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Microneedles are an emerging technology designed to deliver drugs into human tissue. In this work, we assess the microneedle’s manufacturability by employing micromilling with a minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) system. A set of AISI 316L square pyramidal microneedles was fabricated and characterized using dimensional and surface metrology. Needle height (Hn), base length (Lb), tip radius (Rt), and the tip’s angle (θ) were studied. Additionally, surface roughness was quantified to correlate surface topography damage with tool wear (Dr). Experimental data shows tip truncation after manufacturing 30 needles (i.e., a tip radius between ~32 μm and 49 μm for manufacturing 10 and 30 needles, respectively). Additionally, to evaluate the effect of the tip’s morphology on the proficiency of the microneedles for a puncture, a numerical analysis to study the impact of tip truncation length (Tt) on puncture with an in silico assessment using COMSOL Multiphysics was performed. Data and insights from this work suggest that micromilling microneedle arrays is viable, considering the number of needles machined according to the cutting parameters selected to ensure functionality.

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una propuesta de Modelo de Arquitectura Cognitiva Artificial SOAR basada en el proceso de visión, reconocimiento de patrones y toma de decisiones que realiza el ser humano. El entorno debe garantizar ciertas condiciones previas para su correcto funcionamiento. Nuestro prototipo de sistema de arquitectura artificial cognitiva está bioinspirado en la forma en que los humanos trabajan para determinar si una persona es conocida o no.

The understanding of dimensional variations produced by laser powder bed fusion is critical in components with small features and with dimensions close to the inherent limits of the process. In this context, two reference geometries were used: (a) straight walls to quantify dimensional relative error for small features and (b) a latticed neck region of a fatigued specimen (cubic and hexagonal cell design, with design strut sizes of 250 µm, 500 µm, and 1000 µm in cell size). Samples were fabricated out of AISI 316L stainless steel powder with different building orientations. The metrology techniques used were the following: focus variation microscopy, optical microscopy and micro-computed tomography. The straight wall characterization shows that built orientation does not influence dimensional relative error for walls with less than 750 µm. Acceptable dimensional relative errors (~ 2% to ~ 15%) are achieved only in walls with 750 µm in width of more. For lattice structures, the fine struts (250 µm) show a significant level of dimensional relative error (~ 5% to ~ 25%). This additive manufacturing process delivers more consistent dimensions for coarse struts (500 µm), with relative errors between ~ 2% and ~ 4%. All metrology techniques showed the same trends in terms of capturing the dimensional variations for fine and coarse struts.

O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e analisar a validade de conteúdo, constructo e a fidedignidade de um questionário para avaliar a demanda física e operacional, saúde e condições de trabalho em policiais e bombeiros militares. O Questionário de Saúde e Performance para Militares (QSPM) foi desenvolvido por pesquisadores militares e não militares, a validade foi analisada com o índice de validade de conteúdo (IVC), análise fatorial exploratória e a fidedignidade com o percentual de concordância (%C), coeficiente Kappa e alfa de Cronbach. Nove juízes participaram da validação de conteúdo, 732 militares (15% mulheres) participaram da etapa de validação de constructo e 262 militares (18% mulheres) responderam duas vezes ao QSPM para a verificação da fidedignidade. As análises foram realizadas no software SPSS 26 e o nível de significância mantido em 5%. O QSPM apresentou o IVC de 0,98 e variância total explicada em 54,7%. A reprodutibilidade apresentou valores de %C entre 97,2 - 100,0%, Kappa entre 0,94 - 1,00 (p < 0,05) e alpha de Cronbach entre 0,80 - 1,00 (p < 0,05). Conclui-se que o QSPM apresentou validade de conteúdo, constructo e fidedignidade para avaliar a frequência da demanda física e operacional, as condições de saúde e de trabalho de policiais e bombeiros militares.

