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Este recurso forma parte del Proyecto “Aplicación de realidad virtual sobre el laboratorio de prácticas de Fisiología del Sistema Visual” (“Apoyo al diseño de recursos docentes basados en las nuevas tecnologías” correspondiente a la Línea de actuación Actividades del profesorado para la innovación educativa ref. 222 del IV Plan Propio de Docencia de la Universidad de Sevilla. Este recurso, junto al resto generado con esta ayuda, engloban conceptos teórico-prácticos del laboratorio de prácticas principalmente de Fisiología del Sistema Visual, así como de otras asignaturas como Fisiología Humana I. Estas asignaturas se imparten en el Grado en Óptica y Optometría, Grado en Farmacia, y en el Doble Grado en Farmacia y en Óptica y Optometría. Este recurso de realidad virtual presenta el laboratorio de prácticas del Departamento de Fisiología, con diferente material asociado a las prácticas de Fisiología del Sistema Visual, entre los que se encuentran: el modelo anatómico 3D del globo ocular, escenarios para explorar la retina y la coroides desde el interior del ojo junto a la explicación de profesores del departamento, vídeos docentes de distintas prácticas y un cuestionario tipo test de autoevaluación. Ese recurso de realidad virtual está dirigido a estudiantes de las asignaturas del área de Fisiología de diferentes titulaciones académicas en la que se imparten (principalmente Grado en Farmacia, Óptica y Optometría, Doble grado en Farmacia y Óptica-optometría), principalmente la Fisiología del Sistema Visual, y otras asignaturas con parte de este contenido tales como Fisiología Humana I y Fisiología Humana II. También, será útil para otros estudiantes de grados de ciencias de la salud y ciencias, y para cualquier público interesado en conocer el funcionamiento del sistema visual. Por lo que tiene una función dual: por un lado, mejora el conocimiento por parte de los estudiantes en el campo de la fisiología, y por otro sirve como herramienta de aprendizaje en fisiología para la sociedad.

Este recurso forma parte del Proyecto “Aplicación de realidad virtual sobre el laboratorio de prácticas de Fisiología del Sistema Visual” (“Apoyo al diseño de recursos docentes basados en las nuevas tecnologías” correspondiente a la Línea de actuación Actividades del profesorado para la innovación educativa ref. 222 del IV Plan Propio de Docencia de la Universidad de Sevilla. Este recurso, junto al resto generado con esta ayuda, engloban conceptos teórico-prácticos del laboratorio de prácticas principalmente de Fisiología del Sistema Visual, así como de otras asignaturas como Fisiología Humana I. Estas asignaturas se imparten en el Grado en Óptica y Optometría, Grado en Farmacia, y en el Doble Grado en Farmacia y en Óptica y Optometría. Este recurso de realidad virtual 3D presenta el modelo anatómico del globo ocular, centrándose en las estrcuturas externas asociadas. Además, puede encontrarse una pequeña descripción junto a la localización de cada estructura. Ese recurso de realidad virtual está dirigido a estudiantes de las asignaturas del área de Fisiología de diferentes titulaciones académicas en la que se imparten (principalmente Grado en Farmacia, Óptica y Optometría, Doble grado en Farmacia y Óptica-optometría), principalmente la Fisiología del Sistema Visual, y otras asignaturas con parte de este contenido tales como Fisiología Humana I y Fisiología Humana II. También, será útil para otros estudiantes de grados de ciencias de la salud y ciencias, y para cualquier público interesado en conocer el funcionamiento del sistema visual. Por lo que tiene una función dual: por un lado, mejora el conocimiento por parte de los estudiantes en el campo de la fisiología, y por otro sirve como herramienta de aprendizaje en fisiología para la sociedad.

Este recurso forma parte del Proyecto “Aplicación de realidad virtual sobre el laboratorio de prácticas de Fisiología del Sistema Visual” (“Apoyo al diseño de recursos docentes basados en las nuevas tecnologías” correspondiente a la Línea de actuación Actividades del profesorado para la innovación educativa ref. 222 del IV Plan Propio de Docencia de la Universidad de Sevilla. Este recurso, junto al resto generado con esta ayuda, engloban conceptos teórico-prácticos del laboratorio de prácticas principalmente de Fisiología del Sistema Visual, así como de otras asignaturas como Fisiología Humana I. Estas asignaturas se imparten en el Grado en Óptica y Optometría, Grado en Farmacia, y en el Doble Grado en Farmacia y en Óptica y Optometría. Este recurso de realidad virtual 3D presenta el modelo anatómico del globo ocular, centrándose en todas las estructuras que lo conforman, como pueden ser las distintas capas del globo ocular (esclerótica, coroides y retina) o las diferentes estructuras que atraviesa la luz (córnea, pupila, cristalino), entre otros. Además, puede encontrarse una pequeña descripción junto a la localización de cada estructura. Ese recurso de realidad virtual está dirigido a estudiantes de las asignaturas del área de Fisiología de diferentes titulaciones académicas en la que se imparten (principalmente Grado en Farmacia, Óptica y Optometría, Doble grado en Farmacia y Óptica-optometría), principalmente la Fisiología del Sistema Visual, y otras asignaturas con parte de este contenido tales como Fisiología Humana I y Fisiología Humana II. También, será útil para otros estudiantes de grados de ciencias de la salud y ciencias, y para cualquier público interesado en conocer el funcionamiento del sistema visual. Por lo que tiene una función dual: por un lado, mejora el conocimiento por parte de los estudiantes en el campo de la fisiología, y por otro sirve como herramienta de aprendizaje en fisiología para la sociedad.

