optimum conditions were validated using mobile phase consisting of 93.6 mM SDS, 32.0 mM Brij-35, and 10.0 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate, adjusted at pH 5.2, column temperature 35° C, and detection at 215-nm wavelength. The method was successfully applied to determine 12 different combination formulae of the analytes in their pharmaceutical products and was assessed for greenness on two novel metrics. A thorough comparison to previously reported methods was included and methods were assessed against greenness metrics Green Analytical Procedure Index and Analytical Greenness Metric to demonstrate superiority.

This review aimed to focus on using foods to boost immunity against COVID-19 in all age groups. In human, coronavirus causes the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and a major threat to public health. The novel coronavirus was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization due to its rapid infectivity. COVID-19 infection is most probably reported in people with low immunity response. The nutrients, which show beneficial effects on the immune system, are called immune nutrients and diet is called immune diet. A healthy diet can reduce the risk of infection of COVID-19 and can prevent disease. Nutritional food intake is also necessary for people with chronic illness, obese persons, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction like anxiety and depression. All nutrients are essential for maintaining immunity and providing appropriate amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, and minerals for the surveillance mode of keeping us from getting sick. The use of plenty of water, minerals such as micronutrients, zinc, copper, selenium, iron, magnesium, food rich in vitamins, and a good lifestyle can promote health and overwhelm this coronavirus infection.

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The novel coronavirus has diverse manifestations, usually similar to a common cold or influenza. The majority of patients with coronavirus disease have typical imaging features. The typical CT characteristics of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia are ground-glass opacities and consolidative lesions with a peripheral and posterior distribution. Noninvasive imaging methods are precise and rapid means of diagnosing pneumonia and cardiovascular complications caused by COVID-19 infection. Therefore, it is important for clinicians to understand the implications of this pandemic and to be familiar with the different imaging aspects of the novel coronavirus disease. This review focuses on the most commonly reported imaging findings of COVID-19 infection in different patients from different countries, the expert recommendations, and the cardiac manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

COVID-19 patients elicit strong responses to the nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 but binding antibodies are also detected in prepandemic individuals, indicating potential crossreactivity with common cold human coronaviruses (HCoV) and questioning its utility in seroprevalence studies. We investigated the immunogenicity of the full-length and shorter fragments of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein, and the crossreactivity of antibodies with HCoV. We identified a C-terminus region in SARS-CoV2 N of minimal sequence homology with HCoV that was more specific for SARS-CoV-2 and highly immunogenic. IgGs to the full-length SARS-CoV-2 N also recognized N229E N, and IgGs to HKU1 N recognized SARS-CoV-2 N. Crossreactivity with SARS-CoV-2 was stronger for alpha- rather than beta-HCoV despite having less sequence identity, revealing the importance of conformational recognition. Higher preexisting IgG to OC43 N correlated with lower IgG to SARS-CoV-2 N in rRT-PCR negative individuals, reflecting less exposure and indicating a potential protective association. Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 N were higher in patients with more severe and longer duration of symptoms and in females. IgGs remained stable for at least 3 months, while IgAs and IgMs declined faster. In conclusion, N protein is a primary target of SARS-CoV-2-specific and HCoV crossreactive antibodies, both of which may affect the acquisition of immunity to COVID-19.

The common cold is a leading cause of morbidity and contributes significantly to the health costs in Bhutan. The study utilized multivariate Zero-inflated Poisson regression in a Bayesian framework to identify climatic variability and spatial and temporal patterns of the common cold in Bhutan. There were 2,480,509 notifications of common cold between 2010 and 2018. Children aged

Summary We propose the term “common cold coronaviruses,” or ccCoV, to describe the four human coronaviruses commonly associated with upper respiratory tract disease – coronaviruses 229E, OC43, NL63, and HKU1. This will differentiate these previously described coronaviruses from those causing more severe disease in humans – including the viruses severe acute respiraotry syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2.

