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South Altyn Tagh contains ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terranes that have been exhumed from ~300 km mantle depth. Previous zircon U–Pb geochronology has yielded an eclogite-facies age of ca. 500 Ma and a high-pressure (HP) granulite-facies retrograde age of ca. 450 Ma in the Jianggalesayi area in the western segment of South Altyn Tagh. However, in the eastern segment (Yinggelisayi and Danshuiquan localities), an age range of 500–480 Ma has been determined, and it remains uncertain as to whether this age range represents the timing of the peak metamorphic stage or the retrograde overprint. Our study of newly discovered retrograde eclogite in the Danshuiquan locality shows that it underwent three stages of metamorphism, under eclogite-facies, HP granulite-facies and amphibolite-facies P–T conditions of 2.5–4.0 GPa and 870–1050 °C, 2.0–1.4 GPa and 830–940 °C, and 0.7–1.3 GPa and 704–880 °C, respectively. The decompression-dominated P–T path evolved mainly after crossing the solidus, indicating marked retrograde modification under melt-bearing conditions. LA–ICP–MS and SIMS zircon U–Pb dating yielded ca. 500 Ma eclogite-facies and ca. 484 Ma granulite-facies retrograde ages and a later retrograde age of ca. 452 Ma. The clockwise P–T–t path indicates rapid exhumation from eclogite-facies to granulite-facies within around 16 Myr, which is faster than that of the UHP rocks in the western segment. Thus, the HP–UHP rocks in South Altyn Tagh suggest a differential exhumation process for the eastern and western segments. The distinct HP–UHT metamorphism and rapid exhumation of (U)HP rocks in the eastern segment likely resulted from local mantle heating. The continuing P–T evolution of the (U)HP rocks under UHT conditions during exhumation led to a pervasive granulite-facies overprint in the eastern segment of the South Altyn Tagh. The rapid exhumation recorded in the eastern segment provides valuable insights into the exhumation mechanism of ultra-deep subducted UHP terranes.

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can monitor the sea surface imprints of tropical cyclones (TCs) with high spatial resolution, day and night. Automatically locating TC center positions in SAR images is a challenging task. This article developed a two-stage, fully automatic TC-center estimation algorithm. First, the sea surface wind directions (SSWDs) at SSWD points are retrieved by the improved local gradient (ILG) method. We incrementally deflected the SSWD outward at a 0.5° angle from -50° to 10° (the negative angles represent clockwise deflection). The heat maps are generated for each of the 121 angles, and the values at each heat map are the cumulative numbers of the lines perpendicular to the compensated SSWDs. The site corresponding to the maximum cumulative number in all 121 heat maps is the coarsely estimated center position. This center search is the culmination if it falls outside the SAR image. Otherwise, the second stage is triggered, and the sub-SAR image (150 km x 150 km) centered at the coarsely estimated center position is extracted. Then, the first-stage procedure is repeated with the sub-SAR image to precisely estimate the center position. Optionally, the precisely estimated center position can be further adjusted by considering that normalized radar cross section (NRCS) is normally minimal at the TC center. We applied the algorithm to 87 SAR images. Five of these images do not contain TC centers. The results are in good agreement with the visually located TC center positions and those in the best track (BT) datasets.

The aim of this study was to perform a three-dimensional evaluation of the skeletal relapse of the proximal and distal mandibular segments following isolated bilateral sagittal split osteotomy advancement surgery. One hundred consecutive patients (mean age 25.8±11.7 years), comprising 65 female patients (mean age 26.4±12.1 years) and 35 male patients (mean age 24.6±11.0 years) requiring mandibular advancement without genioplasty, were enrolled prospectively in the study. Cone beam computed tomography scans were acquired for each patient at three time-points: preoperatively, immediately (1-6 weeks) after surgery, and 1 year after surgery. A validated tool was utilized to assess the surgical movement and relapse. Based on percentage, the majority of the distal and proximal translational and rotational movements relapsed within the range of ≤2mm and ≤2°. The distal segment revealed a significant relapse in a posterior, inferior, and clockwise pitch direction. Both left and right proximal segments showed a significant translational relapse in the medial, posterior, and superior direction. Amongst the rotational parameters, proximal segments relapsed significantly in clockwise pitch, clockwise roll, and counterclockwise yaw direction. Overall, both distal and proximal bone segments showed a clinically acceptable translational and rotational stability. The proximal segments torqued towards their original position with a reduction of flaring. ispartof: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY vol:51 issue:1 pages:113-121 ispartof: location:Denmark status: published

Xin He,1 Wei-Hang Zhuang,2 Dong-Liang Zhang1 1Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Stomatology, Beijing Rytime Dental Hospital, Beijing, 100024, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Dong-Liang ZhangDepartment of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, No. 11 Xila Hutong, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100050, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail zhangdongliang@hotmail.comAim: To analyze the movement of anterior teeth by changing the height of the power-arm and changing the force application points during whole maxillary dentition distalization with the aid of micro-implants in lingual orthodontics to set a biomechanical reference for effective clinical use of lingual orthodontic appliance.Methods: A three-dimensional finite element model of the maxillary teeth with lingual appliance and the associated support tissue was established. Maxillary dentition with the force of 200g was distalized using implant as anchorage, then the movement of anterior teeth was analyzed by changing the length of power-arm (1mm, 3mm, 6mm, 9mm) and by changing the force location from lingual side to buccal side.Results: During whole maxillary dentition distalization with aid of the implants in lingual orthodontics: when the height of power arm was 1mm, the anterior teeth rotated clockwise, with the increasing of the height of power-arm, the anterior teeth rotated counterclockwise gradually. When the height of power-arm was 9mm, all anterior teeth rotated counterclockwise. Central incisor and lateral incisor rotated counterclockwise and canine rotated clockwise when the buccal side force was applied.Conclusion: With the increase of the height of the power-arm, the movement pattern of the upper anterior teeth is different. The canine is more sensitive to the height of the power-arm than the central incisor and the lateral incisor. When the height of the power-arm reaches 9mm, the upper anterior teeth are displayed as crown tipping buccally movement. Compare with lingual side force, the buccal side force do better in preventing the loss of anterior tooth torque. If the upper anterior teeth are up-right or lingually tipped before treatment, it is preferable to use longer power-arm or buccal side traction force. If the anterior teeth are already tipped buccally, then short power-arm or lingual side force is advised.Keywords: lingual orthodontic, height of power-arm, movement pattern, 3-D finite element analysis, anterior teeth, maxillary dentition

The bacterial flagellar motor, a remarkable rotary machine, can rapidly switch between counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) rotational directions to control the migration behavior of the bacterial cell. The flagellar motor consists of a bi-directional spinning rotor surrounded by torque-generating stator units. Recent high-resolution in vitro and in situ structural studies have revealed stunning details of the individual components of the flagellar motor and their interactions in both the CCW and CW senses. In this review, we discuss these structures and their implications for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying flagellar rotation and switching.