In the past few decades, both the local and international press have addressed flaws within the juvenile justice systems in Chile. However, very few studies have examined the support provided to social workers working in this field. This article, using exploratory survey research methods, explores the perspective of social workers about how these systems support their well-being and overall work functioning. The survey uses a snowball sampling technique to reach social workers who work in nonprofit organizations serving juvenile offenders in the metropolitan region in Chile. The results show that social workers are experiencing moderate levels of compassion fatigue. Different issues emerged centered on a lack of organizational support related to teamwork, training, and pay.

This thesis evaluates the biocompatibility of fluorescent nanodiamonds in different sizes and concentrations for two models. The first is boar sperm cells under the capacitation process. And the second model a cervical cancer cell line (HeLa cells) under collective cell migration. From a technical point of view, these two models present a challenge for the current settings as both are dynamic samples requiring spatiotemporal resolution. Furthermore, relaxometry measurements were acquired for the first time in this thesis to detect free radical production in boar sperm cells.

RESUMEN Introducción: La importancia de medir la calidad de vida radica en el estrecho vínculo que existe entre la misma, la mortalidad y la morbilidad en los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis; por lo que es de suma importancia saber cómo están percibiendo su condición de salud durante el tratamiento de sustitución renal. Objetivo: Comprender el significado de calidad de vida para una persona mayor sometida a hemodiálisis y su cuidadora principal. Material y Método: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo con enfoque fenomenológico, que se llevó a cabo por medio de la realización de entrevistas en profundidad dirigidas a una persona mayor sometida a tratamiento de hemodiálisis y a su cuidadora principal. Posteriormente, se efectuó transcripción textual de cada una de las entrevistas previamente grabadas. Resultados: Los resultados se clasificaron según dimensiones de calidad de vida, los cuales fueron: social, actividades de la vida diaria, salud, sistemas de salud, bienestar material y se agregó una categoría emergente llamada pandemia de acuerdo a la situación epidemiológica actual. El término calidad de vida para las participantes de la investigación, fue descrito como “vivir saludable, sin presencia de enfermedades”. Conclusión: La aplicación correcta de los tratamientos y contar con un personal de enfermería formado en hemodiálisis permitiría proporcionar educación, intervenciones, apoyo y un acompañamiento apropiado, lo que es fundamental, para abordar y favorecer el bienestar biopsicosocial y espiritual.

Worldwide, there has been a push toward reforming or abolishing child welfare systems because of systemic bias against families. Few studies have examined the role of bias in decision-making processes among child welfare practitioners, especially in child welfare systems in processes of change/reform. This qualitative study utilized discussion groups with child welfare teams to examine how professionals navigated the decision-making process in cases of child maltreatment. A grounded theory analysis revealed that professionals deconstruct macro, mezzo, and micro biases as they make decisions. Implications for global social work, such as self-reflection and structural changes, and for future research are explored.

14 Páginas.-- 6 Figuras.-- 3 Tablas, Despite numerous reports on the beneficial effects of olive oil in the cardiovascular context, very little is known about the olive tree's wild counterpart (Olea europaea, L. var. sylvestris), commonly known as acebuche (ACE) in Spain. The aim of this study was to analyse the possible beneficial effects of an extra virgin ACE oil on vascular function in a rodent model of arterial hypertension (AH) induced by NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Four experimental groups of male Wistar rats were studied: (1) normotensive rats (Control group); (2) normotensive rats fed a commercial diet supplemented with 15 % (w/w) ACE oil (Acebuche group); (3) rats made hypertensive following administration of L-NAME (L-NAME group); and (4) rats treated with L-NAME and simultaneously supplemented with 15 % ACE oil (LN + ACE group). All treatments were maintained for 12 weeks. Besides a significant blood pressure (BP)-lowering effect, the ACE oil-enriched diet counteracted the alterations found in aortas from hypertensive rats in terms of morphology and responsiveness to vasoactive mediators. In addition, a decrease in hypertension-related fibrotic and oxidative stress processes was observed in L-NAME-treated rats subjected to ACE oil supplement. Therefore, using a model of AH via nitric oxide depletion, here we demonstrate the beneficial effects of a wild olive oil based upon its vasodilator, antihypertensive, antioxidant, antihypertrophic and antifibrotic properties. We postulate that regular inclusion of ACE oil in the diet can alleviate the vascular remodelling and endothelial dysfunction processes typically found in AH, thus resulting in a significant reduction of BP., We thank the Centro de Innovación, Tecnología e Innovación de la Universidad de Sevilla (CITIUS, Servicio de Biología, Servicio de Microscopía) for technical support. The authors are especially grateful to Alcazarín Reunidos FP, S.L. (Monda, Málaga, Spain) for providing the extra virgin wild olive oil (ACE oil) used in this study. This study was supported by Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía (2020/275; CTS-584); AS is recipient of an FPU predoctoral fellowship from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (FPU17/03465). C. R. G was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Ayudas para la Promoción de Empleo Joven e Implantación de la Garantía Juvenil en I + D + i 2017–2020 (PEJ2018–004474-A). Study design and data management, C. R. G., A. M. and C. M. V.; data acquisition, C. R. G., Á. S. G. and G. A. E.; draft/revision of the article: C. R. G., Á. S. G., M. C. P. C., A. M. and C. M. V. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