We describe here the case of a 7-year-old male patient with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), which was suspected to be caused by treatment with tipepidine hibenzate (Asverin

Background During the last 2 years, in the Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq, there were thousands of COVID-19 cases that have not been reported officially, but diagnosed and confirmed by private laboratories and private hospitals, or clinicians based on typical clinical signs, as well as few people using home self-test after appearing of some flu-like clinical symptoms. Thus, this study aims to assess the misdiagnosis and mismanagement of cases before COVID-19 confirmation. Methods This study enrolled 100 consecutive patients who visited an outpatient clinic of Shar Hospital that had symptoms highly suspicious of COVID-19 infection while misdiagnosed previously to have other types of disease. Detailed questionnaires were filled for all studied patients, including age, gender, main presenting symptoms, and duration of these symptoms with the following questions: who made the false diagnosis, depending on which diagnostic test the false diagnosis was made, which medication was used for the false diagnosis, who prescribed those medications, and how long those medications were used. They were investigated by RT-PCR on their nasopharyngeal swab for confirmation. Results Most of the false diagnoses were typhoid (63%), influenza (14%), pneumonia (9%), gastroenteritis (5%), common cold (4%), brucellosis (4%), and meningitis (1%). Regarding the false diagnosis of cases, 92% were made by non-physician healthcare workers, and only 8% were made by physicians. All false diagnoses with typhoid, gastroenteritis, and common cold were made by non-physician healthcare workers, together with about half of the diagnosis of pneumonia and brucellosis, with statistically significant results (P Conclusions We realized that some patients had been misdiagnosed before the COVID-19 infection confirmation. Their health conditions improved drastically after correct diagnosis and treatment, and this research is considered the first research to be conducted in Iraq in this regard.

Wyciek wydzieliny z nosa (katar), upośledzenie drożności przewodów nosowych i kichanie to objawy charakteryzujące stan zapalny błony śluzowej nosa. Artykuł przedstawia charakterystykę dwóch jednostek chorobowych, dla których powyższe symptomy są wspólne: alergicznego nieżytu nosa i choroby przeziębieniowej. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na cechy pozwalające na diagnostykę różnicową. Omówiono aktualne zasady postępowania diagnostycznego i terapeutycznego w obu powyższych jednostkach chorobowych.

Coronaviruses belong to the “Coronaviridae family”, which causes various diseases, from the common cold to SARS and MERS. The coronavirus is naturally prevalent in mammals and birds. So far, six human-transmitted coronaviruses have been discovered. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Common symptoms include fever, dry cough, and fatigue, but in acute cases, the disease can lead to severe shortness of breath, hypoxia, and death. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the three main transmission routes, such as droplet and contact routes, airborne transmission and fecal and oral for COVID-19, have been identified. So far, no definitive curative treatment has been discovered for COVID-19, and the available treatments are only to reduce the complications of the disease. According to the World Health Organization, preventive measures at the public health level such as quarantine of the infected person, identification and monitoring of contacts, disinfection of the environment, and personal protective equipment can significantly prevent the outbreak COVID-19. Currently, based on the urgent needs of the community to control this pandemic, the BNT162b2 (Pfizer), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), CoronaVac (Sinovac), Sputnik V (Gamaleya Research Institute, Acellena Contract Drug Research, and Development), BBIBP-CorV (Sinofarm), and AZD1222 (The University of Oxford; AstraZeneca) vaccines have received emergency vaccination licenses from health organizations in vaccine-producing countries. Vasso Apostolopoulos, Majid Hassanzadeganroudsari

Background The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of nasal saline irrigation (large volume, positive pressure isotonic saline) in addition to standard treatment in patients with acute rhinosinusitis (ARS). Methods This parallel, randomized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary hospital. The adult patients with ARS (age ≥18 years) were randomly assigned to two groups. The irrigation group received 0.9% saline irrigation twice daily, using a 250-ml squeeze bottle, in addition to standard treatment. The no-irrigation group received standard treatment only. Patients were evaluated at baseline, 1 week, and 2 weeks. The quality of life, rhinologic subscore, symptom score, endoscopy score, and cure rate were compared. Results Sixty-one patients (30: irrigation, 31: no-irrigation) were enrolled. There were 17 males and 44 females. The mean age was 41.06 years. Although both groups showed improvements, the improvement of each outcome was not different between the groups. Subgroup analysis by ARS subtype showed benefits of irrigation in the common cold subgroup; the improvements that were greater than control included: rhinologic subscore, intergroup mean difference -4.15 [95% confidence interval (CI), -7.49, -0.80] at 1 week and -5.23 [95% CI, -9.69, -0.78] at 2 weeks; combined symptom score -5.35 [95% CI, -10.55, -0.14] at 1 week and -8.02 [95%CI, -14.36, -1.70] at 2 weeks. Conclusion The add-on isotonic nasal saline irrigation using a large volume, positive pressure device did not add benefits equally for all ARS patients. The benefits of irrigation on quality of life and nasal symptoms were only observed in the common cold patient subgroup.

