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Despite having path-breaking studies of twentieth-century commodity production in Puerto Rico—including foundational works on sugar (Mintz 1974), tobacco (Levy 2014), and coffee (Wolf 1956)—we have...

Političkoekonomskom analizom recepcije Marxa u Strpićevoj knjizi o Marxovoj kritici političke ekonomije autor želi pokazati kakav je suvremeni položaj i koja je moguća aktualnost Marxove analize. Do aktualizacije i povratka Marxu uvijek dolazi u vrijeme kriza, njegova intelektualna sudbina ovisi o preobrazbi sadašnjeg kapitalizma i njegovoj alternativi. Paradoks teorijske nedovršenosti u Marxovoj analizi zbog njegove spoznajne težnje za savršenstvom epistemologije kapitalizma postaje sudbina svih marksističkih interpretacija, pa tako i Strpićeve. Problem Marxa danas je upravo u metafizici teorije vrijednosti i cijeloga robnog sustava koji ne omogućuje ontologijske preobrazbe vrijednosti, kapitala i kapitalizma. Njegov teorijski pristup je više fiziokratski nego novčani, više ekonomski nego politički. Zato Bidetova rekonstrukcija Marxa u okvirima moderne polazi od “metastrukture” općega političkopravnog momenta, koji u marksovskoj kritici nedostaje. Primjeren pristup podrazumijeva poimanje kapitalizma kao eminentno političkoga: politički kapitalizam, kako pokazuje autor, nije poseban oblik kapitalizma, nije historijski vezan uz suvremeni oblik kapitalizma XXI. stoljeća (Kina...), nego je njegova univerzalna povijesna forma. Marxova je kritika političke ekonomije moderna upravo na tom nedovoljno određenom putu njegove analize. Politički kapitalizam kao “kapitalizam općenito” pokazuje svoju relevantnost u analizi suvremenih kriza, koje nisu više samo ekonomske nego ekologijske, pa i pandemijske. U nizu recentnih kriza političkog kapitalizma pokazuje se kako smo suočeni s izborom između realnog autokratskog “barbarskog kapitalizma” i više utopijskog “kozmopolitskog ekosocijalizma”., In Strpić’s book on Marx’s critique of political economy, the analysis of political and economic reception of Marx serves as starting point for the author’s assignment of contemporary position and relevance of Marx’s analysis. Both actualization and return to Marx always occur in the times of crisis, therefore his intellectual fate depends on changes within contemporary capitalism and its alternatives. In Marx’s analysis, the paradox of theoretical incompleteness stems from his aim for ideal epistemology of capitalism, which is also present in later Marxist interpretations, even Strpić’s. The contemporary problem of Marx lies in the metaphysics of theory of value and in the whole structure of commodity production, which prevents ontological transition of value, capital and capitalism. His approach is physiocratic more than it is pecuniary, and more economic than it is political. This is why Jacques Bidet’s reconstruction of Marx in the terms of modernity is based on “metastructure”, which is a universal politically legal point that is not present within Marx’s critique of political economy. Such a different approach presupposes understanding capitalism as inherently a political project. As it is proven by the author, political capitalism is not a special form of capitalism, nor it is historically connected with contemporary capitalism of the 21st century (in China and elsewhere), but is moreover its universal historical form. Marx’s critique of political economy turns out to be contemporary precisely at this overlooked point of his analysis. Political capitalism as “capitalism in general” demonstrates its relevance in the analysis of contemporary crises, which are not just politicaleconomic, but also ecological and even pandemic. In a series of crises of political capitalism we are faced with a choice between real autocratic “barbaric capitalism” and more utopic “cosmopolitan” eco-socialism.

This article traces the long-run contribution of the employment of enslaved Africans in large-scale commodity production in the Americas to the rise of the capitalist global economy. It demonstrate...

With the deepening of the implementation of the “precision poverty alleviation” strategy and the continuous development of China ’s ethnic minority characteristic industry construction, more and more characteristic agricultural industry and poverty alleviation project are receiving attention. The development of characteristic agriculture is the strategic adjustment of agricultural structure in the southwestern region. The rapid development of pillar industries in the characteristic agricultural industry will inevitably promote the scale of commodity production bases and the rational allocation of resources, realize the multi-level and multi-channel development and utilization of agricultural resources, and meet the diverse and high-quality market needs. This article aims at the current situation of the characteristic agricultural industry in the southwest mountainous area, which studies the path and related policies of poverty alleviation and well-off in southwestern China. Taking Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone as an example, the policy background of industrial poverty alleviation, the main methods of industrial poverty alleviation, the main problems, their causes, and countermeasures analyzed and discussed in this paper. Through the research and analysis of the Chengdu-Chongqing Economic Zone samples, this paper proposes the path of industrial poverty alleviation in ethnic areas, which has a direct role in promoting poverty alleviation in the southwest mountain area. The research of poverty alleviation problem in this area will be reference for poverty alleviation in other poverty areas and ethnic minority areas.