A new zosterophyllopsid species is formally described from the Lower Devonian of the central Rhenish Massif. This species, for which we propose the name Zosterophyllum confertum sp. nov., is common and hitherto restricted to Siegenian strata in terms of the regional (Rhenish) stratigraphic frame. It can easily be identified by the construction of its fertile parts (sporangia and strobilus shape), which are usually found in association with the axes. Among other characters, the new species is characterised in particular by the possession of very compact and terminally positioned mature strobili, which taper distally and comprise up to seven rows of helically and counter clockwise inserted, regularly spaced sporangia.

Purpose: To describe the pattern of the nerves in the inferocentral whorl region of the human corneal subbasal nerve plexus (SBNP) in health and diseases known to affect the subbasal nerves. Methods: Laser-scanning in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) was used to image the SBNP bilaterally in 91 healthy subjects, 39 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and 43 subjects with Parkinsons disease (PD). Whorl regions were classified according to nerve orientation relative to age and health/disease status. Results: Of 346 examined eyes, 300 (86.7%) had an identifiable whorl pattern. In healthy subjects, a clockwise nerve orientation of the whorl was most common (67.9%), followed by non-rotatory or seam morphology (21.4%), and counterclockwise (10.7%). The clockwise orientation was more prevalent in healthy subjects than in T2DM or PD (P < 0.001). Healthy individuals below 50 years of age had a predominantly clockwise orientation (93.8%) which was reduced to 51.9% in those over 50 years (P < 0.001). Age but not disease status explained whorl orientation in T2DM and PD groups. Moreover, whorl orientation is bilaterally clockwise in the young, but adopts other orientations and becomes asymmetric across eyes with age. Finally, we report reflective dot-like features confined to the whorl region of the subbasal plexus, sometimes appearing in close association with subbasal nerves and present in 84-93% of examined eyes regardless of disease status, eye or sex. Conclusion: Subbasal nerves in the inferocentral whorl region are predominantly clockwise in young, healthy corneas. With aging and conditions of T2DM and PD, counterclockwise and non-rotatory configurations increase in prevalence, and bilateral symmetry is lost. Mechanisms regulating these changes warrant further investigation. Funding Agencies|Hofgrens fond, NEURO Sweden

In the present article, we examine a novel illusion of motion—the Z-Box illusion—in which the presence of a bounding object influences the perception of motion of an ambiguous stimulus that appears within. Specifically, the stimuli are a structure-from-motion (SFM) particle orb and a wireframe cube. The orb could be perceived as rotating clockwise or counterclockwise while the cube could only be perceived as moving in one direction. Both stimuli were presented on a two-dimensional (2D) display with inferred three-dimensional (3D) properties. In a single experiment, we examine motion perception of a particle orb, both in isolation and when it appears within a rotating cube. Participants indicated the orb’s direction of motion and whether the direction changed at any point during the trial. Accuracy was the critical measure while motion direction, the number of particles in the orb and presence of the wireframe cube were all manipulated. The results suggest that participants could perceive the orb’s true rotation in the absence of the cube so long as it was made up of at least ten particles. The presence of the cube dominated perception as participants consistently perceived congruent motion of the orb and cube, even when they moved in objectively different directions. These findings are considered as they relate to prior research on motion perception, computational modelling of motion perception, structure from motion and 3D object perception.

Objective This study aims to evaluate biomechanical stability and stress distribution of five different fixation types with finite element analysis using 10-mm advancement with or without counterclockwise rotation of the mandible. Materials and Methods After sagittal split osteotomy, 10-mm advancement was performed in the first group and 10-mm advancement and 10-degree counterclockwise rotation were performed in the second group. One miniplate (M-1), two-miniplate (M-2), one miniplate and a bicortical screw (H), l -shaped bicortical screw (B-1), and inverted l -shaped bicortical screw (B-2) systems were placed. Totally, 120 N force was applied to the models at a 45-degree angle from the lower edge of the symphysis. Results The highest values on fixation were seen with miniplate, while the mean values were obtained with bicortical screw system. The highest values on bone were achieved using bicortical screws. One miniplate (M-1) showed both the highest and mean displacement. The highest values in counterclockwise-rotated models increased in all parameters, compared to non-rotated models. Conclusion In cases in which passive alignment between segments and adequate bone contact are ensured, inverted l -shaped bicortical screw, two-miniplate, or hybrid systems are recommended.

In the hinterlands of the Taklimakan Desert, we monitored Barchan dune evolution with the Huace X90 GNSS in RTK working mode to obtain 3D coordinates of a dune with millimeter precision. Using these coordinates, a 3D digital model of the dune was built and superimposed with CASS 9.0 and ArcGIS 10.0. Auto CAD 2010 was used to draw an arc with the three elements of starting point, end point and included angle and to fit the corresponding characteristic point trajectory curve of the eight selected typical dunes. Results of the fitting showed that the dunes rotated counterclockwise with ranges of 33°∼38°and 25.5°∼30° in the monitoring intervals between stages one and two and stages three and four, respectively. The moving trajectories were curves pointing from NE to SW and convex to NW, with long lengths. Between stages two and three, the dunes rotated clockwise with a range of 31°∼37°, and the trajectories was curves pointing from NE to SW and convex to SE or SW, with varying direction and a short length. When the northward or southward angle between effective sand-driving wind and the axial direction was larger than 30°, the dune rotated clockwise or counterclockwise, respectively. This indicates that the moving trajectory should be a curve rather than a straight line, which would result in a better fit with the actual movement of the dune. Accurately fitting the moving trajectory of Barchan dunes can assist in learning how to fit the movement of other mobile dunes as well as how to correct raw dune evolution data, such as moving distance and speed. It can also lay a foundation for the improvement of a formula for moving speed, which is important because many fields of research concern the moving speed and direction of mobile dunes.

Rock excavation has experienced complex stress paths. The development of the original crack under the path of principal stress magnitude and principal stress direction is a key scientific problem that needs to be solved in rock underground engineering. The principal stress magnitude dominates the initiation and propagation of the crack and increases rock damage under the action of principal stress rotation. In this study, the theoretical calculation and numerical analysis method have been combined with the crack propagation conditions to study the stress-driven mechanism of brittle rock crack propagation under principal stress rotation. The results show that the “relative initial angle” of crack angle is being updated in time during the principal stress rotation process; once the stress is rotated, it will become the next initial crack angle; the crack propagation direction is deviated under the applied shear load, and it is always in the direction of minimum shear load, leading to a certain degree of inhibition of crack propagation depth in the initial direction. According to the results of numerical simulation, the effect of principal stress rotation caused by mining excavation is obvious and has a certain range of influence depth, the stress of surrounding rock of roadway is the highest within the depth range of 1∼2 m, and the maximum principal stress is as high as 26.89 MPa. The rotation of principal stress direction on the roadway surrounding rock surface is the strongest, which makes the surrounding rock more fragmented, and the middle principal stress and the maximum principal stress rotate about 90° counterclockwise along the Ox axis. Studying the action mechanism of principal stress rotation on fractured rock masses can provide scientific basis for geotechnical engineering design and rock mass surrounding support.