La novela Formas de volver a casa de Alejandro Zambra ejemplifica una tendencia que ha marcado la literatura chilena reciente: el tratamiento de la memoria histórica a través de una forma narrativa en particular, la autoficción. En este trabajo proponemos hablar de una escritura de la memoria que recurre a una serie de “efectos textuales” propios de la autoficción, para configurar una escritura autoficcional de la memoria.

Salmonella is one of the main microorganisms that causes food-borne illnesses worldwide, although there are standard procedures to determine its presence or absence in food samples. However, these ...

It is unclear whether the frequently observed increase in non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in plants exposed to low temperatures or drought reflects a higher sensitivity of growth than photosynthesis in such conditions (i.e. sink limitation), or a prioritization of carbon (C) allocation to storage. Alpine areas in Mediterranean-type climate regions are characterized by precipitation increases and temperature decreases with elevation. Thus, alpine plants with wide elevational ranges in Mediterranean regions may be good models to examine these alternative hypotheses. We evaluated storage and growth during experimental darkness and re-illumination in individuals of the alpine plant Phacelia secunda from three elevations in the Andes of central Chile. We hypothesized that storage is prioritized regarding growth in plants of both low- and high elevations where drought and cold stress are greatest, respectively. We expected that decreases in NSC concentrations during darkness should be minimal and, more importantly, increases in NSC after re-illumination should be higher than increases in biomass. We found that darkness caused a significant decrease in NSC concentrations of both low- and high-elevation plants, but the magnitude of the decrease was lower in the latter. Re-illumination caused higher increase in NSC concentration than in biomass in both low- and high-elevation plants (1.5- and 1.9-fold, respectively). Our study shows that C allocation in Phacelia secunda reflects ecotypic differences among elevation provenances and suggests that low temperature, but not drought, favours C allocation to storage over growth after severe C limitation.

In capacitive transducers area, the fabrication process variations in the parameters that define the nominal capacitance induce mismatch between the fabricated transductors; and in order to minimize it a new frontend architecture, that does not need a reference sensor for calibration, is presented here. The proposed system works with a DC reference signal, instead of an AC signal as most of the reported works. A readout system using the proposed architecture was designed in a 180nm CMOS technology for a particular capacitive microfluidic bio-sensor to detect E.Coli bacteria. The nominal sensor has a capacitance range that goes from 192pF to 122 pF for a 0-100,000 UFC/ml concentration range.

Healthy lifestyle habits spanning from preconception to postpartum are considered as a major safeguard for achieving successful pregnancies and for the prevention of gestational diseases. Among preconception priorities established by the World Health Organization (WHO) are healthy diet and nutrition, weight management, physical activity, planned pregnancy and physical, mental and psychosocial health. Most studies covering the topic of healthy pregnancies focus on maternal diet because obesity increases the risks for adverse perinatal outcomes, including gestational diabetes mellitus, large for gestational age newborns, or preeclampsia. Thus, foods rich in vegetables, essential and polyunsaturated fats and fibre-rich carbohydrates should be promoted especially in overweight, obese or diabetic women. An adequate intake of micronutrients (e.g. iron, calcium, folate, vitamin D and carotenoids) is also crucial to support pregnancy and breastfeeding. Moderate physical activity throughout pregnancy improves muscle tone and function, besides decreasing the risk of preeclampsia, gestational diabesity (i.e. diabetes associated with obesity) and postpartum overweight. Intervention studies claim that an average of 30 min of exercise/day contributes to long-term benefits for maternal overall health and wellbeing. Other factors such as microbiome modulation, behavioural strategies (e.g. smoking cessation, anxiety/stress reduction and sleep quality), maternal genetics and age, social class and education might also influence the maternal quality of life. These factors contribute to ensure a healthy pregnancy, or at least to reduce the risk of adverse maternal and foetal outcomes during pregnancy and later in life.

The Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) is an integral field spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope Unit Telescope 4, capable of laser guide star assisted and tomographic adaptive optics using the GALACSI module. Its observing capabilities include a wide field (1 square arcmin), ground layer AO mode (WFM-AO) and a narrow field (7.5"x7.5"), laser tomography AO mode (NFM-AO). The latter has had several upgrades in the 4 years since commissioning, including an optimisation of the control matrices for the AO system and a new sub-electron noise detector for its infra-red low order wavefront sensor. We set out to quantify the NFM-AO system performance by analysing $\sim$230 spectrophotometric standard star observations taken over the last 3 years. To this end we expand upon previous work, designed to facilitate analysis of the WFM-AO system performance. We briefly describe the framework that will provide a user friendly, semi-automated way for system performance monitoring during science operations. We provide the results of our performance analysis, chiefly through the measured Strehl ratio and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the core of the point spread function (PSF) using two PSF models, and correlations with atmospheric conditions. These results will feed into a range of applications, including providing a more accurate prediction of the system performance as implemented in the exposure time calculator, and the associated optimization of the scientific output for a given set of limiting atmospheric conditions., Comment: SPIE proceedings (2022), Observatory Operations: Strategies, Processes, and Systems IX

