14 results on '"Christine Arnould"'
Search Results
2. Dual Cherenkov Radiation-Induced Near-Infrared Luminescence Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy toward Tumor Resection
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Vivian Lioret, Richard A. Decréau, Pierre-Simon Bellaye, Christine Arnould, Bertrand Collin, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne [Dijon] (ICMUB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Centre Régional de Lutte contre le cancer Georges-François Leclerc [Dijon] (UNICANCER/CRLCC-CGFL), UNICANCER, Agroécologie [Dijon], Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and French Ministry Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche Region Bourgogne-Franche-Comte DiMaCell platform for confocal microscopy studies Camille Drouet for radioactivity measurements PARI2 program 3MIM program CNRS Chaire d'Excellence European Union through the PO FEDER-FSE Bourgogne 2014/2020 program French Government ANR-10-EQPX-05-01/IMAPPI EquipexFondation de Cooperation Scientifique Bourgogne Franche-Comte Canceropole Est
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Luminescence ,Light ,Infrared Rays ,Infrared ,Phthalocyanines ,medicine.medical_treatment ,Bodipy ,Photodynamic therapy ,01 natural sciences ,Energy-transfer ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,Optics ,Unresected ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Quantum Dots ,Drug Discovery ,medicine ,Animals ,Cherenkov radiation ,030304 developmental biology ,0303 health sciences ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Optical Imaging ,Cerenkov Radiation ,[SDV.SP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Pharmaceutical sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Recognition ,010404 medicinal & biomolecular chemistry ,Photochemotherapy ,Bright Enough ,Radiance ,Nanoparticles ,Molecular Medicine ,Antenna (radio) ,Reactive Oxygen Species ,business ,Visible spectrum - Abstract
International audience; Cherenkov radiation (CR), the blue light seen in nuclear reactors, is emitted by some radiopharmaceuticals. This study showed that (1) a portion of CR could be transferred in the region of the optical spectrum, where biological tissues are most transparent: as a result, upon radiance amplification in the near-infrared window, the detection of light could occur twice deeper in tissues than during classical Cherenkov luminescence imaging and (2) Cherenkov-photodynamic therapy (CR-PDT) on cells could be achieved under conditions mimicking unlimited depth using the CR-embarked light source, which is unlike standard PDT, where light penetration depth is limited in biological tissues. Both results are of utmost importance for simultaneous applications in tumor resection and post-resection treatment of remaining unresected margins, thanks to a molecular construct designed to raise its light collection efficiency (i.e., CR energy transfer) by conjugation with multiple CR-absorbing (water-soluble) antenna followed by intramolecular-FRET/TBET energy transfers.
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- 2020
3. Imaging plant tissues: advances and promising clearing practices
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Mathilde Hériché, Christine Arnould, Daniel Wipf, and Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
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Imaging, Three-Dimensional ,Optical Imaging ,Agriculture ,Plant Science ,Plants - Abstract
The study of the organ structure of plants and understanding their physiological complexity requires 3D imaging with subcellular resolution. Most plant organs are highly opaque to light, and their study under optical sectioning microscopes is therefore difficult. In animals, many protocols have been developed to make organs transparent to light using clearing protocols (CPs). By contrast, clearing plant tissues is challenging because of the presence of fibers and pigments. We describe progress in the development of plant CPs over the past 20 years through a modified taxonomy of CPs based on their physical and optical parameters that affect tissue properties. We also discuss successful approaches that combine CPs with new microscopy methods and their future applications in plant science research.