Age-friendly Cities and Communities has emerged as a significant policy, participative and governance response to ageing and its spatial effects. This paper argues that it has important benefits in mobilising older people, placing age on the urban agenda and building recognition across politicians, policy makers and programme managers. Based on the experience of Belfast (UK), the analysis suggests however, that it needs to be understood within wider urban restructuring processes, the importance of the property economy and how planning practices favour particular groups and modes of development. Drawing on demographic data, policy documents and in-depth interviews, it evaluates the relationship between age and urban regeneration, research-based advocacy and central-local relations in health and place-based care. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of knowledge in competitive policy arenas and the need to focus on the most excluded and isolated old and where and how they live.

The article analyzes the incorporation of applied learning modules for undergraduate students of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos' Administration career to learn more efficiently and dynamically. The Methodology considers the evaluation and review of the criteria taken in a survey to carry out the E-learning Implementation modules. The objective is to determine the factors that influence virtual teaching by validating the students' ability to use a new teaching process to apply any educational topic through this platform. As a result, five factors that influence virtual teaching were determined, validating students' capacity and predisposition to acquire new knowledge through new learning methodologies using virtual media;using these E-learning modules is recommended in conjunction with the Flipped Classroom or B-Learning methodology. It was also determined that only 30% of the students who have taken several virtual courses within their curriculum feel comfortable with this methodology since it requires an entirely didactic and easy to handle system to teach the subject matter.

In Peru, there is a deficit of university students who manage to graduate by the thesis development modality; in the different faculties of public universities, the number of graduates for this modality is low. This research analyses the particular situation of graduates in the faculty of Systems Engineering and Computer Science of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos from 2014, where less than 10% of the total graduates were identified, graduate by the modality of thesis support and that more than 90% graduate through various modalities that do not include making a thesis; the consequence of this is the small amount of thesis generated and therefore the low research index as well as the null publication of scientific articles by our graduates. Therefore, this research aims to increase the percentage of graduates by the thesis development modality through collaborative motivation using virtual platforms and support graduates in the publication of scientific articles. At the end of the research, more than 50% of graduates by the thesis development modality were increased; the publication of scientific articles generated by graduates through the thesis development modality based on the results of their research was also increased

This research work proposes the design and application of an organizational model based on two very important and well-known precedents: On the one hand, the so-called Enterprise Architecture (EA), as a powerful methodology of business modeling based on Zachaman’s Framework and, on the other hand, the Unified Process of Rational (UPR), so that together they achieve a synergistic merger, giving rise to the so-called Unified Enterprise Architecture (UEA), in order to articulate all the perspectives and aspects that are part of the original EA with a third dimension formed by the phases and iterative dynamics of the UPR. In this way, the systemic organizational modeling of universities is very useful; however, its application is valid for all types of organizations. The design of the experimental research of the pre-test and post-test type with a control group is defined, a computer application is developed as a prototype and the empirical test is carried out through direct observation for the control group and simulation for the experimental group; results are evaluated based on the management indicators Efficiency, effectiveness and productivity.

espanolLa preferencia de las personas por acceder a contenidos publicitarios por medio de aplicaciones digitales es cada vez mayor mientras que muchos negocios un siguen utilizando los medios tradicionales, lograr una comunicacion con el cliente sin caer en mensajes spam o invasivos es un reto mayor para las empresas. Por tales motivos proponemos una aplicacion movil que obtenga las preferencias de las personas y les comunique informacion publicitaria relevante en el lugar y momento precisos. Para el desarrollo de la aplicacion se utiliza la metodologia en cascada puesto que sigue siendo el enfoque mas utilizado en el desarrollo de software. Para seleccionar la tecnologia que mas se adapta a la necesidad del proyecto se obtuvo un mayor puntaje con la tecnologia Beacon Bluetooth en comparacion con otras tecnologias de proximidad en un analisis de Benchmarking. Nuestro resultado es una exitosa comunicacion con los clientes al presentarle informacion publicitaria relevante en el momento y lugar preciso sin ser invasivo, asi mismo podiamos proporcionar a las empresas la informacion del seguimiento de los clientes para poderles brindar mayores beneficios; de esa manera cumplimos con los objetivos propuestos EnglishThe preference of people to access advertising content through digital applications is increasing while many businesses continue to use traditional media. Achieving communication with the client without falling into spam or invasive messages is a major challenge for companies. Therefore, we propose a mobile application that obtains people’s preferences and communicates relevant advertising information at the right place and time. The cascade methodology is used for the development of the application since it is still the most used approach in software development. To select the technology that best suits the project’s needs, we obtained a higher score with the Beacon Bluetooth technology in comparison with other proximity technologies in a Benchmarking analysis. Our result is a successful communication with clients by presenting them with relevant advertising information at the right time and place without being invasive, and we could also provide companies with information on the follow-up of clients in order to provide them with greater benefits; in this way we fulfilled the proposed objectives.