Latinoamérica es la región con más altos niveles de desigualdad a nivel mundial, lo que se ve reflejado en sus sistemas escolares. En este escenario el caso chileno se destaca por un alto grado de segregación escolar lo que ha sido vinculado con la aplicación sistemática de políticas de mercado. Este fenómeno se relaciona con diferentes factores, siendo uno de ellos las valoraciones, estrategias y acciones que las familias despliegan en la elección de escuela. Este trabajo analiza discursos de elección de familias en dos casos, cada uno de ellos conformados por tres escuelas vecinas de distinto tipo (municipal, privada subvencionada y privada no subvencionada), existiendo entre ellas contrastes notables en cuanto a las características socioeconómicas de su estudiantado. Los casos evidencian, por tanto, la existencia de segregación escolar a una “microescala” que no ha sido abordada en estudios previos. La metodología utilizada es de tipo cualitativa. La producción de datos se efectuó mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas con 54 madres o padres de 6 establecimientos educativos. Los resultados muestran que la “libre elección” de escuela está limitada por los recursos económicos, lo que restringe las opciones en el “mercado escolar”. Asimismo, se corrobora la existencia de elementos socioculturales que condicionan el proceso de elección de las familias de acuerdo con su nivel socioeconómico y otras características. Se concluye que el proceso de elección de escuela es un factor que produce y reproduce el fenómeno de la segregación escolar.

The design and simulation of a biosensor based on interdigitated microelectrodes for bacteria detection is presented. The biosensor includes a microchannel to ensure the flow of the sample through the space between microelectrodes, where the surface is biofunctionalized with antibodies to capture the bacteria. The design was built on COMSOL Multiphysics® software. The effects of the microelectrode thickness and the channel depth on the biosensor sensitivity were studied by simulation. There is a specific microelectrode thickness at which the sensitivity is maximum for Escherichia coli. The microchannel depth affects the sensitivity of the device when it is below 10 μm, approximately. The sensitivity increases when the biosensor is made with low-permittivity materials. A maximum percentage change in capacitance of around 46% was obtained by covering the total sensing area with bacteria.

In recent years, the Chilean Child Welfare Service has been questioned by the legislative and judicial powers over its work with children and their families. However, it remains unclear what the so...

Blessing, Insko, Johnson and Mauretour gave a generalization of the domination number of a graph G called the ( t , r ) broadcast domination number which depends on the positive integer parameters t and r . In this setting, a v ∈ V is a broadcast vertex of transmission strength t if it transmits a signal of strength t − d ( u , v ) to every vertex u ∈ V with d ( u , v ) t . Given a set of broadcast vertices S ⊆ V , the reception at vertex u is the sum of the transmissions from the broadcast vertices in S . The set S ⊆ V is called a ( t , r ) broadcast dominating set if every vertex u ∈ V has a reception strength r ( u ) ≥ r and for a finite graph G the cardinality of a smallest broadcast dominating set is called the ( t , r ) broadcast domination number of G . In this paper, we consider the infinite triangular grid graph and define efficient ( t , r ) broadcast dominating sets as those broadcasts that minimize signal waste. Our main result constructs efficient ( t , r ) broadcasts on the infinite triangular grid graph for all t ≥ r ≥ 1 . Using these broadcasts, we then provide upper bounds for the ( t , r ) broadcast domination numbers for triangular matchstick graphs when ( t , r ) ∈ { ( 2 , 1 ) , ( 3 , 1 ) , ( 3 , 2 ) , ( 4 , 1 ) , ( 4 , 2 ) , ( 4 , 3 ) , ( t , t ) } .

Foodborne diseases are considered a health problem, Salmonella is part of the main microorganisms that generate this type of diseases, so its detection requires a short period of time, biosensors can be a good option to meet this need. In this work, three substrates (crystalline and amorphous silicon, hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide) were biofunctionalized applying self-assembled monolayers technique, presence of characteristic functional groups of the assembly was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Anti-Salmonella IgG antibodies against whole bacteria were generated. Second derivative of each FTIR detection spectrum was obtained, having modifications in the zone between 1600-1700 cm-1 given by the secondary structure of proteins, being crystalline silicon and hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide platforms, which presented the most notorious bands. Detection was performed on flat substrates with a specific area (25 mm2), a detection time of 60 min was stablished and a concentration of 500 CFU/mL was detected. With this, the three silicon and derivatives biofunctionalized may have future applications in food microbial quality monitoring.