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- 2021
4. New clearing protocol for tannic roots optical imaging
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Christine Arnould, Courty Pierre-Emmanuel, Mathilde Hériché, and Daniel Wipf
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Optical imaging ,Imaging, Three-Dimensional ,Optical Imaging ,Clearing ,Plant Science ,Biology ,Protocol (object-oriented programming) ,Plant Roots ,Biomedical engineering - Published
- 2021
5. The family of ammonium transporters ( <scp>AMT</scp> ) in <scp>S</scp> orghum bicolor : two <scp>AMT</scp> members are induced locally, but not systemically in roots colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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Kurt Ineichen, Thomas Boller, Sally Koegel, Pierre-Emmanuel Courty, Andres Wiemken, Daniel Wipf, Christine Arnould, Nassima Ait Lahmidi, Florian Walder, and Odile Chatagnier
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0106 biological sciences ,Regulation of gene expression ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Physiology ,Transporter ,Plant Science ,biology.organism_classification ,01 natural sciences ,Cell biology ,Arbuscular mycorrhiza ,03 medical and health sciences ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Symbiosis ,Phylogenetics ,Botany ,Ammonium ,Gene ,Peptide sequence ,030304 developmental biology ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi contribute to plant nitrogen (N) acquisition. Recent studies demonstrated the transport of N in the form of ammonium during AM symbiosis. Here, we hypothesize that induction of specific ammonium transporter (AMT) genes in Sorghum bicolor during AM colonization might play a key role in the functionality of the symbiosis. For the first time, combining a split-root experiment and microdissection technology, we were able to assess the precise expression pattern of two AM-inducible AMTs, SbAMT3;1 and SbAMT4. Immunolocalization was used to localize the protein of SbAMT3;1. The expression of SbAMT3;1 and SbAMT4 was greatly induced locally in root cells containing arbuscules and in adjacent cells. However, a split-root experiment revealed that this induction was not systemic. By contrast, a strictly AM-induced phosphate transporter (SbPt11) was expressed systemically in the split-root experiment. However, a gradient of expression was apparent. Immunolocalization analyses demonstrated that SbAMT3;1 was present only in cells containing developing arbuscules. Our results show that the SbAMT3;1 and SbAMT4 genes are expressed in root cortical cells, which makes them ready to accommodate arbuscules, a process of considerable importance in view of the short life span of arbuscules. Additionally, SbAMT3;1 might play an important role in N transfer during AM symbiosis.
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- 2013
6. Structure and composition of model cheeses influence sodium NMR mobility, kinetics of sodium release and sodium partition coefficients
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Lauriane Boisard, Christine Achilleos, Christian Salles, Isabelle Andriot, Christine Arnould, Elisabeth Guichard, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Unité de recherches en Technologie et Analyses Laitières (URTAL), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement
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Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ,030309 nutrition & dietetics ,Sodium ,Kinetics ,Analytical chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Sodium Chloride ,Analytical Chemistry ,Ion ,03 medical and health sciences ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Cheese ,Ions ,0303 health sciences ,Relaxation (NMR) ,Aqueous two-phase system ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,Microstructure ,040401 food science ,Partition coefficient ,chemistry ,Composition (visual arts) ,Rheology ,[SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition ,Food Science - Abstract
International audience; The mobility and release of sodium ions were assessed in model cheeses with three different lipid/protein ratios, with or without added NaCl. The rheological properties of the cheeses were analysed using uniaxial compression tests. Microstructure was characterised by confocal laser scanning microscopy. (23)Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to study the molecular mobility of sodium ions in model cheeses through measurements of the relaxation and creation times. Greater mobility was observed in cheeses containing a lower protein content and with added NaCl. The kinetics of sodium release from the cheese to an aqueous phase was correlated with the mobility of sodium ions. The highest rates of sodium release were observed with a lower protein content and with added NaCl. The water/cheese partition coefficients of sodium increased when NaCl was added or the protein content was higher. The study highlighted the effect of model cheese characteristics on molecular and macroscopic behaviours of sodium.