Information and communication technologies produce changes in society as they facilitate access to information. The research seeks to publicize the increase in the use of the Internet in Peruvian homes, covering the percentage of the population with access to the Internet, the frequency of use, and the activities carried out. Making use of the technical report “Statistics of Information and Communication Technologies in homes”, and through a documentary review of various sources, including the one prepared by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI), with emphasis on the use of the Internet since It is essential to have access to the Internet. A comparative analysis of the evolution of its use was also carried out, considering a range of 5 years, taking as reference the first quarter of 2015 and the first quarter of 2020. The applied research method is descriptive. As a result, it was found that compared to 2015, where for every 100 households, 91 had at least one ICT; In 2020, the number of families that have at least one ICT has increased to 95. The population has considerably increased the daily use of the Internet, obtaining a variation of 26.8.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the first economic valuation of four environmental attributes of the Yanachaga–Chemillén National Park (PNYCH – Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemillén) in Peru. Design/methodology/approach This study included households in three cities adjacent to the PNYCH and assessed the willingness to pay (WTP) for preservation efforts of these natural services to avoid the predicted loss in forest area by 2030 (currently 143,425 hectares per year). Findings The results showed that the average WTP was US$0.695 (2.3197 soles) per household annually. Added to all households in Peru (9 million), this is equivalent to approximately 6.255 million dollars annually. Practical implications The economic valuation of these attributes is complementary to the contingent valuation and can have a significant impact, as this data influences decision-making and public policies focused on conserving forests and biodiversity. Social implications Upon using the choice experiment (CE) model, the attributes that have the most significant impact on inhabitants’ well-being were economic benefits. The flora and fauna coverage attributes were beneficial for the inhabitants of the place because they valued the proposed recovery and conservation program in a positive and differential way. Originality/value From the collection of valuable economic data, the novelty lies in using the CE method, which has not yet been applied in valuations of natural ecosystem services in Peru.