Low residual stress in hydrogenated amorphous silicon-carbon (a-SixC1-x:H) films prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at temperature range of 100–200 °C was obtained. Profilometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements were carried out to characterize the films. The residual stress of each deposited film was calculated using profilometry measurements and the Stoney equation. The results showed that the residual stress decreases as the power density is reduced, or the temperature or the silane/methane ratio are increased. There is a deposition pressure at around 750 mTorr at which low residual stress is promoted. The residual stress showed a correlation with the carbon incorporation in the form of C–Hn molecules. The residual stress depends on the deposition regime: assisted either by silane radicals (also known as “silane starving plasma” (SSP)) or by both silane and methane radicals. Considering that the carbon incorporation under SSP regime is more controlled, there is a higher probability of having low residual stress in this regime. In agreement with the characterization, the most favorable PECVD parameters were selected to obtain a-SixC1-x:H films with low residual stress (below 100 MPa) within the temperature range (100–200 °C). These results are useful in areas such as flexible electronic devices, implantable devices, microfluidic systems, and microelectromechanical systems, among others, in which the materials and the parameters of fabrication are degraded or modified by temperature above 200 °C. Keywords: Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, Hydrogenated amorphous silicon-carbon film, Residual stress, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy

Free radicals are crucial indicators for stress and appear in all kinds of pathogenic conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and infection. However, they are difficult to detect due to their reactivity and low abundance. We use relaxometry for the detection of radicals with subcellular resolution. This method is based on a fluorescent defect in a diamond, which changes its optical properties on the basis of the magnetic surroundings. This technique allows nanoscale MRI with unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution. Recently, this technique was used inside living cells from a cell line. Cell lines differ in terms of endocytic capability and radical production from primary cells derived from patients. Here we provide the first measurements of phagocytic radical production by the NADPH oxidase (NOX2) in primary dendritic cells from healthy donors. The radical production of these cells differs greatly between donors. We investigated the cell response to stimulation or inhibition.

Este texto relata a experiência de três professoras universitárias a partir de um projeto apresentado ao Programa de Assistência Estudantil (PAE), elaborado com o intuito de introduzir os estudantes no ensino remoto emergencial no contexto da pandemia da COVID-19. O curso proposto “Práticas de Estudo na Comunidade Acadêmico-Virtual”, teoricamente fundamentado na aprendizagem dialógica, trouxe elementos essenciais para o bom desempenho dos estudantes, explorando diferentes linguagens acadêmicas muito utilizadas nos cursos de graduação: leitura crítica, escrita de resumos e resenhas, elaboração e gravação de seminários. Os estudantes inscritos eram de diferentes cursos de graduação da universidade e estavam em semestres iniciais em sua maioria. Entendemos que a oferta do curso, baseado em evidências científicas de máximas aprendizagens foi fundamental para o acompanhamento dos estudantes em seus cursos de graduação e para nossa formação continuada, oportunizando a vivência da co-docência. Nesse sentido, pudemos evidenciar que a diversidade das docentes (de formação, atuação profissional e tempo na universidade) foram determinantes para que todos os objetivos fossem alcançados.

Juvenile offenders’ engagement in their social insertion process is increasingly considered essential for achieving the desired outcome of sanction programs and modifying juvenile criminal behavior. However, the professionals who work with juvenile offenders do not have defined concepts or an intervention tool. This study sought to introduce a strengths orientation to this area and investigated how the concept of engagement is defined by professionals and juvenile offenders. Twenty-four semistructured interviews were conducted with probation officials and prison professionals, and three focus groups were conducted with juvenile offenders serving sentences. The findings show that the concept of engagement differs among professionals. Nevertheless, the participants proposed common concepts of positive and negative engagement.

Other than being a physiological process, pregnancy is a condition characterized by major adaptations of maternal endocrine and metabolic homeostasis that are necessary to accommodate the fetoplacental unit. Unfortunately, all these systemic, cellular, and molecular changes in maternal physiology also make the mother and the fetus more prone to adverse outcomes, including numerous alterations arising from viral infections. Common infections during pregnancy that have long been recognized as congenitally and perinatally transmissible to newborns include toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex viruses (originally coined as ToRCH infections). In addition, enterovirus, parvovirus B19, hepatitis virus, varicella-zoster virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Zika and Dengue virus, and, more recently, coronavirus infections including Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections (especially the novel SARS-CoV-2 responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic), constitute relevant targets for current research on maternal-fetal interactions in viral infections during pregnancy. Appropriate maternal education from preconception to the early postnatal period is crucial to promote healthy pregnancies in general and to prevent and/or reduce the impact of viral infections in particular. Specifically, an adequate lifestyle based on proper nutrition plans and feeding interventions, whenever possible, might be crucial to reduce the risk of virus-related gestational diseases and accompanying complications in later life. Here we aim to provide an overview of the emerging literature addressing the impact of nutrition in the context of potentially harmful viral infections during pregnancy., This work was supported by Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades, Junta de Andalucía, Spain (2020/275; CTS-584); Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT, grant number 1190316) and International Sabbatical (University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands) from the Vice-Rectorate of Academic Affairs, Academic Development Office of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile. AS is recipient of an FPU predoctoral fellowship from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (FPU17/03465). CRG was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Ayudas para la Promoción de Empleo Joven e Implantaci´on de la Garantía Juvenil en I+D+i 2017-2020 (PEJ2018-004474-A).