The plantation continues to expand across contemporary frontiers, remaking social orders and ravaging ecologies in the service of value extraction through commodity production. This article revisits the “strange industrial order” of the plantation in 1950s Indonesia at a time of deep contestation in which estate workers were organizing to reinvigorate the unfulfilled goals of anticolonial struggles. Reading this moment through the anxieties of European planters in the British archive, this article argues that these struggles deeply disturbed the localized racial labor order of the plantation, while also working against the extractive tributaries of the international order. Further, the article suggests that keeping alive a historical consciousness around how industrial racial regimes are produced, disturbed, and fractured is vital to countering the harms of our plantation present.

O artigo analisou as mudanças no uso do solo na Região de Caxias, Leste do Maranhão, Nordeste do Brasil, entre os anos de 1985 e 2018. Essa delimitação encontra-se no MATOPIBA (Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí e Bahia), parte do Cerrado. Para tanto, utilizou o mosaico de imagens do Mapbioma para detectar a localização das florestas e campos agrícolas e dos dados agropecuários fornecidos pelo IBGE. Além disso, empregou-se as informações obtidas por meio de entrevistas e questionários aplicados aos produtores de soja da região e stakeholders dessa cadeia como forma de obter informações empíricas adicionais. Enumerou-se as seguintes categorias para analisar as motivações que acarretaram as mudanças do uso do solo na região: (1) melhorias na infraestrutura, (2) disponibilidade de solos para a agricultura, (3) entrada de companhias globais do agronegócio no Brasil, e (4) quantidade significativa de pequenos produtores rurais. Apesar do aumento da sojicultura no Leste do Maranhão, impulsionada pelos investimentos em infraestrutura e TI, a pastagem, usado para a alimentação do gado, foi o principal responsável pelas mudanças no uso do solo na região. Dentre as principais dificuldade enfrentadas pelos sojicultores, a demora em obter licenças ambientais e a de adquirir tecnologia para a produção agrícola em larga escala são os principais obstáculos. Dessa forma, o grande desafio do Leste do Maranhão é garantir a proteção dos seus recursos naturais sem comprometer a agricultura familiar, a pecuária bovina e a produção de soja.AbstractThis paper analyzed the reasons for land use changes in Caxias, East Maranhão, in the Northeast region of Brazil, between 1985 and 2018. The analyzed region is located in MATOPIBA, which includes the states of Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí and Bahia, part of the Cerrado and also known as the last agricultural frontier. Remote sensing using MapBioma to detect the location of forest lands and farming fields was applied combined with IBGE database about the agricultural production. Additionally, the application of questionnaires and interviews with regional soybean farmers and stakeholders was used to obtain additional empirical information. The following four categories probably responsible for those land use changes were analyzed: (1) infrastructure/investments in facilities, (2) environment/availability of natural cover for agriculture, (3) economy/entrance of global agribusiness companies; and (4) demography/number of smallholder´s properties. Even though soy production has increased significantly in Maranhão, due to large investments in infrastructure and IT, the main responsible for deforestation and changes in land cover in the Caxias region has been pasture and cattle breeding. Tight environmental procedures and strong difficulties to acquire large areas of suitable land for high-tech commodity production have been the main obstacles for more significant advances of soybean production in Caxias. Thus, protection of forests, multitask agricultural activities, sustainable cattle breeding and soy production as part of a global supply chain should be harmonized in order to guarantee well-balanced co-existing and development.

Labor force development is one of the strategic solutions in the process of shifting the agricultural and rural economy to commodity production in accordance with economic restructuring. The article aims at discussing the trend of economic restructuring in Ha Tinh province in recent years, surveying vocational training needs of rural workers and vocational training results in Ha Tinh province in the context of economic restructuring. The research utilizes a binary logit model for primary data collected in a sample of 334 working-age people in Ha Tinh province to examine the vocational training needs of rural laborers in Ha Tinh. It is found that economic restructuring and state policies have a significant effect on the vocational training needs of rural workers. In addition, the change in vocational training pattern is relatively in line with the change in economic restructuring. The study also gives some recommendations for rural vocational training policy in Ha Tinh province.