espanolEl presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de un sistema de en la cual se propone sistematizar el proceso de la redaccion y generacion de historiales medicos con los cuales se propone la reduccion del tiempo de la generacion de historiales y la reduccion de recursos fisicos, especialmente en lo que respecta al uso del papel, la cual los especialistas de la salud redactan en el transcurso de una consulta medica, esto ademas implicaria en la optimizacion en la gestion de los historiales medicos. El sistema planteado a desarrollar consiste en la aplicacion del mecanismo de la firma digital en base al metodo de la criptografia asimetrica o tambien llamada criptografia de clave publica. Esta tecnologia se aplicara principalmente mediante la aplicacion de dos herramientas contempladas para el uso de la firma digital: el sistema RSA (Rivest, Shamir y Adleman) y la funcion hash SHA-256. La aplicacion de la firma digital a los historiales medicos se mostrara implementada a traves del manejo de interfaces graficas que esta planteada para que el especialista pueda redactar y manejar los historiales a su conveniencia. El sistema abordara el uso del lenguaje de programacion Python y el conjunto de herramientas OpenSSL para las funciones criptograficas y PyQt5 para el desarrollo a nivel interfaces graficas. Se propone esta solucion debido a que la tecnologia de firma digital se ha planeado y posteriormente se ha estado desarrollando desde la decada de 1980, son en estos ultimos anos que esta tecnologia ha sido tomada mas en cuenta para el manejo de documentos, y como este caso, de los historiales medicos. EnglishThe present work aims to develop a system in which it is proposed to systematize the process of writing and generating medical records which is proposed to reduce the time of generation of records and the reduction of physical resources, especially regarding the use of paper, which health specialists write in the course of a medical consultation, this would also imply the process of optimization in the management of medical records. The proposed system to develop consists of the application of the digital signature mechanism based on the method of asymmetric cryptography or also called public key cryptography. This technology is applied mainly through the application of two tools contemplated for the use of the digital signature: the RSA system (Rivest, Shamir and Adleman) and the SHA-256 hash function. The application of the digital signature to medical records will be implemented through the handling of graphical interfaces that is proposed so that the specialist can write and manage the records at his convenience. The system will address the use of Python programming language and the software libraries OpenSSL applied for cryptographic functions and PyQt5 for development at the graphical interface level. This solution is proposed because digital signature technology has been planned and has been subsequently developed since the 1980s, it is in recent years that this technology has been taken more into account for document management, and like this case, medical records.

This research work has a great influence on the physical security of the urban infrastructure and the citizens of our capital city, that is why it is necessary to apply prevention strategies since our city is located in a very vulnerable area to seismic events, mainly huaycos, floods and landslides, settlements, landslides and other superficial mass movements, so it is necessary to have knowledge of the causes and effects of these phenomena, the different types and carrying capacity of soils in the districts of Metropolitan Lima, in order to contribute to the knowledge of the degree of vulnerability in which urban areas, marginal urban areas, human settlements are exposed. In conclusion, surveys of public servants allowed us to determine that only 55% of them know the meaning of risk and vulnerability, so 45% are totally unaware of these terms. Likewise, surveys of the general public on the lack of a prevention culture, 83% indicated that they did, hence the need to apply a course or training on disaster risk management issues at all educational levels.

This research tries to establish the degree of influence exerted by the design and use of a Balanced Scorecard (BSC), as a support to the Standard CMMI Appraisal Method for Process Improvement SCAMPI of the CMMI-DEV constellation, in recognition of the level of maturity of the software process, due to the efficiency and effectiveness provided by its application in practical life. In addition, it uses the Systemic Approach to conceive the problem comprehensively, under a holistic perspective, covering the relationships of each element within the system and its relationships with external agents; the applied methodology consists in the collection, tabulation, and analysis of the antecedents that have been obtained for its direct validation during development, that is, the management of cause-effect variables, where the independent or experimental variable is of interest to the researcher because the variable that is hypothesized (X), is one of the causes that produce the supposed effect. As a result of the effectiveness of the SCAMPI evaluation process, going from 72.7% to 92.7%; This is equivalent to a 26.4% improvement in performance, increasing from 10.9 correct evaluations to 13.9 for conducting such evaluations.

In this work, research aimed to determine the influence of the design and implementation of an online evaluation system for student learning at a university in Lima. An online evaluation system with web technology was designed and implemented that is comprised of supervised and exercise qualification exams, where students answer questions with the optional use of aids that allowed them to improve their results. It was worked with a population of 30 students of the Programming Language I subject to the Systems Engineering degree. The type of research was applied, and the design was quasi-experimental, and an entry test (pre-test) and exit test (post-test) were also applied. Likewise, instruments such as questionnaires, evaluation form, and validity and reliability tests were used in each case that allowed to know the information of the respective work. The results of the hypotheses indicate that there are significant differences in general learning, learning of conceptual, procedural and attitudinal content after applying the Online Evaluation System in the results of the input and output evaluation (pp = 0.000); therefore, it is concluded that the system improves the evaluation of declarative, procedural and attitudinal learning.