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, most Latin American countries experienced military coups and military interventions in government affairs. One of the worst consequences of these military interventions was the torture and murder of thousands of people. This study focuses on the perpetrators of torture and examines group influences on the occurrence of torture and the behavior of torturers. To achieve this goal, we have conducted field research to interview and evaluate individuals who were members of the Chilean police and military during the 1980s. Interviews were conducted with Chilean military and police torturers active during the military regime (1973 – 1990). Group influences are strongly associated with the institutional context. The study identifies common patterns among the perpetrators but also considers the marked differences between them and demonstrates the important role of the group in enabling the perpetration of torture. Few studies have examined torture behavior in an institutional framework, and the identification of these features may allow this type of crime to be prevented.

The Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer instrument (MUSE), is an integral-field spectrograph at one of the Nasmyth foci of the 8m-class Yepun telescope at Paranal observatory. MUSE's most powerful modes use the Adaptive Optics Facility consisting of a Deformable Secondary Mirror with over 1000 actuators commanded by a real-time computer up to 1000 times per second. At the core of the system are 4 laser guide stars monitored by GALACSI, the wave-front sensor system. MUSE functions with two modes: Wide-Field Mode (1'x1' field), making use of Ground Layer Adaptive Optics and Narrow-Field Mode (7.5"x7.5" field) using full laser tomography. In this work, we will present the results of a campaign to monitor the AO performance as measured by MUSE during the first years of operations. We will evaluate the dependence of this performance, as characterized by the point-spread function, on easily monitored environmental parameters such as ground-layer fraction, coherence time, seeing, and airmass.

El mucílago de nopal (Opuntia spp.) es un polisacárido calificado como nutracéutico por sus efectos positivos en la fisiología de los humanos. Por otro lado, el mucílago puede usarse como espesante, ya que al hidratarse forma hidrocoloides. El objetivo de este estudio fue adicionar mucílago de nopal a la sopa de elote tipo crema y evaluar su efecto espesante y aceptación sensorial. El mucílago se extrajo de cladodios de Opuntia spp. de las variantesAtlixco, Milpa Alta, Toluca, Tobarito y Tuna Blanca. Las concentraciones evaluadas fueron 0.7 y 1.0% y se incluyó almidón como testigo. Con algunas excepciones, la sopa de los 10 tratamientos con mucílago mostró pH (entre 6.09 y 6.32) y viscosidad (entre 6.043 y 1.623 Pa s) sin diferencias significativas (p > 0.05) respecto a los testigos; además, mostró la misma saturación (entre 17.47º y 18.49º), mayor luminosidad (entre 46.15 y 47.72º) y menos color (entre 78.36 y 79.52º). La aceptabilidad sensorial por viscosidad, excepto con mucílago de Atlixco y de Toluca (17 y 7% menor, respectivamente), y la aceptabilidad sensorial global con el mucílago, de las cinco variantes fue hasta 19% menor que la de los testigos. Tendrá que ponderarse el beneficio de adicionar mucílago de nopal a la sopa de elote, para usarse como alimento funcional, sobre su aceptabilidad global.

Category: Trauma; Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: The surgical reconstruction of the Achilles tendon has evolved in favor of the use of percutaneous techniques over the traditional approach with wide approaches to reduce the complications inherent to this procedure. These percutaneous techniques can present lesions of the sural nerve. The objective of this study is to evaluate the distance of this structure with respect to the instruments used in the Dresden technique. Methods: Dissections were made in 16 anatomical pieces (ankles) to which a reproduction of the complete Achilles lesion was previously made and reconstructed using the technique to be studied. After this, the distance of the instrument position with respect to the sural nerve was measured, as well as other relevant measures, and the presence or absence of nerve injury was evaluated. Results: None of the pieces there was lesion of the sural nerve neither by direct injury nor by entrapment, in addition, an approximate distance of 10mm of the nerve was found with respect to the entry site of the percutaneous needles as described by the technique. The location of the nerve was always external to the Crural Fascia. We demonstrate a safety area in which the instruments can be used without lesions of the sural nerve. Conclusion: The technique described by Amlang with the use of Dresden instruments has a low rate of cutaneous complications and infection compared to the traditional approach for this injury, we find that if the risk of presenting injury is performed properly of the sural nerve is low and its reproduction, for the repair of Achilles injuries, should be considered as the first option over traditional open management.

© 2020 by the authors., Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases, including hypertensive eye diseases. The beneficial effects of olive oil on cardiovascular diseases might rely on minor constituents. Currently, very little is known about the chemical composition and/or therapeutic effects of the cultivated olive tree’s counterpart, wild olive (also known in Spain as acebuche—ACE). Here, we aimed to analyze the antioxidant and retinoprotective effects of ACE oil on the eye of hypertensive mice made hypertensive via administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME), which were subjected to a dietary supplementation with either ACE oil or extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) for comparison purposes. Deep analyses of major and minor compounds present in both oils was accompanied by blood pressure monitoring, morphometric analyses, as well as different determinations of oxidative stress-related parameters in retinal layers. Aside from its antihypertensive effect, an ACE oil-enriched diet reduced NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase activity/gene/protein expression (with a major implication of NADPH oxidase (NOX)2 isoform) in the retinas of hypertensive mice. Supplementation with ACE oil in hypertensive animals also improved alterations in nitric oxide bioavailability and in antioxidant enzyme profile. Interestingly, our findings show that the use of ACE oil resulted in better outcomes, compared with reference EVOO, against hypertension-related oxidative retinal damage., This study was supported by Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía (2017/440; 2020/275; CTS-584), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Gobierno de España (Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020, Programa Estatal de I+D+i Orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad; PID2019-109002RB-I00), and VI PPIT Universidad de Sevilla (IV.7 Ayuda Suplementaria a Grupos de Investigación por captación de fondos en las convocatorias de proyectos de investigación del Plan Estatal; 2020/1163). AS is recipient of an FPU predoctoral fellowship from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (FPU17/03465). CR-G was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Ayudas para la Promoción de Empleo Joven e Implantación de la Garantía Juvenil en I+D+i 2017-2020 (PEJ2018-004474-A).