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- 2013
7. Symbiosis-related pea genes modulate fungal and plant gene expression during the arbuscule stage of mycorrhiza with Glomus intraradices
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Alexey Y. Borisov, Pascale M. A. Seddas-Dozolme, Christine Arnould, Silvio Gianinazzi, Diederik van Tuinen, Elena Kuznetsova, Marie Tollot, Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson, Plante - microbe - environnement : biochimie, biologie cellulaire et écologie (PMEBBCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Etablissement National d'Enseignement Supérieur Agronomique de Dijon (ENESAD), and All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology
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0106 biological sciences ,GENE EXPRESSION ,MYCORHIZES A ARBUSCULES ,LASER MICRODISSECTION ,Genotype ,GLOMUS INTRARADICES ,Genes, Fungal ,Plant Science ,Genes, Plant ,01 natural sciences ,Genome ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Symbiosis ,Mycorrhizae ,Botany ,Gene expression ,Genetics ,Mycorrhiza ,Glomeromycota ,Molecular Biology ,Gene ,[SDV.MP.MYC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Mycology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Glomus ,030304 developmental biology ,2. Zero hunger ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,fungi ,Peas ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Arbuscular mycorrhiza ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Mutation ,SYMBIOSIS-RELATED PLANT MUTANTS ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
International audience; The arbuscular mycorrhiza association results from a successful interaction between genomes of the plant and fungal symbiotic partners. In this study, we analyzed the effect of inactivation of late-stage symbiosis-related pea genes on symbiosis-associated fungal and plant molecular responses in order to gain insight into their role in the functional mycorrhizal association. The expression of a subset of ten fungal and eight plant genes, previously reported to be activated during mycorrhiza development, was compared in Glomus intraradices-inoculated wild-type and isogenic genotypes of pea mutated for the PsSym36, PsSym33, and PsSym40 genes where arbuscule formation is inhibited or fungal turnover modulated, respectively. Microdissection was used to corroborate arbuscule-related fungal gene expression. Molecular responses varied between pea genotypes and with fungal development. Most of the fungal genes were downregulated when arbuscule formation was defective, and several were upregulated with more rapid fungal development. Some of the plant genes were also affected by inactivation of the PsSym36, PsSym33, and PsSym40 loci, but in a more time-dependent way during root colonization by G. intraradices. Results indicate a role of the late-stage symbiosis-related pea genes not only in mycorrhiza development but also in the symbiotic functioning of arbuscule-containing cells.
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- 2010
8. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Glomus mosseae Trigger DMI3-Dependent Activation of Genes Related to a Signal Transduction Pathway in Roots of Medicago truncatula
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Christine Arnould, Stéphanie Weidmann, Anne Rose Bernard, Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson, S. Gianinazzi, and Lisa Sanchez
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DNA, Plant ,Genotype ,Physiology ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Mutant ,Pseudomonas fluorescens ,Plant Science ,Genes, Plant ,Plant Roots ,Microbiology ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Medicago truncatula ,Gene expression ,Genetics ,Symbiosis ,Gene ,Glomus ,Sinorhizobium meliloti ,Base Sequence ,biology ,fungi ,Fungi ,food and beverages ,biology.organism_classification ,Suppression subtractive hybridization ,Mutation ,Signal Transduction ,Research Article - Abstract
Plant genes induced during early root colonization of Medicago truncatula Gaertn. J5 by a growth-promoting strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens (C7R12) have been identified by suppressive subtractive hybridization. Ten M. truncatula genes, coding proteins associated with a putative signal transduction pathway, showed an early and transient activation during initial interactions between M. truncatula and P. fluorescens, up to 8 d after root inoculation. Gene expression was not significantly enhanced, except for one gene, in P. fluorescens-inoculated roots of a Myc−Nod− genotype (TRV25) of M. truncatula mutated for the DMI3 (syn. MtSYM13) gene. This gene codes a Ca2+ and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, indicating a possible role of calcium in the cellular interactions between M. truncatula and P. fluorescens. When expression of the 10 plant genes was compared in early stages of root colonization by mycorrhizal and rhizobial microsymbionts, Glomus mosseae activated all 10 genes, whereas Sinorhizobium meliloti only activated one and inhibited four others. None of the genes responded to inoculation by either microsymbiont in roots of the TRV25 mutant. The similar response of the M. truncatula genes to P. fluorescens and G. mosseae points to common molecular pathways in the perception of the microbial signals by plant roots.