This paper provides a synthetic account of England’s municipal waste regime at the end of the 2010s, drawing on quantitative data (WasteDataFlow), a dataset of 1604 local authority waste management contracts and an archive assembled from publicly available minutes and papers of 125 (or ~40%) of England’s 348 local authorities. In technical-material terms, the regime, previously heavily dependent upon landfill, is now characterised by energy-fromwaste and recycling and/or composting in fairly equal measure. This infrastructural transformation, enacted over some 20 years, has been underpinned by the financialization and marketization of England’s municipal waste. Residual waste has been constituted as a financial asset whilst both residual waste and materials collected for recycling are the basis for further commodity production. The corporate landscape is dominated by large, European-based transnationals. As well as documenting the regime and its emergence, the paper highlights, and accounts for, the multiple challenges it now faces – chiefly, the technical failure of residual waste solutions which necessitate a continued reliance on landfill for some councils, the collapse of the export markets on which England’s resource recovery has depended, and a radically changed policy landscape that seeks to move England towards a more circular economy. It concludes by urging the need for a far ranging discussion of the role of local authorities in this new policy landscape, whose waste infrastructure, procured in response to a linear economy, is argued both to threaten, and be threatened by, these new policy directions.

Aims: To investigate fertilizer application practices in vegetables garden soils, methods of fertilizer applications on soils and perceptions of farmers about fertilizers application practices. Study Design: Thirty vegetable producers were randomly selected within QwaQwa communal areas Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Qwaqwa communal vegetable garden soils at Maluti A Phofung local municipality within Thabo Mofutsanyana district. Methodology: Open ended questions, close questions and interviews were developed and used to investigate fertilizers and manure applications on vegetable soils. Results: Eighty five percent of the vegetable farmers respondents are planting on seedbeds, 68.7% of them are resting their soils after two years of same vegetable commodity production, cattle manure was rated best manure applied at the rate of 95%, gardening tools are mostly utilized when tilling the soil than tractor and implements.

This study compares first generation, i.e. long-only passive, commodity indices based on financial diversification criteria, such as equal weight, equal risk contribution and global minimum variance, to the main first generation commodity indices used as vehicles for investment, namely the S&P GSCI (GSCI) and the BCOM. The GSCI and the BCOM are mainly computed according to the world individual commodity production. We find that commodity indices based on financial diversification offer better Sharpe ratios, lower volatilities, and lower correlation with bonds and equity. Finally, we provide evidence for a low-volatility anomaly of the commodity market.

The state is a difficult realm to conceptualise for economists. It used to be the main object of early treatises of political economy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. As the classical and neoclassical approaches, with their focus on commodity production and market interactions, established themselves as the core of economic matters, the public economy has been relegated to a derivative subfield. In this Springer Brief, Sekera is motivated by the question of “how to restore the rol...

This paper explores the application of information theory and game theory to questions arising in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations and Karl Marx's critical reformulation of Smith's analysis in Capita...