Background: Childhood pneumonia is the leading cause of death. Family caregivers may have a poor understanding of pneumonia, especially related to prevention and treatment. It is crucial to understand country-specific knowledge and healthcare-seeking behaviors of caregivers of children with pneumonia before planning programmatic responses, particularly in an urban community where the culture-social economic status is diverse. Objective: This study aimed to describe the knowledge and healthcare-seeking behavior of family caregivers of children with pneumonia in Indonesia’s urban community. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted at a public hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia, from 10 December 2019 to 28 January 2020. Ten family caregivers of children with pneumonia were included, and a semi-structured interview was conducted for data collection. The audio recording was transcribed verbatim, and the data were analyzed using content analysis. Results: The emerged data indicated low knowledge of the family caregivers, especially mothers, which considered pneumonia a common cold only, and they failed to understand the risk of its transmission. Using traditional medicines was the first stage of healthcare-seeking behavior. If the symptoms worsened, the caregivers brought their children to the nearest health center. If there was no change in the symptoms, they headed to the hospital. The health center’s location, condition, services, and staff attitude were considered factors to choose the services. Conclusion: Living in an urban area does not guarantee the family caregivers have better knowledge and good healthcare-seeking behavior. Therefore, nurses should provide comprehensive education about pneumonia, its symptoms, and treatment management to improve family care and prevent pneumonia-related deaths. Integrated management of children with illness is recommended to help the family caregivers of children with pneumonia receive treatment as quickly as possible. Funding: This study was funded by Universitas Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Indonesia.

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global pandemic that initially started in Wuhan, China, and spread exponentially across the globe infecting human being irrespective of age, sex and ethnicity. Given the nature of this virus, there is much still to be learned. People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported – ranging from mild symptoms (e.g., common cold) to more severe diseases such as bronchitis, pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure, and even death. Comorbidity is an important factor in COVID-19 pandemic outcome often leading to rapid and severe progression of the disease process, even death. Objective: This study was carried out to see the socio-demographic characteristics and presenting features of COVID-19 disease as well as to assess impact of comorbidities on its hospital outcome. Methods: This observational study was carried out in the COVID-19 dedicated hospital of Faridpur from April 2020 to September 2020 for a period of 06 month. All clinically suspected patients confirmed by RT PCR were included as cases. Data were collected by detailed history from patients then those were checked, verified for consistency and edited for result. After editing and coding, the coded data were analyzed by using the SPSS\PC software package. Results: A total of 627 patients were included in the study of which 552 were treated in COVID ward and 75 patients were treated in ICU. Among COVID ward admitted (552) patients 354 (64.13%) were male and 198 (35.86%) were female with a male to female ratio of 1:0.56; young adult patients (19 to 50 years) were more affected and admitted (62.86%) and people living in urban area were more affected (52.71%) than rural area (47.28%). Fever, cough and shortness of breath (63.04%, 45.47% and 42.39% respectively) were predominant symptoms. Regarding comorbidities, 44.20% patients have one or more comorbidities whereas 55.79% patients have no comorbidity. Hypertension (17.57%) was the predominant comorbid condition followed by Diabetes (15.94%), ischemic heart disease (05.61%), COAD (05.61%), CKD (2.3%), Stroke (1.44%), Heart failure (0.54%) and Cancer (0.36%). A total of 75 patients needed ICU support; most of them were elderly patients (64 out of 75). Regarding hospital outcome, 96.74% (534 out of 552) COVID ward patients and 45.34% (34 out of 75) of ICU admitted patients discharged uneventfully whereas 03.2% COVID ward patients and 54.66%of ICU admitted patients expired. Deaths were more in elderly patients (n=43; 72.88%). Common comorbidities found among the patients who expired were Hypertension, Diabetes and Ischemic heart diseases (42.37%, 37.28% and 16.94% respectively). Conclusion: The predominant number of patients presented with fever, cough and shortness of breath in our setting. The percentage of COVID-19 hospitalizations resulting in death remains high among elderly patients and those with one or more comorbid conditions. Therefore, elderly patients and those with comorbidities should take all necessary precautions to avoid getting infected with SARS CoV-2.