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- 2005
9. Effect of 2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol on Pythium: Cellular Responses and Variation in Sensitivity Among Propagules and Species
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Jos M. Raaijmakers, Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson, Philippe Lemanceau, Christine Arnould, Chrystel Deulvot, and Jorge Teodoro de Souza
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Hypha ,Zoospore ,Plant Science ,black root-rot ,in-vitro ,Microbiology ,antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,4-diacetylphloroglucinol ,Propagule ,Botany ,phloroglucinol derivatives ,Pythium ,antibiotic 2 ,Mycelium ,electron microscopy ,sigma-factor sigma(s) ,biology ,EPS-2 ,biological-control ,Pseudomonas ,food and beverages ,gaeumannomyces-graminis ,biology.organism_classification ,Laboratorium voor Phytopathologie ,Pythium ultimum ,chemistry ,photosystem-ii ,Laboratory of Phytopathology ,2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol ,pseudomonas-fluorescens q2-87 ,Agronomy and Crop Science - Abstract
The antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) plays an important role in the suppression of plant pathogens by several strains of Pseudomonas spp. Based on the results of this study, there is variation within and among Pythium spp. to 2,4-DAPG. Also, various propagules of Pythium ultimum var. sporangiiferum, that are part of the asexual stage of the life cycle, differ considerably in their sensitivity to 2,4-DAPG. Mycelium was the most resistant structure, followed by zoosporangia, zoospore cysts, and zoospores. Additionally, we report for the first time that pH has a significant effect on the activity of 2,4-DAPG, with a higher activity at low pH. Furthermore, the level of acetylation of phloroglucinols is also a major determinant of their activity. Transmission electron microscopy studies revealed that 2,4-DAPG causes different stages of disorganization in hyphal tips of Pythium ultimum var. sporangiiferum, including alteration (proliferation, retraction, and disruption) of the plasma membrane, vacuolization, and cell content disintegration. The implications of these results for the efficacy and consistency of biological control of plant-pathogenic Pythium spp. by 2,4-DAPG-producing Pseudomonas spp. are discussed.
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- 2003
10. Medicago truncatula ENOD11: A Novel RPRP-Encoding Early Nodulin Gene Expressed During Mycorrhization in Arbuscule-Containing Cells
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Naima El-Gachtouli, Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson, Annie Dedieu, Etienne-Pascal Journet, Dominique Morandi, Vanessa Vernoud, Françoise de Billy, Magalie Pichon, Christine Arnould, and David G. Barker
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Rhizobiaceae ,Nitrogen ,Physiology ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Plant Roots ,Rhizobia ,Symbiosis ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ,Plant Tumors ,Botany ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Mycorrhiza ,Gene ,Glomus ,Plant Proteins ,Sinorhizobium meliloti ,Plants, Medicinal ,biology ,fungi ,Fungi ,Membrane Proteins ,food and beverages ,Fabaceae ,General Medicine ,Plants, Genetically Modified ,biology.organism_classification ,Medicago truncatula ,Cell biology ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Plasmids - Abstract
Leguminous plants establish endosymbiotic associations with both rhizobia (nitrogen fixation) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (phosphate uptake). These associations involve controlled entry of the soil microsymbiont into the root and the coordinated differentiation of the respective partners to generate the appropriate exchange interfaces. As part of a study to evaluate analogies at the molecular level between these two plant-microbe interactions, we focused on genes from Medicago truncatula encoding putative cell wall repetitive proline-rich proteins (RPRPs) expressed during the early stages of root nodulation. Here we report that a novel RPRP-encoding gene, MtENOD11, is transcribed during preinfection and infection stages of nodulation in root and nodule tissues. By means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and a promoter-reporter gene strategy, we demonstrate that this gene is also expressed during root colonization by endomycorrhizal fungi in inner cortical cells containing recently formed arbuscules. In contrast, no activation of MtENOD11 is observed during root colonization by a nonsymbiotic, biotrophic Rhizoctonia fungal species. Analysis of transgenic Medicago spp. plants expressing pMtENOD11-gusA also revealed that this gene is transcribed in a variety of nonsymbiotic specialized cell types in the root, shoot, and developing seed, either sharing high secretion/metabolite exchange activity or subject to regulated modifications in cell shape. The potential role of early nodulins with atypical RPRP structures such as ENOD11 and ENOD12 in symbiotic and nonsymbiotic cellular contexts is discussed.
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- 2001
11. Expression profiling of fungal genes during arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis establishment using direct fluorescent in situ RT-PCR
- Author
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Pascale M A, Seddas-Dozolme, Christine, Arnould, Marie, Tollot, Elena, Kuznetsova, and Vivienne, Gianinazzi-Pearson
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DNA, Complementary ,Microscopy, Confocal ,Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ,Mycorrhizae ,Symbiosis ,Plant Roots ,DNA Primers ,Fluorescent Dyes - Abstract
Expression profiling of fungal genes in the arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis has been based on studies of RNA extracted from fungal tissue or mycorrhizal roots, giving only a general picture of overall transcript levels in the targeted tissues. Information about the spatial distribution of transcripts within AM fungal structures during different developmental stages is essential to a better understanding of fungal activity in symbiotic interactions with host roots and to determine molecular events involved in establishment and functioning of the AM symbiosis. The obligate biotrophic nature of AM fungi is a challenge for developing new molecular methods to identify and localize their activity in situ. The direct fluorescent in situ (DIFIS) RT-PCR procedure described here represents a novel tool for spatial mapping of AM fungal gene expression simultaneously prior to root penetration, within fungal tissues in the host root and in the extraradical stage of fungal development.In order to enhance detection sensitivity of the in situ RT-PCR technique and enable localization of low abundance mRNA, we have adopted direct fluorescent labeling of primers for the amplification step to overcome the problem of low detection associated with digoxigenin or biotin-labeled primers and to avoid the multiplicity of steps associated with immunological detection. Signal detection has also been greatly improved by eliminating autofluorescence of AM fungal and root tissues using confocal microscopy.