ملخص البحث الوعي بإدارة القدرات الإنتاجية المنزلية وعلاقتها بمواجهة المشکلات الاقتصادية کما تدرکه الزوجات يهدف البحث بصفة رئيسية إلى دراسة علاقة وعي الزوجات بإدارة القدرات الإنتاجية بالمنزل ومواجهة المشکلات الاقتصادية للأسرة وذلک من خلال دراسة طبيعة الفروق بين الزوجات الريفيات والحضريات، العاملات وغير العاملات في کل من الوعي بإدارة القدرات الانتاجية المنزلية ومواجهة المشکلات الاقتصادية للأسرة. اتبع البحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي واستخدمت الأدوات المتمثلة في استمارة البيانات العامة - استبيان الوعي بإدارة القدرات الانتاجية المنزلية وکانت محاوره (إدارة الإنتاج السلعي – إدارة الأعمال الخدمية – القدرات الإدارية)، ثم استبيان يقيس مواجهة الزوجات للمشکلات الاقتصادية للأسرة والذى تضمن ثلاث ابعاد هي (مواجهة الأزمات المالية – مواجهة التضخم – مواجهة النهم الشرائي) وتکونت العينة من 280 ربة أسرة من الريف والحضر بمحافظة المنوفية وکفر الشيخ وتم اختيارها بطريقة صدفيه غرضية من الزوجات التي مر على زواجهن 5 سنوات فأکثر ولديهن أطفال ومن مستويات اجتماعية واقتصادية مختلفة، وتم جمع البيانات ثم تحليلها باستخدام برنامج الاحصائي SPSS. وأظهرت النتائج وجود علاقة ارتباطيه موجبه دالة إحصائيا بين وعي الزوجات بإدارة القدرات الانتاجية المنزلية وقدرتهن على مواجهة المشکلات الاقتصادية للأسرة، کما وجدت فروق دالة إحصائيا في الوعي بإدارة القدرات الإنتاجية للعاملات وغير العاملات لصالح العاملات، بينما لا توجد فروق دالة إحصائيا في إدارة القدرات الإنتاجية ومواجهة المشکلات الاقتصادية بين الريفيات والحضريات، وضعف إنتاجية ربات الاسر سواء بالريف او الحضر. لذا توصى الدراسة بأن تتبني القيادة السياسية لبرنامج عمل قومي لرفع القدرات الإنتاجية للأسر المصرية من خلال المجلس القومي للمرأة ومؤسسات المجتمع المدني ووزارة الزراعة (الجمعيات الزراعية والرائدات الريفيات) ووزارة التضامن الاجتماعي والوحدات المحلية وکليات الاقتصاد المنزلي والعلوم والتجارة ووزارة الصناعة والتجارة ووزارة الاعلام کلا فيما يخصه لرفع القدرات الإنتاجية للأسر المصرية الريفية والحضرية بکافة فئاتها من خلال برنامج عمل متکامل تحت شعار " مجتمع منتج " لخلق کيانات صغيرة منتجه من خلال تحديد دقيق لاحتياجات المجتمع المصري ونوعية المشروعات المناسبة للأسر مع تقديم کافه أوجه الدعم المادي والفني أثناء الإنتاج والتسويق لأن ذلک سوف يحد من الفقر ويعمل على مواجهة التضخم والاستفادة من الموارد البشرية والقدرات الإنتاجية بالريف والحضر . الکلمات الافتتاحية: الوعي بإدارة القدرات الإنتاجية – المنزل – المشکلات الاقتصادية – الزوجات Abstract Awareness of managing household productive capacities and their relationship to facing economic problems as perceived by wives The research aims mainly to study the relationship of wives' awareness with managing the productive capacities in the home and facing the economic problems of the family through studying the nature of the differences between rural and urban wives, working and non-working in both awareness of the management of household productive capacities and facing the economic problems of the family. The research followed the descriptive and analytical method and used the tools represented in the general data form - a questionnaire for awareness of the management of household production capabilities and its axes were (commodity production management - service business management - administrative capabilities), then a questionnaire that measures the wives' response to the economic problems of the family, which includes three dimensions: (confronting crises Finance - Confronting Inflation - Confronting Purchasing Gluttony) The sample consisted of 280 heads of households from the countryside and urban areas in Menoufia Governorate and Kafr El-Sheikh and was deliberately selected as a purpose of wives who have been married for 5 years or more and have children and levels of Yeh different economic, data were collected and analyzed using the statistical program SPSS. The results showed that there is a statistically positive correlation between the awareness of wives in the management of household productive capacities and their ability to face the economic problems of the family, and there were statistically significant differences in awareness of managing the productive capacities of workers and non-working women in favor of female workers, while there were no statistically significant differences in managing productive capacities and facing problems Economic growth between rural and urban women, and the poor productivity of female heads of household, whether in rural or urban areas. Therefore, the study recommends that the political leadership adopt a national program of action to raise the productive capacities of Egyptian families through the National Council for Women, civil society institutions, the Ministry of Agriculture (agricultural societies and rural pioneers), the Ministry of Social Solidarity, local units, colleges of home economics, science and trade, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, and the Ministry of Information, each in its respective areas to raise The productive capacities of Egyptian rural and urban families of all groups through an integrated work program under the slogan "productive society" to create productive small entities through accurate identification of the needs of the Egyptian society and the quality of projects Suitable for families with providing all aspects of material and technical support during production and marketing. Key words: awareness of productive capacity management - home - economic problems – wives