The proposal of a renewable energy theme park aims to sensitize the use of clean energy, the integration of ecotourism as an economic activity and environmental sustainability of the population of Tomas in Peru, to turn it into an identity reference point regional and local. For this, the green axis is composed of a series of elements such as thematic squares, vegetation segments, recreation, and incorporation of renewable energies. The bioclimatic architectural design of the theme park is related to the balance of nature’s surroundings, so a series of renewable energy prototypes is proposed in a theme park that takes advantage the use of natural resources from sunlight, radiation, winds, organic waste, among others, which are the components of the proposal. Likewise, interactive education is considered among the resident population of Tomas, and with their renewable resources are the pillars, to sensitize visitors, in caring for the environment.

Purpose The Purpose of this research is to make an energy efficient finite state machine (FSM) in order to achieve the core objective of green computing because FSM is an indispensable part of multiple computer hardware. Design/methodology/approach This study uses ultra-scale plus FPGA architecture in place of seven-series field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for the implementation of the FSM design and also uses output load scaling for the design of environment-friendly FSM. This design study is done using Verilog Hardware description language and Vivado integrated system environment design tools and implemented on 16 nm ultra-scale FPGA architecture. Findings There is up to 98.57% reduction in dynamic power when operating frequency is managed as per smart job scheduling. There is up to a 21.97% reduction in static power with proper management of output load capacitance. There is up to 98.43% saving in dynamic power with the proposed management of output load capacitance. Originality/value The proposed design will be environment friendly that eventually leads to the green earth. This is the main motive of the research area i.e. green computing.

This research paper addresses the sensory evaluation of a perfume made from orange essential oil, considering the sensory acceptance of a panel of experts. The methodology used gives as sample size eight formulations that were prepared and tested hedonically with ten experts in the field using the instrument on the evaluation sheet that represents five scales of smell references. The evaluation suggests that the most sensorial accepted and elaborated perfume formulation based on orange essential oil should be composed of alcohol (7.1 ml), orange essential oil (1.56 ml), lemon essential oil (0.226 ml), essential oil of cinnamon (0.113 ml) and bergamot essential oil (0.113 ml). The results obtained in the development of the sensory evaluation can conclude that the formulation (F8) is more sensorial accepted.

The purpose of the research was to determine the influence of industrial wastewater treatment using the Lemna Minor aquatic plant. Certain varieties of macrophyte plants can absorb or retain various contaminants. Thanks to this, it has been determined that the variety known as Lemna Minor presents this type of property. Three treatment trials were carried out varying the amounts of Lemna Minor (100, 200, and 300g). They are keeping constant the retention time of 10 days that were analyzed at 3, 6, and 10 days after the treatment and with a constant volume of the residual effluent. The results indicate that in terms of the parameters that determine organic contamination, BOD was reduced by (61 %); COD was reduced by (68 %) and the concentration of total suspended solids by (61 %).

The purpose of this research was to determine an alternative formula for calculating the Darcy coefficient in turbulent flow in pipes. The proposed alternate formula is an explicit formula that should be used to replace the Colebrook-White formula for calculating the Darcy coefficient in turbulent flow in pipes since it has higher precision than the explicit formulas that are currently in use. In this investigation, the alternate formula was compared with two explicit formulas commonly used in pipe design, the Swamee-Jain and Pavlov formulas. To determining which formula is better, all of them were compared with the Colebrook-White formula. For this, the average percentage and maximum percentage errors of the Darcy coefficient values calculated with each of the explicit formulas were determined, with the values obtained with the Colebrook - White formula. It was determined that the maximum errors in the calculation of the Darcy coefficient concerning the Colebrook-White formula were: 3,104% for the Swamee-Jain formula, 7,973% for the Pavlov formula and 2,740% for the alternate formula.