Purpose Increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) released by NADPH oxidase and inflammation are associated with arterial hypertension and eye diseases associated with high blood pressure, including glaucoma, retinopathies (e.g., age-related macular degeneration), and choroidopathies affecting ocular function; however, the mechanisms underlying these adverse outcomes remain undefined. The present study was designed to highlight the importance of oxidative stress in severe hypertension-related eye damage. Methods Male Wistar rats (n = 7, unless otherwise specified for specific experiments) were administered an oral dose of 30 mg of Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) per kilogram of bodyweight and day for 3 weeks; chronic administration with L-NAME is a validated experimental approach resulting in severe hypertension secondary to nitric oxide (NO) depletion and subsequent vasoconstriction in the systemic circulation. Upon treatment completion, histomorphometric studies, NADPH oxidase activity, and ROS production were measured in eyecup homogenates and paraffin-embedded sections from control and L-NAME-treated animals. In addition, immunohistofluorescence, western blotting, and real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses were performed in the eye and the retina to evaluate the expression of i) NADPH oxidase main isoforms (NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4) and subunits (p22phox and p47phox); ii) glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), as a marker of microglial activation in the retina; iii) antioxidant enzymes; and iv) endothelial constitutive (eNOS) and inflammation inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthase isoforms, and nitrotyrosine as a versatile biomarker of oxidative stress. Results Increased activity of NADPH oxidase and superoxide anion production, accompanied by transcriptional upregulation of this enzyme isoforms, was found in the retina and choroid of the hypertensive rats in comparison with the untreated controls. Histomorphometric analyses revealed a significant reduction in the thickness of the ganglion cell layer and the outer retinal layers in the hypertensive animals, which also showed a positive strong signal of GFAP in the retinal outer segment and plexiform layers. In addition, L-NAME-treated animals presented with upregulation of nitric oxide synthase (including inducible and endothelial isoforms) and abnormally elevated nitrotyrosine levels. Experiments on protein and mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes revealed depletion of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the eyes of the hypertensive animals; however, glutathione reductase was significantly higher than in the normotensive controls. Conclusions The present study demonstrated structural changes in the retinas of the L-NAME-treated hypertensive animals and strengthens the importance of NADPH oxidase as a major ROS-generating enzyme system in the oxidative and inflammatory processes surrounding hypertensive eye diseases. These observations might contribute to unveiling pathogenic mechanisms responsible for developing ocular disturbances in the context of severe hypertension.

Although T cell checkpoint inhibitors have transformed the treatment of cancer, the molecular determinants of tumor cell sensitivity to T cell-mediated killing need further elucidation. Here, we describe a mouse genome-scale CRISPR knockout screen that identifies tumor cell TNFα signaling as an important component of T cell-induced apoptosis, with NF-κB signaling and autophagy as major protective mechanisms. Knockout of individual autophagy genes sensitized tumor cells to killing by T cells that were activated via specific TCR or by a CD3 bispecific antibody. Conversely, inhibition of mTOR signaling, which results in increased autophagic activity, protected tumor cells from T cell killing. Autophagy functions at a relatively early step in the TNFα signaling pathway, limiting FADD-dependent caspase-8 activation. Genetic inactivation of tumor cell autophagy enhanced the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in mouse tumor models. Thus, targeting the protective autophagy pathway might sensitize tumors to T cell-engaging immunotherapies in the clinic.

During the late 1960s and early 1970s, most Latin American countries experienced military coups and military interventions in government affairs. One of the worst consequences of these military interventions was the torture and murder of thousands of people, and Chile was no exception. The challenge for social work education is to provide students with tools that can allow them to work with families affected by human rights violations and strategies to support them during a judicial trial. Moreover, human rights violations today are manifested in diverse forms, and students should have the ability to address contemporary human rights violations and their impact. This chapter reviews the results of an undergraduate course that specialises in this topic and has been a requirement to graduate for the past eight years from a School of Social Work at one of the oldest Chilean universities.