Over the past two decades, as a result of systematic archaeological research of Tyras, there has been accumulated impressive material that makes it possible to supplement the composition of its ceramic complex with several types of amphora containers. The amphorae of type 27 according to V.V. Krapivina’s classification belong to one of the rarest types. These vessels are characterized by small size, wide, high neck, egg-shaped body, profiled handles, toe in the form of the cylindrical tray. Based on morphological differences, the amphorae of the studied type can preliminary be divided into two variants (a and b). 27a includes larger vessels with beak-shaped rims, and to 27b belong small items with rolled rims. During the archaeological excavations of Tyras, amphorae of both variants were found, originating from archaeological contexts with a wide dating. Variant 27a is represented by fragments of profile parts, and two fragmented vessels belong to variant 27b. Area of distribution of type 27 amphorae according to V.V. Krapivina covered predominantly the Northern Black Sea region, to the markets of which they came throughout the 3rd century AD. One item was found in the western part of the Pontic region, while in the Southern and Eastern Black Sea regions, as well as in the Mediterranean, such vessels have not been found yet. Findings of the considering type of ceramic vessels mainly originate from archaeological excavations of ancient cities. Some amphorae of type 27 according to V.V. Krapivina could be produced in the neighborhood of Chersonesos, however, the main production volume was most likely produced on the territory of Bosporus. The color of their clay, as well as the visually distinct features of its composition, prove Bosporus origin of the vessels found in Tyras. Analysis of the amphorae morphology of the type under consideration suggests that they were intended for transportation and storage of salted fish (salsamentum), the commodity production of which was set up in Chersonesus and Bosporus in Roman times. Thus, throughout the 3rd century AD, two morphological variants of type 27 amphorae according to V.V. Krapivina were imported from the territory of Bosporus to Tyras. The product contained in them, apparently, salsamentum, was purchased by the population of the city and was not intended for resale to barbaric tribes. This is indirectly indicated by the absence of findings of the considering type of containers at the synchronous archaeological sites of the Lower Dniester region. Probably, the studied amphorae came to Tyras directly, though the supplies from Olbia, as a result of intermediary trade operations, are not excluded.

The purpose. To carry out ecological-economic assessment of efficiency of use of land resources of agricultural purpose in Kyiv oblast in comparison with state of ecological-economic efficiency of land-use at national level and to offer institutional levers of maintenance of its efficiency. Methods. By means of system analysis and synthesis with engaging statistical and correlation analysis with the subsequent demonstration of results and application of graphical method ecological-economic assessment of differences of level of efficiency of use of agrilands in Kyiv oblast from its state at national level is made. On the basis of monographic method generalization of experience of researches of domestic schools of pedology, agroecology is carried out. That may become a basis of the offered directions of institutional improvement of ways of overcoming ecological-economic crisis of agricultural land-use. Results. It is determined that modern organizational-economic approaches to agricultural land-use in Ukraine do not provide its balanced state. Conceptual aspects of maintenance of admissible level agroecological safety of agricultural land-use are specified at commodity production of plant growing and the role of local communities in solution of that problem in view of administrative reform of Ukraine is shown. Significance of heading free economic turnover of ground areas of agricultural purpose is underlined. Conclusions. It is proved that escalation of profits of farms leads to depletion of agricultural potential which descends now in Ukraine, and creates threats to maintenance of comprehensible level of agroecological and food safety. Significance of institutional and economic levers in innovation of organizational-economic conditions of managing is shown. These conditions are aimed at level of agrochemical parameters of qualitative state of soil covering of agrilands, that is an effective direction of maintenance of recovery and conservation of agricultural potential.

After the 2010 earthquake, many stakeholders in Haiti and across the globe worked together to increase Haitian mango harvest for export, ostensibly as a way to improve people’s lives. To date, howe...

Democratic decentralisation has emerged as an instrument to implement market-driven development, and elected bodies now extend commercial inputs for commodity production and link households to firm...

Цель: разработать функциональную модель мотивации труда работников промышленного предприятия при создании нового продукта. Обсуждение: обсуждаются элементы организации труда на промышленном предприятии при создании нового продукта. Проведена оценка удовлетворенности системой мотивации труда работников промышленного предприятия. Рассмотрена функциональная связь элементов организации и функций управления трудовыми ресурсами. Результаты: разработана функциональная модель мотивации работников промышленного предприятия при создании инновационного продукта.