Background: Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are one of the most common causes of the “common cold”. Some HCoV strains, however, can cause fatal respiratory disease. Some examples of these diseases are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). This article will review the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of HCoVs. Methods: A systematic literature review was performed using the terms “human coronaviruses”, “MERS-CoV”, “SARS- CoV”, “SARS-CoV2”, “COVID-19”, and “common cold” in OVID MEDLINE, PubMed, and Cochrane Library. Findings: Most HCoVs cause mild upper respiratory infections which resolve with supportive care and no sequelae. In recent decades, however, there have been outbreaks of novel HCoVs that cause more severe disease. This is largely due to HCoVs having large genomes which undergo frequent recombination events, leading to the emergence of novel and more virulent strains of the virus. These severe respiratory illnesses can lead to acute respiratory distress requiring invasive intervention, such as mechanical ventilation. These severe infections can lead to long-lasting sequelae in patients. Scientists continue to investigate potential treatments for these viruses, though supportive care remains the gold standard. Scientists have succeeded in devel- oping numerous vaccines for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and ongoing data collection and analysis will shed even more light on the next steps in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Due to the frequency of recombination events and the subsequent emergence of novel strains, HCoVs are be- coming more prevalent, making them a global health concern as they can lead to epidemics and pandemics. Understanding the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of HCoVs is important, especially during this worldwide pandemic. Keywords: Coronavirus; common cold; severe respiratory disease; COVID-19.

In 2017, three leading vaccine researchers submitted a grant application with an ambitious goal: Develop a single vaccine against all beta coronaviruses—the notorious viral group then known to include the lethal agents of severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome, as well as several causes of the common cold and many bat viruses. Grant reviewers at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) gave the proposal a low priority score, apparently unconvinced that the viruses pose a global threat. Now, as the world nears 3 million deaths from the latest coronavirus in the spotlight, SARS-CoV-2, NIAID and other funders have had a major change of heart. With the threat of another coronavirus pandemic now seeming very real, more than two dozen "pancoronavirus" vaccine projects are underway, using approaches ranging from novel nanocages arrayed with viral particles to cocktails of inactivated viruses.

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that cause illness from the common cold to severe diseases such as Severe AcuteRespiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). In December 2019, forty new cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology have beenreported in Wuhan, China. The disease resembles Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and hasbeen subsequently named the 2019-novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). The antibody test is a blood test that providesquantitative and qualitative detection of IgG and IgM antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2. Reported a male, 43-year oldsuffering from DHF, but the results of an IgG and IgM rapid test were COVID-19 reactive. Also, reviewed rapid tests forCOVID-19 and the results showed that only IgG was reactive. This explained that the patient already had SARS Cov-2antibodies but was not suffering from the disease. The rapid test COVID-19 IgM result was deemed to be a false positive.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the prescribing pattern of antibiotics in URTI patients attending the OPD and IPD of HAHC Hospital, a tertiary care teaching hospital of Jamia Hamdard, associated with HIMSR, New Delhi. URTI account for millions of visits to family physicians each year. Although warranted in some cases, antibiotics are greatly overused. In the present study, an overall antibiotic prescription rate for adult patients with URTI was 45.6% whereas 54.4% patients were on non-antibiotic treatment. In our study the antibiotics were prescribed in 10.5% cases of common cold, 76.47% cases of pharyngitis, 63.15% cases of laryngitis, 100% cases of otitis media and 52.38% cases of sinusitis. The most commonly prescribed antibiotic was azithromycin which was prescribed collectively in 70.3% cases of common cold, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and sinusitis. The combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid was prescribed in remaining 29.7% cases suffering from pharyngitis. sinusitis, and otitis media. The antibiotic prescription at Hospital is in line with the ICMR guidelines for URTIs. We found adverse drug reactions in only 9% cases receiving azithromycin and combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid. The adverse drug reaction reported with azithromycin was diarrhoea, stomach pain, nausea and vomiting whereas only diarrhoea was reported with amoxicillin and clavulanic acid combination. No other unexpected adverse drug reaction was observed in this study. Keywords: URTI, Antibiotics, Azithromycin and co-morbidities.

