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Additional file 1. Additional tables.

Additional file 1: Figure S1. Annual incidence of reported measles cases in Singapore, 2000���2018. Table S1. Seroprevalence of measles IgG antibodies in Bangladesh, China, India and Malaysia. Table S2. Vaccination schedule and vaccination coverage for measles, and incidence per million population of measles cases in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and the Philippines. Table S3. Number and percentage of samples tested positive based on ELISA alone and those based on ELISA or PRNT by country of origin, birth cohort and gender.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Table 1. Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against diphtheria antitoxin in Bangladesh, China, Indonesia and Malaysia. Supplementary Table 2. Diphtheria tetanus toxoid and pertussis (DTP3) vaccination coverage (%) among 1-year-olds and incidence rate per million population of diphtheria cases in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar and the Philippines.

Additional file 1. Topic Guide: Understanding antibiotic prescribing through a multilevel approach.

Additional file 1. Supplementary Tables S1 and S2. All supplementary tables as listed in the article.

Supplemental Material, Badges_Ranta for The Economic Stress Model in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Social Relationships and Financial Capability by Mette Ranta, Raija-Leena Punamäki, Angela Chow and Katariina Salmela-Aro in Emerging Adulthood

Supplemental Material, sup._online_material_2 for The Economic Stress Model in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Social Relationships and Financial Capability by Mette Ranta, Raija-Leena Punamäki, Angela Chow and Katariina Salmela-Aro in Emerging Adulthood

Additional file 1: Appendix 1A. Training diagnostic performance at different probability cutoffs. Appendix 1B. 2 x 2 tables for the actual vs predicted values on the training and validation set using the best probability cutoff

Supplemental Material, sup._online_material_2 for The Economic Stress Model in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Social Relationships and Financial Capability by Mette Ranta, Raija-Leena Punamäki, Angela Chow and Katariina Salmela-Aro in Emerging Adulthood

Supplemental Material, sup._online_material for The Economic Stress Model in Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Social Relationships and Financial Capability by Mette Ranta, Raija-Leena Punamäki, Angela Chow and Katariina Salmela-Aro in Emerging Adulthood

OBJECTIVE:Antibiotic computerized decision support systems (CDSSs) were developed to guide antibiotic decisions, yet prescriptions of CDSS-recommended antibiotics have remained low. Our aim was to identify predictors of patients' receipt of empiric antibiotic therapies recommended by a CDSS when the prescribing physician had an initial preference for using broad-spectrum antibiotics. METHODS:We conducted a prospective cohort study in a 1 500-bed tertiary-care hospital in Singapore. We included all patients admitted from October 1, 2011 through September 30, 2012, who were prescribed piperacillin-tazobactam or carbapenem for empiric therapy and auto-triggered to receive antibiotic recommendations by the in-house antibiotic CDSS. Relevant data on the patient, prescribing and attending physicians were collected via electronic linkages of medical records and administrative databases. To account for clustering, we used multilevel logistic regression models to explore factors associated with receipt of CDSS-recommended antibiotic therapy. RESULTS:One-quarter of the 1 886 patients received CDSS-recommended antibiotics. More patients treated for pneumonia (33.2%) than sepsis (12.1%) and urinary tract infections (7.1%) received CDSS-recommended antibiotic therapies. The prescribing physician - but not the attending physician or clinical specialty - accounted for some (13.3%) of the variation. Prior hospitalization (odds ratio [OR] 1.32, 95% CI, 1.01-1.71), presumed pneumonia (OR 6.77, 95% CI, 3.28-13.99), intensive care unit (ICU) admission (OR 0.38, 95% CI, 0.21-0.66), and renal impairment (OR 0.70, 95% CI, 0.52-0.93) were factors associated with patients' receipt of CDSS-recommended antibiotic therapies. CONCLUSIONS:We observed that ICU admission and renal impairment were negative predictors of patients' receipt of CDSS-recommended antibiotic therapies. Patients admitted to ICU and those with renal impairment might have more complex clinical conditions that require a physician's assessment in addition to antibiotic CDSS.

Figure S1. Read depths along the reference plasmid sequences based on Illumina MiSeq sequencing reads mapping. Figure S2. Whole-genome Neighbor-Joining tree of local bla NDM-positive bacteria. Figure S3. In vitro trans-conjugation assay of local bla NDM-positive isolates. Figure S4. Details of the bla NDM-positive plasmid clusters. Figure S5. SNP-based refinement maximum likelihood trees of bla NDM plasmid clusters. Figure S6. SNP-based refinement Neighbor-Joining trees of bla NDM plasmid clusters. Figure S7. Investigation of transposition events among bla NDM plasmid clusters by recombination analysis. Table S1. Summary of Illumina sequencing and de novo assembly statistics. Table S2. Descriptive statistics for plasmid mapping. Table S3. Names and accession numbers of bla NDM-positive plasmids. Table S4. Result summary of recombination analysis. (DOCX 2781Â kb)

Population-based serosurveillance studies provide critical estimates on community-level immunity and the potential for future outbreaks. Currently, serological assays, such as IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and indirect immunofluorescence tests (IIFT) based on the inactivated whole virus are used to determine past Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection. However, these commercially available tests have variable sensitivities. To develop and evaluate recombinant based CHIKV-specific IgG antibody capture ELISAs (GAC-ELISAs), baculoviruses carrying wild-type (E1-A226, named WT) or mutant (E1-A226V, named MUT) E1 envelope protein genes of CHIKV were generated. The seroreactivity of recombinant CHIKV WT and MUT envelope proteins were determined using residual blood, collected from CHIKV-confirmed patients. The sensitivities of both recombinant CHIKV envelope proteins were 83.0% as measured by GAC-ELISAs. The specificities of both recombinant proteins were 87.8%. These GAC-ELISAs were also able to detect the persistence of anti-CHIKV IgG antibodies up to 6 months after the disease onset, together with rise in sensitivities with increasing time. These results suggest that the baculovirus purified recombinant CHIKV envelope proteins react with anti-CHIKV IgG antibodies and may be useful in population-based seroprevalence surveys. In addition, these GAC-ELISAs offer good diagnostic value to determine the recent/past CHIKV infection status in non-endemic populations.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become an increasingly important pathogen in obstetrics. MRSA infections can result in morbidity for both mothers and their infants. Over the past decade, MRSA infection has increased in pregnant women and neonates [1]. Indeed, there is increasing evidence that horizontal transmission from MRSA colonized mothers to their neonates plays a role in increasing neonatal MRSA colonization and, sometimes, infection [2]. Additionally, obstetric patients are frequently exposed to antibiotics, a known risk factor for infection by drug resistant organisms including MRSA.[3] Infection in the postpartum period is still common, even in developed countries [4]. Nonetheless, there is inadequate information in the published literature about the epidemiology of MRSA infections in postpartum women and no consensus on how to reduce the burden and consequences of such infections. This is worrisome given the urgency of the double threat of (multi-)drug resistance and stagnating antibiotic development.