The aim of the study was to elaborate theoretical principles and practical recommendations for solving the problem of providing the Russian population with fruits. The authors have used the following methods: statistical-economic, monographic, economic-mathematical, computational and constructive ones. The analysis of providing the population of the country and its regions with fruits, their economic and physical availability, the state and trends of horticulture development, the level of commodity production in various categories of farms and their role in the formation of commodity resources are given. The parameters for the production of fruit and berry products in the Russian Federation have been calculated to meet the needs of the country's population taking into account rational nutrition standards. The main directions of increasing the output of fruits and berries are substantiated: the improvement of state support for horticulture and its increase, concentration in special farms, the reappearance of industrial horticulture, the intensification of the industry, the development of cooperation and agro-industrial integration. The way of regulation of production and economic relations between the participants of integration is proposed., peer-reviewed

Faingerch, Melina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Faingerch, Melina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Grupo de Estudio de Agroecosistemas y Paisajes Rurales. Mar del Plata, Argentina. Vallejos, María. Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA). La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay. Vallejos, María. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Texeira, Marcos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Texeira, Marcos. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA). Laboratorio de Análisis Regional y Teledetección (LART). Buenos Aires, Argentina. Texeira, Marcos. CONICET – Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA). Laboratorio de Análisis Regional y Teledetección (LART) Buenos Aires, Argentina. Texeira, Marcos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina. Mastrángelo, Matías Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina. Mastrángelo, Matías Enrique. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Grupo de Estudio de Agroecosistemas y Paisajes Rurales. Mar del Plata, Argentina. Conservation policies often promote land privatization to reduce incentives for deforestation. However, empirical evidence on the relationship between landtenure form and forest conservation outcomes is inconclusive. We combined key informant mapping and geospatial analyses to test the association between the area under tenure and the area deforested by extra-local private and local nonprivate agents in the Argentine Dry Chaco over four decades (1976–2016). The study area is a typical commodity production frontier within a global deforestation hotspot. We found a strong spatial and temporal coupling between the area under tenure and the area deforested by extra-local private agents from 1987 to 2006, when a 59% increase in the former was accompanied by a 508% increase in the latter. Local private agents maintained high levels of forest cover, similarly to local nonprivate agents. Our findings have implications for the adaptive design of the Forest Law in the Argentine Dry Chaco. grafs., tbls., mapas

Moving away from the established conventions of comparing indices and data to understand the ‘reversal of fortunes’, this book focuses rather on the questions of labour and the processes involved in the turbulent world of commodity production to explain the peripheralization of Island Southeast Asia. The book is interesting in the sense that instead of looking at how the ‘West’ moved forward, it looks at how Island Southeast Asia got stuck (to put it crudely) and became a major exporter of la...

Across West Africa up to the 19th century, titled positions for women ensured that women’s interests could be voiced and their disputes regulated. Women often had major roles as brokers and intermediaries in trade centers along the Saharan and Atlantic littorals, contributing to the emergence of powerful Euro-African families. Nevertheless, women were particularly vulnerable to the depredations of the trans-Saharan and Atlantic slave trades. Because female labor was so highly valued, female slaves were more expensive than male slaves. The history of women in West Africa has been characterized by marked differences by ecological zone. Those differences have been deepened by Islamic influences in the North and by different experiences under French, British, and Portuguese rule. With the decline in the Atlantic trade and the growing emphasis upon commodity production, the demand for female labor in agriculture and in processing rose. Under colonial rule, the loss of slave labor was partially offset by increasing demands upon the labor of wives. Women mediated demands upon their labor through colonial courts, with some success in the early decades of the 20th century. Later courts and administrators supported patriarchal controls upon women in the interests of order and a smoothly running economy. Women’s control over their traditional means of accumulating wealth through farming, cloth production, and specialized crafts was typically undermined as economies shifted to emphasize cash crop production and tree crops in particular. Women nevertheless could flourish in market trade and could sometimes gain control over new niches in the economy. The growth of colonial infrastructure had contradictory implications. Women’s traditionally important roles as queens, priestesses, and ritual specialists declined in importance. At the same time, schooling gave some women access to new means of gaining income and prestige as teachers and medical practitioners.

The issue on the relationship between planning and market in socialist economy, which contains the issues on commodity production under socialist system and the law of value, is the question in economic theory with which Chinese economists have had the most discussion, made the most intense argumentation, and produced the most remarkable research results since the founding of the People’s Republic of China.