Individualized homeopathy (IH) in atopic dermatitis (AD) remained under-researched.We aimed at evaluating efficacy of IH in AD.A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, short-term, preliminary trial was conducted in an Indian homeopathy hospital. Patients were randomized to either IH (n = 30) or identical-looking placebo (n = 30) using computerized randomization and allocation. Outcomes were patient-oriented scoring of AD (PO-SCORAD; primary end point), Dermatological Life Quality Index (DLQI) score, and AD burden score for adults (ADBSA; secondary end points), measured monthly for 3 months. An intention-to-treat sample was analyzed after adjusting baseline differences.On PO-SCORAD, improvement was higher in IH against placebo, but nonsignificant statistically (pmonth 1 = 0.433, pmonth 2 = 0.442, pmonth 3 = 0.229). Secondary outcomes were also nonsignificant - both DLQI and ADBSA (p0.05). Four adverse events (diarrhea, injury, common cold) were recorded.There was a small, but nonsignificant direction of effect towards homeopathy, which renders the trial inconclusive. A properly powered robust trial is indicated.Einleitung: Die Anwendung der individualisierten Homöopathie (IH) bei atopischer Dermatitis (AD) ist bislang wenig erforscht. Ziel: Mit der vorliegenden Studie sollte die Wirksamkeit der IH bei AD untersucht werden. Methoden: Es handelt sich um eine erste doppelblinde, randomisierte, plazebokontrollierte Kurzzeitstudie, die in einer indischen Klinik für Homöopathie durchgeführt wurde. Die Patienten wurden mittels computergestützter Randomisierung und Zuordnung einer Behandlung mit IH (n = 30) oder einem identisch aussehenden Plazebo (n = 30) zugewiesen. Endpunkte waren die monatlich über 3 Monate gemessene patientenorientierte Beurteilung der AD (patient-oriented scoring of AD, PO-SCORAD; primärer Endpunkt), der Score des Dermatological Life Quality Index (DLQI) und der AD-Belastungs-Score für Erwachsene (AD burden score for adults, ADBSA; sekundäre Endpunkte). Die Analyse der Intent-to-treat-Stichprobe erfolgte nach Korrektur für die Baseline-Unterschiede. Ergebnisse: Die Verbesserung des PO-SCORAD-Werts fiel in der IH-Gruppe höher aus als in der Plazebogruppe, allerdings erreichte der Unterschied keine statistische Signifikanz (pMonat 1 = 0,433, pMonat 2 = 0,442, pMonat 3 = 0,229). Die sekundären Endpunkte DLQI und ADBSA waren ebenfalls nicht signifikant (p0,05). Vier unerwünschte Ereignisse (Diarrhoe, Verletzung, Erkältung) wurden erfasst. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Studie zeigte eine leichte, jedoch nichtsignifikante Wirksamkeitstendenz zugunsten der Homöopathie, lieferte jedoch keine eindeutigen Hinweise. Die Durchführung einer robusten Studie mit ausreichender statistischer Power ist angezeigt.

Coronaviruses OC43, 229E, NL63, and HKU1 are endemic human respiratory coronaviruses that typically cause mild to moderate upper respiratory infections, similar to the common cold. They also may cause simple and complicated lower respiratory infections, otitis media, asthma exacerbations, gastroenteritis, and a few systemic complications. These viruses are usually seasonal (with winter dominance) and affect nearly all age groups. The seasonal and annual variation in virus prevalence has implications for understanding the concept of acquired immunity and its persistence or diminution. Coronaviruses generally have outbreak potential in susceptible populations of any age, particularly in patients with comorbidities, who tend to have increased clinical disease. These 4 coronaviruses are often found in the context of what appears to be coinfection with other pathogens, but especially other viruses. If coronaviruses are not specifically tested for, the sole detection of a viral copathogen would suggest the pathogen is the causative agent, when a coronavirus may be culpable, or both. The detection of these viruses in circumstances where respiratory viruses are generally sought in clinical samples is, therefore, justified. These pathogens can be chronically shed from the respiratory tract, which is more likely to occur among immunocompromised and complicated patients. These viruses share the potential for genetic drift. The genome is among the largest of RNA viruses, and the capability of these viruses to further change is likely underestimated. Given the potential disease among humans, it is justified to search for effective antiviral chemotherapy for these viruses and to consider uses in niche situations should effective therapy be defined. Whereas SARS-CoV-2 may follow the epidemiological pattern of SARS-CoV and extinguish slowly over time, there is yet concern that SARS-CoV-2 may establish itself as an endemic human respiratory coronavirus similar to OC43, 2299E, NL63, and HKU1. Until sufficient data are acquired to better understand the potential of SARS-CoV-2, continued work on antiviral therapy and vaccination is imperative.