SUMMARY The 26 May 2019 MW 8.0 Peru intraslab earthquake ruptured the subducting Nazca Plate where the dip angle of the slab increases sharply and the strike angle rotates clockwise from the epicentre to north. To obtain a detailed seismic source model of the 2019 Peru earthquake, including not only the rupture evolution but also the spatiotemporal distribution of focal mechanisms, we performed comprehensive seismic waveform analyses using both a newly developed flexible finite-fault teleseismic waveform inversion method and a back-projection method. The source model revealed a complex rupture process involving a back-propagating rupture. The initial rupture propagated downdip from the hypocentre, then unilaterally northward along the strike of the slab. Following a large slip occurring ∼50–100 km north of the hypocentre, the rupture propagated bilaterally both further northward and back southward. The spatial distribution of focal mechanisms shows that the direction of T-axis azimuth gradually rotated clockwise from the epicentre northward, corresponding to the clockwise rotation of the strike of the subducting Nazca Plate, and the large-slip area corresponds to the high-curvature area of the slab iso-depth lines. Our results show that the complex rupture process, including the focal-mechanism transition, of the Peru earthquake was related to the slab geometry of the subducting Nazca Plate.

Eastward transport and clockwise rotation of crust around the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau dominates active deformation east of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis. Current crustal movement inferred from GPS measurements indicates ongoing distortion of the traces of the active Red River fault and the Mesozoic Yalong-Yulong-Longmen Shan thrust belt. By extrapolating current rates back in time, we infer that this pattern of deformation developed since 10.1 ± 1.5 Ma. This date of initiation is approximately synchronous with a suite of tectonic phenomena, both near and far, within the wide Eurasia/Indian collision zone, including the initiation of slip on the Ganzi-Yushu-Xianshuihe fault and crustal thinning and E-W extension by normal faulting on N-S–trending rifts in the plateau interior. Accordingly, the eastward movement of eastern Tibet and the clockwise rotation of that material seem to be local manifestations of a larger geodynamic event at ca. 10–15 Ma that changed the kinematic style and reorganized deformation not only on the plateau-wide scale, but across the entire region affected by the India/Eurasia collision. Convective removal of some or all of Tibet's mantle lithosphere seems to offer the simplest mechanism for these approximately simultaneous changes.

We conducted archaeoseismological studies at the Djanavara Monastery Complex in 2019. It consists of early medieval buildings of different ages, the main of which was the church. The church and the atrium were first badly damaged and then destroyed. There were attempts to repair them, as evidenced by the laying of a doorway in the north wall of the atrium. The age of this seismic event may coincide with the destruction of the “second” Episcopal Basilica of Varna, also built in the second half of the 5th century CE. This earthquake took place several decades later. Judging by the kinematic indicators in the building structures, the source of seismic movements was apparently located north-northeast of the Episcopal Basilica of Varna and, accordingly, of the Djanavara Monastery Complex. In this direction, the largest seismotectonic node is located at the intersection of sublatitudinal faults with the Shabla-Kaliakra seismogenic zone. Subsequent renovation of the Djanavara Church and construction of poor-quality buildings around it took place after this seismic event. However, even in these, later, walls, we see traces of younger seismic deformations, evidenced by numerous buttress walls attached to the walls that survived the second earthquake. Judging by the buttress walls attached to the original meridional walls from the east and west, the seismic movements of the second earthquake propagated along the east–west axis. The third seismic event put an end to the activity of the monastery complex. It can be seen that the repaired low-quality walls were again deformed: the later masonry that covered the doorway moved outward, and there was also a joint deformation of the meridional wall and its buttress. The westward movement of the latest masonry testifies to the source of seismic oscillations of this time, located west of the Djanavara Complex. However, the meridional walls show clockwise rotation of their parts, while a perpendicular wall was rotated counterclockwise. Such a systematic deformation presupposes the location of the seismic source not strictly to the west of the monastery complex, but to the southwest, which coincides with the direction to the source, which we determined for the deformations in the episcopal basilica of Varna. Some researchers believe that the Djanavara Monastery Complex was destroyed and finally abandoned in 614–615 CE during the Avar–Slavic invasion. However, there are materials indicating that residents left ancient Odessos even before the attack, most likely due to a strong (third in our case) earthquake, during which the entire city was engulfed in fires and many buildings were destroyed. We were unable to accurately estimate the local seismic intensity for each of the three described ancient earthquakes, however, such significant deformations as systematic inclination and shifting of walls, as well as rotations of their parts around the vertical axis, indicate that the intensity of seismic oscillations during the studied earthquakes reached IL ≤ 9 on the MSK-64 scale. The intensity of seismic oscillations may have been enhanced by unfavorable soil conditions at the site of the construction of the Djanavara Monastery Complex.

An offshore vintage 2D seismic dataset acquired in the Oman Sea recently has been reprocessed to achieve two objectives: mapping gas-hydrate zones and structural imaging beneath the bottom-simulating reflector (BSR). We present results of the analysis of the seismic data associated with three seismic lines in the project area. The sea-bottom water-saturated sediment column (WSZ) has an average thickness of 100 m and an interval velocity range of 1550–1700 m/s. The underlying gas-hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) has an average thickness of 180 m and an interval velocity range of 2000–2200 m/s. The BSR with its low-frequency, large-amplitude character is very prominent in the seismic images derived from prestack time migration (PSTM). The BSR defines the base of the GHSZ and thus is a crucial indicator of the presence of a gas-hydrate zone. Velocities close to the top of the GHSZ interval are slightly lower at some locations along the line traverses – indicative of a transitional boundary between the WSZ and GHSZ. The overthrust tectonics during the Mid-Miocene to Pliocene caused by the counterclockwise rotation of the Arabian Plate is evident in the seismic images. The resulting thrust faults may facilitate upward migration of fluids and gas, thus forming the free-gas zone beneath the BSRs.