Projections of global changes in water scarcity with the current extent of maize, rice, wheat, vegetables, pulses and fruit production commodities were combined to identify the potential country level vulnerabilities of cropland land to water scarcity in 2050. The data relate to an analysis of the impact changes in water availability will have on maize, rice, wheat, vegetables, pulses and fruit production commodities availability in 2050.

In the People’s Commune Movement in 1958, the “communism fad” characterized by “equalitarianism and indiscriminate transfer of resources”, which negated commodity production and the law of value, swept the countryside in China.

Price was the most sensitive lever in national economy. Under the condition of market economy, price was the most important and effective signal and the indicator for regulating production, circulation and consumption. The law of value regulated social and economic activities like an invisible hand. Even under the condition of planned economic system, the role of price still could not be overlooked as long as commodity production and exchange was retained.

The author chiefly makes reference to G. William Skinner’s theory of “central-place hierarchy,” as well as the special circumstances of markets in the region of eastern Sichuan prior to the opening of Chongqing as a treaty port, to divide marketing in this region and time period into four levels, ranked from bottom to top as fairs, commercial market towns, small- to mid-sized commercial cities, and large commercial metropolises, and summarizes the extrinsic properties and standards of stratification for each level. The author shows that, prior to the opening of Chongqing, a marketing system with distinct levels, well-spaced distribution, and broad coverage had already taken shape in the region of eastern Sichuan. However, within this system, the majority of the marketing levels unilaterally undertook the function of “collection and distribution of commodities,” and close links with specialized, large-scale commodity production were not formed. This caused the ties between each marketing level to b...

Karl Marx presented his theory of commodity fetishism as an explanation of the mysterious appearance of social relations in a system of commodity production as natural phenomena. The standard inter...

An analysis of the semiotic and productive transformation of food crops under Argentina’s agribusiness model through a study of the diffusion of the term “commodity” in the discourse produced/reproduced by the rural sections of the hegemonic media, combined with statistical data that allow a dialogue between discourse and measurable quantities, concludes that defining the Argentine countryside as a place for commodity production is linked with increasing crop production for export that leads to the erosion of food sovereignty and food security. Un análisis de las transformaciones semióticas y productivas de los frutos de la tierra bajo el modelo argentino de los agronegocios que examina la extensión del término commodity en los discursos producidos/reproducidos por las secciones rurales de los medios gráficos de comunicación hegemónicos, entrecruzado con datos estadísticos para poner en diálogo el nivel del discurso con el de las cantidades medibles, concluye que la consigna que define al campo argentino como un lugar de producción de commodities se imbrica con una tendencia a la intensificación de los cultivos orientados exclusivamente a la exportación y la erosión de la soberanía y seguridad alimentaria.

This essay reflects on the study of coffee production in Angola, following research in business and missionary archives in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. After observing that African coffee farmers were consumers of foreign goods as much as they were producers for the global market, the essay makes a case for tying histories of consumption into histories of labor and production. It suggests there were long-term continuities as well as changes in African consumption patterns. Finally, it underlines the importance of studying the history of labor and consumption in Africa outside the traditional framework of colonial history, focusing instead on the global dimensions of commodity production.

This paper comes in two parts. Part I begins with an examination of the relationship between Marx’s characterization of the centrality of commodity production to capitalism as a system, its destruc...

Aquaculture is the global food system's fastest growing sector. The postproductive transition—the shift away from commodity production toward more consumption-oriented land uses—is common in many coastal areas as well. This paper examines the intersection of these trends in a U.S. state, Maine, with expanding aquaculture and extensive coastal, rural economic and demographic change. It examines interactions between coastal landowners and aquaculture farmers at aquaculture lease hearings in the state's three main aquaculture regions. Landowners are often uncertain about aquaculture because it is new and unfamiliar. Farmers use lease hearings to educate coastal landowners about farm operations, and farmers respond to concerns by altering their operations to fit landowners’ priorities. However, comparative analysis of the three regions reveals divergent histories and geographies leading to different levels of conflict. This study shows the value of applying rural postproductive transition theory to coastal regions and aquaculture development.

Sentiment classification is significant in everyday life, such as in political activities, commodity production and commercial activities. Finding a fast, highly accurate solution to classify emotion has been a challenge for scientists. In this research, we have proposed a new model for Big Data sentiment classification in the parallel network environment - a Cloudera system with Hadoop Map (M) and Hadoop Reduce (R). Our new model has used a Statistical Information Grid Algorithm (STING) with multi-dimensional vector and 2,000,000 English documents of our English training data set for English document-level sentiment classification. Our new model can classify sentiment of millions of English documents based on many English documents in the parallel network environment. However, we tested our new model on our testing data set (including 1,000,000 English reviews, 500,000 positive and 500,000 negative) and achieved 83.92% accuracy.