Background: Covid -19 disease is caused by novel coronavirus known as SARS CoV 2. Coronaviruses are known to cause disease in humans which can be a common cold or a serious pneumonia. SARS Cov 2 is a new variant of coronavirus which was never reported in humans before detection of cluster of cases of pneumonia in Wuhan on 31st December, 2019.Objective: The study was conducted with the objective to find out clinico- epidemiological profiles of early Covid-19 patients in state of Haryana, India and to find out knowledge about covid appropriate behaviors among covid 19 patients. Methods: All the covid-19 cases in the five districts of Haryana were enumerated from March 2020 to May 2020. These Covid-19 cases were contacted telephonically and those who gave their consent to participate in the study were asked to fill interview schedule. Observations: There were 356 covid cases reported in five districts attached to PGIMS, Rohtak. Out of total,254 subjects participated in the study, there were 60.6 % males and 39.4% females who participated in the study. Blood groups of all the participants were also enquired and it was observed that B +ve was most common (19.7%) blood group followed by A+ve (16.5%) and O +ve (15.7%). Conclusion: It can be concluded by the study that majority of the subjects were males, overweight and blood group A & B were the most common blood groups. It was observed that 75.2 % participants were aware about the use of mask, social distancing, hand hygiene and cough etiquettes.

Few studies exist on the clinical manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in patients who previously had a common cold due to an endemic coronavirus (eCoV). In a retrospective scan of the data obtained in our microbiology laboratory, 64 patients who were diagnosed with an eCoV infection between 2016 and 2020 were identified. National COVID‐19 surveillance data showed that four (6.2%) of 64 patients were infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 by the end of 2020, while, simultaneously, the COVID‐19 prevalence in the city of Malatya ranged from 7.8% (polymerase chain reaction‐based diagnosis) to 9.2% (total diagnosis). The differences were found statistically significant (6.2% vs. 7.8%, p

Virus-virus interactions influence the epidemiology of respiratory infections. However, the impact of viruses causing upper respiratory infections on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication and transmission is currently unknown. Human rhinoviruses cause the common cold and are the most prevalent respiratory viruses of humans. Interactions between rhinoviruses and cocirculating respiratory viruses have been shown to shape virus epidemiology at the individual host and population level. Here, we examined the replication kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 in the human respiratory epithelium in the presence or absence of rhinovirus. We show that human rhinovirus triggers an interferon response that blocks SARS-CoV-2 replication. Mathematical simulations show that this virus-virus interaction is likely to have a population-wide effect as an increasing prevalence of rhinovirus will reduce the number of new coronavirus disease 2019 cases.

Background Customarily, bedrooms in Japan are left unheated. Although several studies have reported that the use of a heating system has positive outcomes on respiratory infection and asthma, the preventive effect of heating systems against infectious diseases in children is not well known. Methods We conducted a cohort study using two questionnaire surveys, one before the winter season in November, 2018 and the second after winter in March, 2019. Participants were 155 children who did not use a heating system in the bedroom and 156 children who did. Results Having a heated bedroom with a heating system was associated with decreased odds for the frequency of cold (≥3 times) (adjust odds ratio [AOR] 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.19-0.65), duration of fever (≥3 days) (AOR 0.38; 95% CI, 0.22-0.66), duration of medicine for a cold (≥3 days) (AOR 0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.95), hospital visit due to cold (≥3 days) (AOR 0.54; 95% CI, 0.31-0.94), absence from school or nursery (≥3 days) (AOR 0.43; 95% CI, 0.27-0.70), influenza infection (AOR 0.43; 95% CI, 0.26-0.71), and gastroenteritis (AOR 0.39; 95% CI, 0.21-0.72). Influenza vaccination reduced the odds of influenza infection (AOR 0.36; 95% CI, 0.22-0.59) and absence from school or nursery (≥3 days) (AOR 0.62; 95% CI, 0.39-0.99). Conclusion This study implies that the heating of bedrooms may have a preventive effect against infections among children. Broader dissemination of this knowledge in Japan will require cultural change through public health awareness.