A coherent perception of spatial orientation is key in maintaining postural control. To achieve this the brain must access sensory inputs encoding both the body and the head position and integrate them with incoming visual information. Here we isolated the contribution of proprioception to verticality perception and further investigated whether changing the body position without moving the head can modulate visual dependence—the extent to which an individual relies on visual cues for spatial orientation. Spatial orientation was measured in ten healthy individuals [6 female; 25–47 years (SD 7.8 years)] using a virtual reality based subjective visual vertical (SVV) task. Individuals aligned an arrow to their perceived gravitational vertical, initially against a static black background (10 trials), and then in other conditions with clockwise and counterclockwise background rotations (each 10 trials). In all conditions, subjects were seated first in the upright position, then with trunk tilted 20° to the right, followed by 20° to the left while the head was always aligned vertically. The SVV error was modulated by the trunk position, and it was greater when the trunk was tilted to the left compared to right or upright trunk positions (p p

The formation of vortex rings in the left ventricular (LV) blood flow is a mechanism for optimized blood transport from the mitral valve inlet to aortic valve outlet, and the vorticity is an important measure of a well-functioning LV. However, due to lack of quantitative methods, the process of defining the boundary of a vortex in the LV and identifying the dominant vortex components has not been studied previously. The Lagrangian-averaged vorticity deviation (LAVD) can enable us to compute the trajectory integral of the normed difference of the vorticity from its spatial mean. Therefore, in this work, we have employed LAVD to identify the Lagrangian vortices and Eulerian vortices for measuring the vortex volume and vorticity in the LV blood flow. We found that during the LV ejection period, the positive (counterclockwise) and negative (clockwise) vorticity of patients are consistently stronger than those of the healthy groups, and the counterclockwise vortex volume of healthy groups (0.84+0.26 ml) is greater than that of patients (0.55+0.28 ml) during the pre-ejection period. Then, during the middle ejection phase, the counterclockwise vortex ring volume of patients (1.89+0.36 ml) exceeds that of healthy groups (1.38+0.43 ml). Finally, during the end-ejection period, the counterclockwise vortex ring volume of healthy subjects (0.61+0.17 ml) is the same as that of patients (0.60+0.19 ml). The results presented in this paper can provide new insights into the blood flow patterns within the LV. It can accurately indicate the role of vortices and vorticity values in intra-LV flow, and portray how cardiomyopathy (and its distorted contractile mechanism) can affect intra-LV flow patterns and mitigate adequate LV outflow.

The biomechanical adverse effects generated by our treatments must be considered among the failures of mini-implants, certainly excellent means of anchorage. The aim of this article was to illustrate and comment on mechanical adverse effects and to propose solutions. Four common clinical situations in vestibular technique are analyzed, decomposed three-dimensionally and solved. Maxillary incisor intrusion in direct traction (mini-implant between lateral incisors and canines in direct anchorage) can lead to a disto-labial rotation of the supporting teeth and an incisor flaring. Maxillary incisivo-canine retraction (mini-implant between 5 and 6 in direct anchorage) leads to a canine rotation, a clockwise rotation of the occlusal plane and a version of the adjacent teeth. The maxillary molar two-steps distalization (mini-implant between 5 and 6 with metal ligation to the canine) causes a rotation of the adjacent to the spring teeth, an incisor flaring and a molar disto-version. The protraction of a mandibular molar (mini-implant between 3 and 4 in direct anchorage) causes a disto-labial rotation, a lingual torque and a mesio-version of the molar as well as an incisor flaring and a clockwise rotation of the occlusal plan. The compensation bends on the adjacent teeth, the choice of the location and the type of mini-implant, the use of a power arms to get closer to the center of resistance are among the means of resolution. If mini-implants anchorage allows a significant quantitative effect, adverse effects should be considered individually with a three-dimensional biomechanical analysis.

The Paleo-Tethys Ocean records the initial geodynamic processes related to the dispersion of Gondwana and the subsequent accretion of Laurasia. However, whether the blueschist-bearing central Qiangtang metamorphic belt (CQMB) within the Qiangtang Block represents an in situ Paleo-Tethys suture remains controversial. Since the starting point of this debate is the subduction type (i.e., warm subduction vs. cold subduction) recorded by the associated central Qiangtang blueschists, here, we approach this debate by investigating their petrogenesis, which records the subduction and exhumation of an oceanic plate. We reconstruct the clockwise pressure–temperature (P–T) paths using phase equilibrium modeling for two types of blueschists from the Rongma and Gangma Co areas, and their peak P–T conditions reveal typical cold subduction with a uniform low geothermal gradient of 5–10 °C/km. Combining this information with published radiometric dating and bulk-rock geochemical data, we find that the central Qiangtang blueschists record almost all of the early Permian-Late Triassic subduction of the LSPTO and subsequent continental subduction, as well as the Late Triassic exhumation of oceanic and continental material. This study confirms that the central Qiangtang blueschist-bearing melange marks an in situ suture, which formed during the northward subduction and subsequent exhumation of the LSPTO.

A new high-resolution (500 × 500 m), three-dimensional hydrodynamic model was applied to Lake Winnipeg to study summer and winter water circulation, temperature, and ice-cover during 2016–17. The model was run with a combination of buoy-based observations and the outputs from the Global Environmental Multiscale model forcing. Four primary riverine inflows and two outflows were considered in the model. The bathymetry from a previous study by the authors was revised using a 2018 survey covering the South Basin and the Narrows. Comparisons of this new model with the previous model setup (2 km resolution) show noticeable improvements in all simulated parameters. In the Narrows, where seiche-driven flows have predominant oscillation periods of ~27 h and ~17 h, the RMSE of simulated currents is 0.1 m s−1, half of that of the previous simulations. The new model was able to reasonably simulate the spatial development of ice-cover over the lake. The ice-free period circulation results show that there are two clockwise and counterclockwise gyres in the North Basin, and a weak seasonal clockwise gyre in the South Basin. Monthly circulation patterns differ from those during short wind events due to spatiotemporal variability of wind patterns. The materials from the Red and the Winnipeg Rivers need ~50 days to reach the Narrows before transported from the South Basin to the North Basin. The daily inter-basin exchange flow oscillations during the ice-free period can range up to ~3.5 × 104 m3 s−1, while under-ice daily exchanges are always northwards with values depending on inflowing riverine discharge up to ~0.5 × 104 m3 s−1.

Background Midface skeletal changes through aging have been conceptualized as a clockwise rotation relative to the cranial base. This finding is mainly supported by cross-sectional population studies based on comparisons between groups of individuals in different age ranges. Few papers have evaluated the intra-individual evolution of the facial skeleton, and those that have included only a limited number of patients. Objectives The authors sought to analyze the intra-individual evolution of the facial skeleton. Methods We conducted a retrospective study including patients who underwent 2 separate facial computed tomography scans (T1 and T2) with a minimum gap of 7 years. Employing 3-dimensional reconstructions, we measured and compared 7 facial angles (glabellar, orbital, piriform, maxillary, subdental, chin, gonial) and 6 facial distances (lacrimal crest, orbital floor, piriform, zygoma, labiomental, gnathion) on both computed tomography scans. Results A total of 56 patients (29 males and 27 females) were included. Mean ages at T1 and T2 were 50 and 59 y, respectively. We found a significant decrease between T1 and T2 in facial angles at the midface (glabella, orbital, piriform, and maxillary angles, all P < 0.0001). We found a significant increase in all facial distances between T1 and T2 for the overall population and for men (all P < 0.05). For women, all distances increased, but only piriform and zygoma distances showed significant changes (P < 0.001 and P < 0.04, respectively). Bone remodeling appeared earlier in women. Conclusions Our study confirms the clockwise rotation of the midface during aging. This finding could lead to a better understanding of aesthetic medicine practices.