Most forest peoples in Southeast Asia practice mixed economies in which mobile foraging is a key element in their livelihood strategies, based on hunting, fishing, gathering, shifting cultivation a...

Tailings are the waste materials generated from mining activities and are typically stored in large man-made earthen dams in the form of slurry. Failures of such tailings dams can have deleterious effects on the environment and even impact areas that are miles away from the failed dam. In this study, we updated the existing tailings dam failure database developed by the International Commission on Large Dams and World Information Service on Energy and analyzed the impacts of dam failure over the past hundred years from a global perspective. In addition, we prepared a tailings dam spatial database. The impact of mine tailings dam failure on aquatic environments was also investigated using a proxy environmental indicator—the gray water footprint. The resulting information from the historical overview of dam failures, was used to map the risk associated with existing tailings dams as well as the magnitude of tailings dam failures. Furthermore, we integrated mining commodity production data and the tailings dam failure data. This revealed that the number of failures is rising once again, and the trajectory of dam failures has shifted from developed to developing countries. Only a few dam failure incidents have had significant impacts. Although safer technologies are available to manage mine waste, most extractive industries are yet to adopt such technologies into their standard practices. Moreover, the reluctance of mining companies for the public disclosure of information related to tailings dams and dam failures hinders efforts to establish a complete tailings dam database. We have provided up-to-date tailings dam information, which may be useful for extractive industries.

For the next century to come, one of the biggest challenges is to provide the mankind with relevant and sufficient resources. Recovery of secondary resources plays a significant role. Industrial processes developed to regain minerals for commodity production in a circular economy become ever more important in the European Union and worldwide. Landfill mining (LFM) constitutes an important technological toolset of processes that regain resources and redistribute them with an accompanying reduction of hazardous influence of environmental contamination and other threats for human health hidden in former dump sites and landfills. This review paper is devoted to LFM problems, historical development and driving paradigms of LFM from 'classical hunting for valuables' to 'perspective in ecosystem revitalization'. The main goal is to provide a description of historical experience and link it to more advanced concept of a circular economy. The challenge is to adapt the existing knowledge to make decisions in accordance with both, economic feasibility and ecosystems revitalization aspects. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A SOCIAL APPROACH TO MONETISATION shifts the attention from the classic money media — gold and silver — to the dissemination of two social practices: valuing and paying. When these two monetary practices first became widespread in western Scandinavia during the gold rich migration period (in the 5th to 6th centuries ad), they were not introduced in the sphere of trade, but instead were features of traditional or customary payments, such as weregeld (atonements for murder or offences against the person) or marriage dowries. By the Viking Age, in the late 8th to 10th centuries ad, despite flourishing commodity production, precious metals were used as payment in trade solely in towns. Even in towns, this commercial use seems to have been adopted late, and was employed only occasionally. This paper reviews the changing approaches to money and monetisation, and draws attention to the potential for regarding monetisation as the spread of a set of social practices.

Sentiment classification plays an important role in everyday life, in political activities, activities of commodity production and commercial activities. Finding a time-effective and highly accurate solution to the classification of emotions is challenging. Today, there are many models (or methods) to classify the sentiment of documents. Sentiment classification has been studied for many years and is used widely in many different fields. We propose a new model, which is called the valences-totaling model (VTM), by using cosine measure (CM) to classify the sentiment of English documents. VTM is a new model for English sentiment classification. In this study, CM is a measure of similarity between two words and is used to calculate the valence (and polarity) of English semantic lexicons. We prove that CM is able to identify the sentiment valence and the sentiment polarity of the English sentiment lexicons online in combination with the Google search engine with AND operator and OR operator. VTM uses many English semantic lexicons. These English sentiment lexicons are calculated online and are based on the Internet. We present a full range of English sentences; thus, the emotion expressed in the English text is classified with more precision. Our new model is not dependent on a special domain and training data set—it is a domain-independent classifier. We test our new model on the Internet data in English. The calculated valence (and polarity) of English semantic words in this model is based on many documents on millions of English Web sites and English social networks.

In Southeast Asia, actors in civil society have negotiated new social and economic realities at the conjuncture of intensifying governance and commodity production in frontier areas. As these space...