This paper presents a technical proposal for the application of experimental designs in the construction processes of civil works, specifically in the manufacture of concrete for rigid pavements. Currently is still does not apply these technological advances, or any application of research methods that allows optimizing processes to more satisfactory levels, despite the advantages and benefits they provide in terms of achieving unexpected performance and significant savings of component materials. The experimental design model is a classic statistical model whose objective is to determine if the independent factors influence in a variable of interest in this case the modulus of breakage of the concrete or in another important factor, during the bending test. The answer surface methodology is based on the experimentation in three stages, the results achieved allow locating an optimal area where the adjusted values lead to reduced consumption of them and expanding the strength of the concrete.

The objective of the research is to generate a new formula to determine the variation in prices in a public works contract that allows the financial balance of the counterparts. The methodology for calculating and adjusting the price variation in public works contracts is given as a function of the K factor, which is a number that comes from the calculation of polynomial formulas whose theoretical basis lies in the price indices, which are established in a legal framework of mandatory use of the polynomial formula to determine the K factor, with eight monomials in the budget and the quantity of supplies that exceeds one hundred. It is considered a subjective margin since its elaboration depends on the discretion of the one who elaborates on the polynomial formula. The investigation questions the procedure established by the state regulations for the calculation of the polynomial formula and shows the margin of error that exists between the value obtained by the method set for regulations and that obtained using the entries of the work budget. The result shows the positive variation in inputs, and the prices have increased, with adjustments paid in the contracts with the benefit of contractors.

In software development, sometimes experienced programmers have difficulty determining before performing their tests, which algorithm will work best to solve a particular problem, and the answer to the question will always depend on the type of problem and nature of the data to be used, in this situation, it is necessary to identify which indicator is the most useful for a specific type of problem and especially in route optimization. Currently, there are techniques and algorithms used in Artificial Intelligence, which, however, cannot display their potential without a well-defined data set. The paper seeks to explain and propose an algorithm selection indicator to build a consistent data set, given the lack of availability of data that allows the best route size decision to be made.

To improve the quality of life of the inhabitants of the town of Quichas and promote their sustainable development, we propose an Ecological Research Center. This center allows the restoration and revaluation of biodiversity in the study area. During the exploratory research process, data was collected through observations, interviews and surveys; the areas of direct and indirect influence were delimited, tourist attractions, infrastructure deficiencies and the environmental and ecological situation of the area were identified. As a result of the information analysis, a proposal for sustainable infrastructure was developed with the design and application of bioclimatic architecture techniques and the use of solar energy. For the proposal model, the Sketchup software was used and the results obtained showed us the potential of Quichas for the use of its landscape, biological and environmental resources in productive activities and tourism, as well as for the development of research in sustainable agriculture, considering the dynamics that characterize its systematic geography.

The growth of additive manufacturing processes has enabled the production of complex and smart structures. These fabrication techniques have led research efforts to focus on the application of cellular materials, which are known for their thermal and mechanical benefits. Herein, we studied the mechanical behavior of stainless-steel (AISI 316L) lattice structures both experimentally and computationally. The lattice architectures were body-centered cubic, hexagonal vertex centroid, and tetrahedron in two cell sizes and at two different rotation angles. A preliminary computational study assessed the deformation behavior of porous cylindrical samples under compression. After the simulation results, selected samples were manufactured via laser powder bed fusion. The results showed the effects of the pore architecture, unit cell size, and orientation on the reduction in the mechanical properties. The relative densities between 23% and 69% showed a decrease in the bulk material stiffness up to 93%. Furthermore, the different rotation angles resulted in a similar porosity level but different stiffnesses. The simulation analysis and experimental results indicate that the variation in the strut position with respect to the force affected the deformation mechanism. The tetrahedron unit cell showed the smallest variation in the elastic modulus and off-axis displacements due to the cell orientation. This study collected computational and experimental data for tuning the mechanical properties of lattice structures by changing the geometry, size, and orientation of the unit cell.