To clarify the Tsushima Warm Current (TWC) system around a downstream region of Noto Peninsula (NP) where Toyama Trough (TT) causes a discontinuity of the along shelf-current, numerical experiments were performed using two-layered ocean model with simplified bottom topography. When a current trapped by the continental slope representing an offshore branch of TWC (OB) encounters the NP and TT, the OB was trapped by the coast facing the TT. A clockwise lee-eddy developed between a current axis and a coastline over the TT, which results in a current path transition offshore (CPT). The OB finally adjusted to a current path which crosses TT by shifting from the discontinuity point of the continental slope. If a coastal current representing a coastal branch of the TWC (CB) developed under this situation, the CB also formed lee-eddy within the identical region of the OB’s eddy, resulting in CPT. Period for the CPT of the CB was shorter with increase of the OB volume transport. These results indicate that the OB acted to accelerate CPT of the CB within the TT. To support these results, observational data comprising mooring current, tidal, and CTD measurements obtained in and around the TT, along with the output from high-resolution data-assimilated ocean model DR_C were analyzed. Although the lee-eddy of the CBs was generated in every summer, the CPT events did not fully develop when the OB was absent over the continental slope because of the slow growth rate of the lee-eddy.

We investigated the primary mechanisms triggering the S-wave splitting (SWS) of seven unusually deep local earthquakes (between 50 and 60 km) which originated in the lithosphere beneath the Rwenzori region. We attempted to develop an understanding of the relationship between anisotropic structures in the lithosphere and tectonic deformation processes. A total of 12 out of 44 waveforms showed evidence of SWS on their polarization diagrams. The fast-wave direction (φ) and delay-time (δt) were estimated using the covariance matrix and the cross-correlation coefficient methods, respectively. We observed a clockwise rotation of φ-directions (NW - SE and ~ENE - WSW) at stations located in the rift valley. We related this pattern of φ-directions to anisotropic fabric, probably lattice-preferred orientation of preexisting olivine, whose a-axes are aligned with ESE absolute plate motion (APM) vector. At stations located outside the rift valley, however, we observed WNW - ESE and NNW - SSE patterns of φ-directions. We associated these patterns to the shape-preferred orientation of structures frozen in the lithosphere that are aligned with the present-day APM direction. We observed δt values ranging between 0.04 ± 0.01s and 0.43 ± 0.02 s, which decrease with distance away from the rift axis. This further supported our concept that the anisotropy observed at stations located on the moving plate is related to aligned melt inclusions frozen in the surrounding lithosphere. We further observed that the δt values increase linearly with ray-path length, which could indicate a fairly uniform anisotropy between 50-km and 60-km depth. Our study reported no evidence of multi-layer anisotropy beneath the Rwenzori region.

Background. External fixation devices (EFD) have found wide application in pelvic fractures treating, but it is not always that strength characteristics of these devices make it possible to realize early rehabilitation. Objective. the biomechanical justification for external pelvic osteosynthesis with use of rods having different thread hands on the basis of analysis of the stress-strain state (SSS) of the “EFD – pelvis” system and an experimental study of the strength of threaded connections of different rods and the pelvic bone under the effect of alternate cyclic loads. Materials and Methods. Was analyzed the SSS of the “EFD – pelvis” system verified in an experimental study of the strength of threaded connections of different rods and the pelvic bone under the effect of alternate cyclic loads. Results. Standing on a single basis in the AVF rods with the same thread, there are torques directed in different directions: on the right - clockwise (screwing in), on the left - counterclockwise (screwing out).A change in the thread direction does not lead to change in the moment values, but directions of the action of the moments of force for the left rod will correspond to the direction of its screwing both in the left- and right-sided one-support position. Conclusions. Bar-connected rods with a differently directed thread create a reciprocally interlocking structure, which counteracts self-unscrewing. Such a structure significantly increases the strength of connection of an EFD with the pelvic bone and creates conditions for an effective use of the early rehabilitation of patients with pelvic fractures.

[Abstract Normal faults grow either by radial propagation and segment linkage or by accruing displacement without a proportional increase in fault length. To test these competing models of fault growth, a novel 2D seismic stratigraphic interpretation of the recent Fucino Basin of the central Apennines (Italy) has been performed. The Fucino is a major Pliocene‐Quaternary non‐marine ‘extensional collapse basins’, developed immediately after the Apenninic compressional strain had locally abated, and bounded by seismogenic faults that generate strong (Mw = 6–7) and destructive earthquakes. The Fucino is an overall dual polarity half‐graben, built around two border fault systems: the northern one lies along the east‐northeast striking Avezzano‐Bussi regional fault‐zone; the other, south‐eastern trending, bounds the basin to the east. Two separate fault‐driven depocentres of fluvio‐lacustrine sequences (maximum thicknesses of ~1,750 m) are present. One is associated to the northern border faults, with mainly Late Pliocene activity; the second is to the hanging‐wall of the eastern border‐faults and reveals a stepwise Pleistocene‐Recent activity. Tectonic depocentres have migrated clockwise through time, and new‐born fault systems have developed at the south‐eastern basin periphery (Gioia dei Marsi area). This, together with the progressive accumulation of throw in time without significant fault lengthening, suggests that the model of fault growth by segment linkage is not the best explanation for this basin. Instead, the stepwise onset and growth of the Fucino extensional collapse faulting, and its ongoing earthquake hazard, may have been promoted by polyphase inversion tectonics of inherited deep‐seated zones of weaknesses (e.g. Avezzano‐Bussi Line)., The Fucino is an overall dual polarity half‐graben, built around two border fault systems: the northern one lies along the east‐northeast striking Avezzano‐Bussi regional fault‐zone; the other, south‐eastern trending, bounds the basin to the east. Two separate fault‐driven depocentres of fluvio‐lacustrine sequences (maximum thicknesses of ~1,750 m) are present. The northern border fault showed mainly a Late Pliocene activity; the eastern border‐faults reveal a stepwise Pleistocene‐Recent activity. Tectonic depocentres have migrated clockwise through time, and new‐born fault systems have developed at the south‐eastern basin periphery (Gioia dei Marsi area). This, together with the progressive accumulation of throw in time without significant fault lengthening, suggests that the model of fault growth by segment linkage is not the best explanation for this basin. ]

In this work, a new solar still desalination system named vertical rotating wick solar still (VRWSS) was investigated experimentally. The experiments were performed under different operating conditions. The performance of VRWSS was investigated under different wick belt materials (jute and cotton cloth), belt rotational speeds (0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 rpm), and rotating directions (clockwise and counterclockwise) with and without solar tracking. The VRWSS features are its small size (small horizontal area), fast water evaporation and condensation due to the low thermal capacity and large condensation area. The results revealed that the jute wick obtained higher productivity than the cotton wick at all belt rotational speeds except that at 0.02 rpm. Additionally, the water production for VRWSS-counterclockwise movement increased from 4350 mL/m2.day at 0.02 rpm to 5800 mL/m2.day at 0.05 rpm, then, the productivity started to decrease with increasing the speed. Furthermore, VRWSS productivity with counterclockwise movement was always larger than that with clockwise direction at all rotational speed except at 0.02 rpm. Besides, the solar tracking for VRWSS (jute wick-counterclockwise-0.1 rpm) increased the freshwater productivity by about 37% with a thermal efficiency of 51%. The cost of produced freshwater from VRWSS was 0.02 $/L.