[Aims] Sunitinib (Su), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is one of the most commonly used anti-angiogenic drugs. Some studies have described retinal detachment and photoreceptor damage following systemic exposure to Su, despite beneficial effects achieved with local treatment of ocular pathologies. The aim of this study was to explore the role of NADPH oxidase system and oxidative stress in eyes from Su-treated animals., [Main methods] Male Wistar rats were administered 25 mg Su/kg body weight/day incorporated in the chow for 3 weeks. Upon treatment completion, NADPH oxidase activity and ROS levels were measured in ocular tissue by chemiluminescence and dihydroethidium (DHE) staining, respectively. The expression of NADPH oxidase isoforms (NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4), antioxidant enzymes and endothelial/inducible nitric oxidase isoforms (eNOS/iNOS) in the eyecup and/or retina were measured via immunofluorescence, immunoblotting and RT-qPCR., [Key findings] NADPH oxidase activity/expression increased in eyecup and retinas from Su-treated rats. Immunohistofluorescence studies in retinal layer confirmed a higher signal of NADPH oxidase isoforms after Su treatment. Treated animals also presented with reductions in NO levels and eNOS expression, whereas iNOS was upregulated. Finally, a significant depletion of antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase was measured in eyecups of rats following Su exposure, and the opposite pattern was seen for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase., [Significance] This study demonstrates that Su treatment is associated with NADPH oxidase-derived oxidative stress in the eye. Long-term treatment of Su should be properly monitored to avoid retinotoxic effects that might result in ocular pathologies and sight-threatening conditions., This study was supported by Consejería de Economía, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía (2017/00000440; CTS-584). AS is recipient of an FPU predoctoral fellowship from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (FPU17/03465). CR-G was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Ayudas para la Promoción de Empleo Joven e Implantación de la Garantía Juvenil en I+D+i 2017-2020 (PEJ2018-004474-A).

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la diversidad genética de siete poblaciones de bovinos para carne en México, mediante análisis de sus pedigríes. Los análisis se realizaron con el programa Endog, utilizando información de los animales inscritos en el libro genealógico nacional de cada raza. Los tamaños de los pedigríes estudiados fueron: Angus (AN)= 73,271; Brangus Negro (BN)= 68,474; Brangus Rojo (BR)= 12,925; Hereford (HE)= 13,248; Limousin (LI)= 53,221; Salers (SA)= 14,065; y Suizo Europeo (SE)= 184,788. En general, las poblaciones mostraron mejoras importantes en la integridad de sus pedigríes en los 10 años más recientes, con parámetros comparables a los publicados en otras poblaciones de bovinos. El intervalo generacional varió de 5.1 a 7.2 años entre razas. Los coeficientes de consanguinidad y de relación genética aditiva promedio fueron relativamente bajos en las diferentes poblaciones (0.9-4.2 y 0.3-6.5 %, respectivamente); aunque en algunas razas (BN, BR y HE) se detectaron incrementos de estos indicadores en los 10 años más recientes. El tamaño efectivo de población fluctuó entre 24 y 192, con valores menores que 50 en BR y SA. Los parámetros relacionados con la probabilidad de origen de los genes indican que las contribuciones desbalanceadas de los animales fundadores, los cuellos de botella y la deriva genética, han tenido un efecto importante en las poblaciones actuales, con la consecuente pérdida de diversidad genética. Se recomienda continuar o adoptar estrategias de apareamiento que minimicen la consanguinidad, y el uso intensivo de pocos animales para mantener la variabilidad genética de futuras generaciones, así como ampliar la diversidad genética mediante el uso estratégico de genes provenientes de otros países.

espanolLa Justicia Restaurativa Juvenil ha sido implementada en los paises de Europa Occidental por mas de treinta anos. Como es de esperar este proceso de implementacion ha tenido etapas de aprendizaje en base a aciertos y desaciertos. Este estudio comparativo analiza la implementacion de las practicas de justicia restaurativa (JR) en los sistemas de justicia penal juvenil y la participacion de los jovenes infractores de ley en estos procesos en Suecia, Inglaterra, Italia y Chile. A traves de entrevistas semi-estructuradas con profesionales de cada pais, se indaga sobre las experiencias de las politicas y las practicas de justicia restaurativa. Los hallazgos muestran la forma en que cada pais implementa los programas de justicia restaurativa juvenil bajo escenarios juridicos diferentes. Una de las principales barreras que debieron enfrentar durante su implementacion fue que los distintos actores del sistema de justicia penal juvenil visualizaran el significado de la justicia restaurativa e intencionaran la participacion de los jovenes en estas practicas. Estos resultados permiten conocer un marco de referencia para que un pais como Chile, que se encuentra en una temprana etapa en el desarrollo de politicas y practicas relacionadas con la justicia restaurativa, pueda incorporar este nuevo paradigma judicial. Palabras claves: justicia restaurativa, jovenes infractores de ley, sistemas de justicia penal juvenil, estudio comparado. EnglishJuvenile Restorative Justice has been implemented in Western European countries for more than thirty years; this aspect allows us to visualize and learn from them about the successes and failures that they had to face in the implementation of Juvenile Restorative Justice practices. This comparative study analyzes the implementation of Restorative Justice (RJ) in juvenile justice systems, and the participation of youth offenders in these processes in Sweden, England, Italy, and Chile. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals in each country, to better understand their experiences with restorative policies and practices. The findings show how each country has implemented juvenile restorative justice within a different judicial framework. One of the main barriers that they had to face during their implementation was that the different actors of the juvenile justice system should visualize the meaning of restorative justice and intend to involve young people in these practices. These results provide us with a point of reference so that a country like Chile, which is in its early stages of development of policies and practices related to restorative justice, can build on the strengths of these other frameworks.