- Published
- 2010
12. Symbiosis-related plant genes modulate molecular responses in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus during early root interactions
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Pascale M. A. Seddas, Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson, Christine Arnould, Diederik van Tuinen, Jérôme Gouzy, Cecilia M. Arias, Olivier Godfroy, Dominique Morandi, Hassan Aït Benhassou, Fabrice Dessaint, Plante - microbe - environnement : biochimie, biologie cellulaire et écologie (PMEBBCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Etablissement National d'Enseignement Supérieur Agronomique de Dijon (ENESAD), Unité mixte de recherche interactions plantes-microorganismes, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biologie et Gestion des Adventices (BGA), Etablissement National d'Enseignement Supérieur Agronomique de Dijon (ENESAD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), and Regional Council of Burgundy
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0106 biological sciences ,Physiology ,champignon phytopathogène ,Biology ,Genes, Plant ,01 natural sciences ,Plant Root Nodulation ,Plant Roots ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ,ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS ,Mycorrhizae ,Gene expression ,Medicago truncatula ,Spore germination ,[SDV.BBM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology ,Mycorrhiza ,Symbiosis ,Gene ,030304 developmental biology ,Plant Proteins ,0303 health sciences ,Appressorium ,Expressed sequence tag ,génome ,gène ,fungi ,food and beverages ,General Medicine ,15. Life on land ,biology.organism_classification ,Arbuscular mycorrhiza ,racine ,symbiose ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
To gain further insight into the role of the plant genome in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) establishment, we investigated whether symbiosis-related plant genes affect fungal gene expression in germinating spores and at the appressoria stage of root interactions. Glomus intraradices genes were identified in expressed sequence tag libraries of mycorrhizal Medicago truncatula roots by in silico expression analyses. Transcripts of a subset of genes, with predicted functions in transcription, protein synthesis, primary or secondary metabolism, or of unknown function, were monitored in spores and germinating spores and during interactions with roots of wild-type or mycorrhiza-defective (Myc–) mutants of M. truncatula. Not all the fungal genes were active in quiescent spores but all were expressed when G. intraradices spores germinated in wild-type M. truncatula root exudates or when appressoria or arbuscules were formed in association with wild-type M. truncatula roots. Most of the fungal genes were upregulated or induced at the stage of appressorium development. Inactivation of the M. truncatula genes DMI1, DMI2/MtSYM2, or DMI3/MtSYM13 was associated with altered fungal gene expression (nonactivation or inhibition), modified appressorium structure, and plant cell wall responses, providing first evidence that cell processes modified by symbiosis-related plant genes impact on root interactions by directly modulating AM fungal activity.
- Published
- 2009
13. Corrigendum to 'Spatial monitoring of gene activity in extraradical and intraradical developmental stages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by direct fluorescent in situ RT-PCR' [Fungal Genet. Biol. 45 (2008) 1155–1165]
- Author
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Cecilia M. Arias, Pascale M. A. Seddas, Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson, Christine Arnould, and Marie Tollot
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In situ ,Real-time polymerase chain reaction ,Botany ,Genetics ,Gene activity ,Biology ,Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ,Microbiology ,Fluorescence - Published
- 2008
14. Localization of [beta] (1 -> 3) Glucans in Spore and Hyphal Walls of Fungi in the Glomales
- Author
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Joseph B. Morton, Christine Arnould, M-C. Lemoine, Armelle Gollotte, and Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson
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Hypha ,biology ,Physiology ,Cell Biology ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Beta-glucan ,Spore ,Endogonales ,Cell wall ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Chitin ,Genetics ,Biophysics ,Molecular Biology ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Mycelium ,Glomus - Published
- 1994
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