Left ventricular (LV) twist is calculated from the net difference of counterclockwise apical and clockwise basal rotation during systole. The current study was designed to evaluate correlations between autonomic function and LV rotational mechanics in healthy subjects. The present study comprised 18 healthy subjects (mean age: 36±12 years, 12 men). Three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) could be used for non-invasive evaluation of LV rotation and twist. Autonomic function was assessed by means of 5 standard cardiovascular reflex tests. During 3DSTE, basal LV rotation proved to be -3.24±2.02 degree, while apical LV rotation was 9.08±3.04 degree, therefore LV twist was 11.70±6.80 degree. Valsalva test showed significant correlations with LV basal (r=0.529, P=0.019) and apical rotations (r=-0.534, P=0.022), and LV twist (r=-0.467, P=0.044). Heart rate response to deep breathing significantly correlated with LV twist, as well (r=-0.452, P=0.052). The other tests had no any relationship with rotational characteristics. Correlations exist between parasympathetic autonomic function and 3DSTE-derived LV rotation and twist in healthy subjects.

In this paper, a hexagonal prism inlet chamber is used to form a swirling flow for the film cooling, and three kinds of compound angle of film hole ( γ = 10°, 20°, 30°) with clockwise swirling or counterclockwise swirling are used for numerical simulation studies. The influence of different compound angles of film hole and the swirling directions for the film cooling effectiveness are obtained. The results show that the film cooling effectiveness and spanwise cooling coverage range of the clockwise swirling or counterclockwise swirling flow both are low when the compound angle of film hole is 10°. With the increasing compound angle of film hole, the kidney shaped vortex of film hole exit gradually weakens until it disappears, which reduces the entrainment effect by the coolant jet. So that the spanwise coverage range of two swirling modes is obviously improved. When the compound angle of film hole is 30° compared to 10°, the average spanwise film cooling effectiveness of clockwise swirling and counterclockwise swirling are increased by about 133.75 and 212.6%, respectively. The average spanwise film cooling effectiveness on the downstream of film hole for counterclockwise swirling is increased by about 140% compared with clockwise swirling.

Past earthquakes in the Himalayas are mainly due to tectonic activities along the thrust faults parallel to the Himalayan belt. In order to study the ongoing tectonic process, crustal deformation at a selected transect in a part of western Himalayas as well as of the Indian plate, then: are studied by the analyses of GPS data processed in a GAMIT/GLOBK platform. The data were collected from four local continuous operating reference stations (CORS), six International Global Navigation Satellite System Service (IGS) stations and five surveyed based GPS campaign stations transverse to major faults system. Results show an annual crustal motion of 19.18 mm Near Southern Tibetan Detachment (STD), 18.72 mm near Main Central Thrust (MCT), 11.93 mm near Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and 11.53 mm near Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) in India fixed reference. The present day Indian plate motion was estimated to be 55.33 mm/yr. In the study region at western Himalaya, crustal convergence of 13.83 mm/yr was observed in Dehradun-Badrinath sector in Uttarkhand. GPS sites near to north of HFT shows a westward movements and sites at peninsular India shows eastward movements suggesting possible counter clockwise rotation of the Indian plate. The annual motion across HFT varies between 0.1 and 2.0 mm, suggesting that HFT is locked in Garhwal region of western Himalaya. Insignificant movement across HFT indicates greater strain accumulation and the possibility of earthquakes in near future. The study suggests requirement of continuous monitoring of deformation across major thrusts in the Himalaya with dense network of GPS stations.

In the previous article**, data were given on the clockwise rotation of the Tarim Basin at a speed of 0.461° per million years around a virtual axis within the structure. Additional fieldwork and new evidence confirm earlier findings about the asymmetry of the Indo-Asian collision zone. These data are additional arguments in favor of the rotation of the Tarim Basin and lithospheric interactions along the Tarim boundaries. Conclusions are based on detailed geological and geophysical data.

BACKGROUND Little is known regarding how trotting through curves affects locomotion symmetry in Standardbred trotters. OBJECTIVES To investigate differences in objectively measured Standardbred trotter vertical motion symmetry between straight and non-banked, curved sections of oval trotting tracks during exercise warm-up, using a wireless inertial measurement unit (IMU) system. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional, observational study. METHODS Sixteen horses were included. Mixed models were used to assess associations between symmetry, track segment (straight vs curve) and stride duration. RESULTS Significant results for forelimb parameters were dependent on interactions between track segments and stride duration. At mean stride duration (0.611 second), during the curved track segment horses showed a lower maximum vertical position of the head after push-off of the outside forelimb (estimate -2.3 mm, P

Objectives This study aims to investigate the effects of the angles created by the Kirschner wires (K-wires), which are applied in the percutaneous fixation of supracondylar humerus fractures with cross K-wire, with the fracture line on fracture stabilization. Patients and methods The study was conducted on distal humerus fracture models. Medial and lateral K-wires were placed in the fracture models. The angle between the fracture line and the K-wire inserted from medial was represented by alpha (α), while the angle between the fracture line and the K-wires inserted from lateral was represented by beta (β). A combination of various angles (30°, 45°, and 60°) was used in each model, where no two models had the same combination of α and β, resulting in nine different wire configurations. The simulation program was used to simulate the effects of forces, which were applied on rotation, flexion and extension directions, on these models. We measured and compared the stress on the wires and the displacement of fractures under different force configurations. Results When the force was applied in the counterclockwise direction, the stresses were 58 megaPascal (MPa) on medial K-wire, 24 MPa on lower lateral K-wire, and 45 MPa on upper lateral K-wire in (45°, 45°) wire configuration. When the force was applied in the clockwise direction, the stresses were 57 MPa on medial K-wire, 23 MPa on lower lateral K-wire, and 45 MPa on upper lateral K-wire in (45°, 45°) wire configuration. In all models, the increased α and β angles were translated into the decreased stress on K-wires at the fracture level and decreased displacement under rotational deforming forces. Despite having generally lower fracture displacement, the increased α and β angles led to variable changes in the stress on K-wires against flexion and extension forces. Conclusion In supracondylar humerus fractures, increasing the insertion angle of both medial and lateral K-wires augments stabilization and reduces displacement, particularly against rotational deforming forces.

Loop-shaped trajectories are commonly observed in the stock-recruitment relationship (SRR). A mechanism that explains why the loops emerge in SRR has been proposed, and the aim of this study was to validate this mechanism using 62 stocks that live in the waters around Japan, the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization area, and elsewhere. We discuss the relationship between the age at maturity and the slope of the regression line adapted for the SRR data. Further, we discuss whether or not the age at maturity determines whether clockwise or anticlockwise loops are dominant. The results were as follows: 1) The slopes of the regression line adapted for the SRR had positive values when the age at maturity was low. As the age at maturity increased, the slopes decreased to zero and then became negative values. As the age at maturity increased even further, the slopes again changed from negative values to zero and then from zero to positive values. 2) Clockwise loops were dominant when the age at maturity was low, and anticlockwise loops were dominant when the age at maturity was high. As the age at maturity increased even more, clockwise loops again became dominant. These findings coincide well with the results presented by Tanaka et al. In the past, a density-dependent effect has been considered to be the main factor driving the fluctuations, but the present results indicated that a different mechanism may control the SRR and the fluctuations in the population.

A new genus and species of carneyellid edrioasteroid,Spiracarneyella florencein. gen. n. sp., is described from the Upper Ordovician (Kaitian) Point Pleasant Formation of northern Kentucky and southern Ohio.Spiracarneyellan. gen. is characterized by having all five ambulacra curving clockwise around the theca, having small node-bearing interambulacral plates in the distal interambulacra, and having the periproct placement slightly offset to the right side of the CD interambulacrum. The oral area of carneyellids evolved by paedomorphosis of the oral plates covering the mouth. The straight ambulacra ofCryptogoleusand the spiraling ambulacra ofSpiracarneyellan. gen. evolved by paedomorphosis and peramorphosis, respectively.UUID:http://zoobank.org/79733c8f-0bc8-4e7e-8f77-8508f576755c

The objective of this study is to analyse the quantitative relationship between the local Euler head distribution and the internal flow in a centrifugal impeller and provide guidance for the design specifications of inverse design methods. The local Euler head at the inlet is mainly affected by the clockwise vortex on the blade suction side. At the outlet, it is affected by the relative motion of clockwise and counterclockwise vortexes. The effect of the two types of vortexes on the local Euler head makes the pump head almost constant under deep part-load conditions, proving that the impeller has an effective diameter. The mean local Euler head distribution along the impeller passage is closely interrelated with the flow pattern. The position in which the mean local Euler head increases fastest coincides with the radial position of the clockwise vortex centre. The position of its maximum value is consistent with the radial position of the end of the clockwise vortex. The position of its maximum value moves towards the inlet as the flow rate decreases, confirming the impeller has an extreme impeller diameter. The inflection points of the mean local Euler head ratio curve correspond to the appearance of vortex structures.

‘Uchronian Critical Mass’ exploits the historical opportunity the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting quarantines have opened up to question societal time systems, which can conflict with natural rhythms, leading to adverse effects on mental and physical health. We describe an experiment in which participants step outside societal time, choose their own time-giver and live by it for up to one week. As an experiment in artistic research grounded in science, we specifically enlisted fellow artists and asked them to document their experiment using any chosen means. The results included unexpected social and spiritual qualities, evidenced increased concentration and productivity, and drew attention to aspects of societal time generally taken for granted by introducing non-linear temporal elements. The experiment impacted each artist’s working practices and subsequent work. Collectively, the results show the potential of artistic practice to influence a broader questioning of societal time through multisensory means, highlighting the unique role artists hold as outsiders to lead the way in forming creative approaches to social and political issues.

Pulkhana anticline is located in Tuzhurmatu area, about 50 km SE of Kirkuk city. The study area forms a part of the Zagros Folded Zone which is situated in the unstable shelf of Iraq within the physiographic zone called Foothill Zone (in the middle of Hemrin- Makhul subzone). The north eastern limb of the anticline reaches to 50ᵒ and the dip of the south western limb reaches to 70ᵒ. The core of the structure comprises the rocks of Fat’ha Formation surrounded by rocks of Injana and Mukdadiya Formations, whereas Bai-Hasan Formation forms the slopes of the low hills surrounding the anticline. These Formations range in age from Middle Miocene to Pliocene. More than 761 readings of joint planes were collected from 20 stations within 5 traverses in the study area. The study of joint sets and system was within Injana and Mukhdadiya formations, along traverses with 3-5 stations for each travers track. The results showed the presence of two sets of tension joints (bc, ac) and five sets of shear joints, through defining the maximum stress axis (σ1) and acute angle dividers for these conjugate joints. It was determined that two directions of Paleostress are present in the area, which are NE-SW and NW-SE. The direction of the first major stress (NE-SW) is orthogonal with, or normal to, the fold axis in the study area, which can be considered as a horizontal component which resulted from oblique collision of Arabian and Eurasian Plates. This old compressive stress is the reason behind the formation of the tension joint (ac) and shear joints, where the sets (ac) and system are perpendicular-semi perpendicular to the bedding plane, as they were formed at an early stage of folding. Also, the ) joint was formed in five tectonic stages with different time intervals. Joints formed in different tectonic stages, in the study area, are attributed to oblique collision of Arabian and Eurasian plates and counter clockwise rotation of Arabian plate relative to Eruasian plate.

In this study, a new methodology is considered for determining the rotational senses (clockwise or anti-clockwise) of a workpiece during the hydroabrasive disintegration of rotating samples. The rotational directions are taken with respect to the position of the abrasive jet, that is, keeping it on the right side of the rotating workpiece when viewed from the free end in the cartesian coordinate system. Measurements were carried out for diameter deviation, material removal rate and surface roughness as a response to machining parameters such as traverse speed, workpiece rotation direction and abrasive grain. Final diameter of the workpiece (10.28–14.12 mm), material removal rate (1154–3936 mm3/min) and surface roughness (6.65–25.43 µm) values increase with increasing value of traverse speed (5–25 mm/min) using anti-clockwise rotation with Australian garnet abrasive grains. ANOVA analysis of the responses shows that traverse speed ( p = 0.000) is a statistically significant parameter for predicting all the machining responses. Abrasive type and rotational direction were statistically significant for determining diameter deviation ( p = 0.017, 0.006) and material removal rate ( p = 0.000, 0.000) but insignificant for surface roughness ( p = 0.373, 0.367). Scanning electron microscopy provided information on the surface morphology, depicting the characteristics of the disintegrated surface. Disintegrated features, like peak and valley formations, craters, holes, cutting traces and embedded abrasive particles on the surface were observed.

The western Qinling Mountains, located between the East Kunlun fault and the West Qinling fault, hold the key to investigating the outward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau. We use up-to-date GPS observations to derive high spatial–temporal resolution crustal velocity and strain rate fields for this region. Our results suggest that a series of NEE-trending faults bounding the eastern margin of the western Qinling Mountains experience right-lateral strike slip with low rates of ~ 1 mm/yr. In addition, our results suggest that crustal deformation of the western Qinling Mountains could be governed by a right-lateral shear zone trending NNE at a rate of ~ 6 mm/yr, producing a clockwise rotation of subblocks: left-lateral and right-lateral strike slip on the NWW-trending and NEE-trending faults, respectively. The eastward extrusion of the Tibetan Plateau along the western Qinling Mountains is limited further east. In contrast, the NNE-ward expansion of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau is the primary motion which extends through the western Qinling Mountains and the Longxi block. The results of this study improve our understanding of the outward expansion of the Tibetan Plateau influenced by the Indian–Eurasian collision.

In this paper, we present the clockwise-algorithm that solves the extension in 𝑘-dimensions of the infamous nine-dot problem, the well known two-dimensional thinking outside the box puzzle. We describe a general strategy that constructively produces minimum length covering trails, for any 𝑘 ∈ N−{0}, solving the NP-complete (3×3×⋯×3)-points problem inside a 3×3×⋯×3 hypercube. In particular, using our algorithm, we explicitly draw different covering trails of minimal length h(𝑘) = (3^𝑘 − 1)/2, for 𝑘 = 3, 4, 5. Furthermore, we conjecture that, for every 𝑘 ≥ 1, it is possible to solve the 3^𝑘-points problem with h(𝑘) lines starting from any of the 3^𝑘 nodes, except from the central one. Finally, we cover 3×3×3 points with a tree of size 12.

Phase diagram modelling and U-Pb monazite ages reveal a clockwise Pressure-Temperature-time metamorphic evolution in the Paranagua Terrane (Ribeira Belt – SE Brazil) and characterized important tec...

It is significant for identifying mass movement patterns to invert horizontal tectonic stresses at different depths underneath Tibet. In recent years, a large number of achievements focusing on two-dimensional tectonic stresses have been obtained from gravity data. However, three-dimensional tectonic stresses in Tibet are still unknown or debatable. Therefore, in the present study an improved method to multilayer horizontal tectonic stresses using gravity observations is developed. The inverted multilayer horizontal tectonic stresses are in agreement with those from previous studies. In addition, rich tectonic structure and development can be revealed from the inverted multilayer horizontal tectonic stresses: (1) the distribution of horizontal tectonic stresses at various depths shows strong correlation with that of the tectonic elements, where major faults and earthquake epicenters are corresponding with stress highs and the stable basins are consistent with stress lows. (2) the mass movement patterns of whole Tibet present clockwise, and the material movement directions in the west and east are approximately south-north and east-west, respectively. (3) in eastern Tibet, the eastward materials caused by the south-north extrusion between Indian and Eurasian plates are divided into two parts by the stable Sichuan Block, one flowing nearly southeast and the other moving almost northeast. The inverted multilayer horizontal tectonic stresses may provide direct evidences for mass movement patterns in Tibet.

This study presents a Lagrangian view of upper water exchanges across the Luzon Strait based on the finite-time Lyapunov exponents (FTLE) fields computed from the surface geostrophic current. The Lagrangian coherent structures (LCSs) extracted from the FTLE fields well identify the typical flow patterns and eddy activities around the Luzon Strait. In addition, they reveal the intricate transport paths and fluid domains, which are validated by the tracks of satellite-tracked surface drifters and cannot be visually recognized in the velocity maps. The FTLE fields indicate that there are mainly four types of transport patterns near the Luzon Strait; among them, the Kuroshio northward-flowing “leaping” pattern and the clockwise rotating “looping” pattern occur more frequently than the “leaking” pattern of the direct Kuroshio branch into the SCS and the “outflowing” pattern from the SCS to the Pacific. The eddy shedding events of the Kuroshio at the Luzon Strait are further analyzed, and the importance of considering LCSs in estimating transport by eddies is highlighted. The anticyclonic eddy (ACE) shedding cases reveal that ACEs mainly originate from the looping paths of Kuroshio and thus could effectively trap the Kuroshio water before eddy detachments. LCSs provide useful information to predict the positions of the upstream waters that finally enter the ACEs. In contrast, LCS snapshots indicate that during the formation of cyclonic eddies (CEs), most CEs are not connected with the pathways of Kuroshio water. Hence, the contribution of CEs to the surface water exchanges from the Pacific into the SCS is tiny.

Effects of currents on winter wind waves in the tide-dominated Qiongzhou Strait (QS) were numerically evaluated via employing the coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave-sediment transport (COAWST) modeling system. Validations showed satisfactory model performance in simulating the intense tidal currents in the QS. Different effects of sea level variations and tidal currents on waves were examined under the maximum eastward (METC) and westward (MWTC) tidal currents. In the east entrance area of the QS, the positive sea levels under the MWTC deepened the water depth felt by waves, benefiting the further propagation of wave energy into the inner strait and causing increased wave height. The METC and the MWTC could both enhance the wave height in the east entrance area of the QS, mainly through current-induced convergence and wavenumber shift, respectively. By current-induced refraction, the METC (MWTC) triggered counterclockwise (clockwise) rotation in peak wave directions in the northern part of the QS while clockwise (counterclockwise) rotation in the southern part.

Directional deep brain stimulation (dDBS) electrodes allow to steer the electrical field in a specific direction. When implanted with torque, they may rotate for a certain time after implantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether and to which degree leads rotate in the first 24 h after implantation using a sheep brain model. dDBS electrodes were implanted in 14 sheep heads and 3D rotational fluoroscopy (3D-RF) scans were acquired to visualize the orientation of the electrode leads. Electrode leads were clockwise rotated just above the burr holes (180° n = 6, 360° n = 6, 2 controls) and 3D-RF scans were again acquired after 3, 6, 13, 17, and 24 h, respectively. One hundred eighty degree rotated electrodes showed an initial rotation of 83.5° (range: 35.4°–128.3°) and a rotation of 114.0° (range: 57°–162°) after 24 h. With 360° torsion, mean initial rotation was 201° (range: 3.3°–321.4°) and mean rotation after 24 h 215.7° (range 31.9°–334.7°), respectively. Direct postoperative imaging may not be accurate for determining the rotation of dDBS electrodes if torque is present.

Joints are among the most widespread geologic structures as they are found in most each exposure of rock. They differ greatly in appearance, dimensions, and arrangement, besides they occur in quite different tectonic environments. This study is important because joints provide evidence on what kind of stress produced them (history of deformation) and also because they change the characteristics of the rocks in which they occur. The Measured data of joints from the studied area which are located in the high folded zone – Northeast of Iraq, were classified according to their relationship with the tectonic axes by projecting them stereographically using Schmidt net in GEOrient ver.9.5.0 software. The joint systems revealed the orientation of the major stress field that caused the area deformation. Two dominant joint systems were found in most stations of the studied area, which are hko>a (first place) and hko>b (second place). The main stress field direction from the joint’s classification is North East – South West which coincides with the opening of the red sea and the collision between Arabian and Iranian tectonic plates. The North West direction (which comes in the second place) it might be due to the rotational movement (counterclockwise) of the Arabian plate in addition to the effect of local stress in the area.