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Postpurchase out-of-stock (PP-OOS) often happens in an online grocery context, where products appear to be available at the time a consumer places an order, but become OOS when the order is to be dispatched. This paper investigates two substitution policies that can mitigate negative responses: substitutions can match (i) on the dominant attribute and (ii) with a product from the consumers’ past purchase portfolio. According to data collected through two computer-simulated purchase experiments, involving more than 3,000 households and five product categories, matching the substitution on the dominant attribute increases acceptance, but this dominant attribute varies across\ud category differentiation level (flavor for horizontal differentiated categories like cereals or crips vs. brand for vertical differentiated categories like margarine or ketchup). Category differentiation also informs acceptance of national brand or private-label flavor substitutes, such that, same-flavor private label is prefered more in horizontal differentiated categories. Matching on the basis of previous purchases has positive effects for both category differentiation levels, and when combining both policies, the previous purchase matching effect grows stronger for same flavor, rather than same brand, matching. These detailed insights establish several key managerial implications for substitution policies in online grocery contexts.

Despite the several attempts to rework on his ideas, using non-mainstream approaches, George L. Shackle has remained an outsider in the economic discipline. Shackle, however, if we take seriously what he thought of economics, as a discipline concerned with a subject that is not self-contained but open-ended and impermanent, is not a man alone. Starting from an assessment of Shackle’s understanding of choice as originative and creative, the paper argues that Shackle should be rescued from the role of a nihilist where he is often relegated. In this perspective, a fundamental key to assessing the originality and anticipatory character of Shackle’s contribution can be found in the recent developments of several “friendly” disciplines such as the psychology of motivations and of self-rewarding actions, narrative as the “science” of the possible and the role of calendar time in choice theory. In fact, all these novel rethinkings can contribute to the understanding of Shackle’s main point, that human (and therefore economic) agents are active, creative enterprisers, who cut the deterministic thread by injecting the new in history to come, in making a difference in the future courses of action. Malgré de nombreuses tentatives pour retravailler ses idées au sein d’approches non-orthodoxes, George L. Shackle est resté un outsider des sciences économiques. Shackle, cependant, n’est pas un auteur isolé, du moins, si on prend au sérieux ce qu’il pensait des sciences économiques, en tant que discipline dont l’objet n’est pas auto-suffisant mais ouvert et changeant. Nous proposons d’abord une lecture de Shackle, centrée sur sa compréhension du choix, comme acte créatif et créateur ; sur cette base, notre article propose une manière de sauver Shackle du rôle de nihiliste, auquel il est souvent relégué. Dans cette perspective, on peut identifier le caractère original et précurseur de la contribution de Shackle par une analyse des développements récents de plusieurs disciplines « voisines », comme la psychologie des motivations et des actions d’auto-récompense, les narratives comme « science » du possible ou le rôle du temps calendaire dans la théorie du choix. En réalité, tous ces nouveaux développements intellectuels peuvent contribuer à la compréhension de l’argument principal soulevé par Shackle, à savoir, que les agents humains (et donc, économiques) sont actifs et créatifs, et qu’ils rompent tout fil déterministe pour introduire de la nouveauté dans l’histoire à venir, et que cela fait une différence dans le déroulement futur de l’action.

Chronological cues are ubiquitous in retail settings, whether they come in the form of production, release, on-shelf, or purchase dates, etc. Yet, they remain relatively underexplored in the marketing literature. Could newness that arises from these chronological cues lead consumers to prefer options merely because they are newer, above and beyond any substantive benefits conferred or implied by that newness? We propose and find in a series of eight preregistered studies (n= 2,216) that consumers exhibit mere newness preference across many product domains—preferring chronologically newer options over older options with no substantive benefits to newness. We provide evidence that overgeneralization is one important driver of mere newness preference: Most consumers hold positive (negative) associations with chronological newness (oldness) in an implicit association test, and mere newness preference is reduced in domains in which the opposite association exists. Consequently, consumers are willing to pay a newness premium even for mere newness.

Bien que les préoccupations d’ordre stylistique soient plus communément associées aux œuvres littéraires ou artistiques, une stylistique appliquée aux discours des milieux spécialisés demande réflexion. Cette étude s’attache à envisager le bénéfice que l’analyse des discours spécialisés pourrait espérer tirer d’une approche stylistique adaptée et les chemins qu’il conviendrait d’emprunter pour affiner cette analyse et tenir compte de la diversité des domaines, sous-domaines, et genres concernés. Les milieux spécialisés ont une raison d’être dans la société, une culture et une finalité qui leur sont propres, et leurs discours, qui s’inscrivent dans une histoire et des contextes particuliers, portent une valeur sociale. Il convient donc, pour les analyser, d’envisager une stylistique fondée sur une pragmatique des discours. Il ne s’agit pas de dresser un simple inventaire de formules particulières et de faits saillants, mais de relier les choix observés à leurs causes et aux effets recherchés. Au-delà de la description, c’est l’interprétation qui enrichira l’analyse. Certes, les discours produits par les milieux spécialisés sont contraints par des normes et conventions stylistiques, mais cela ne doit pas empêcher de s’intéresser aux notions d’écart (ou de variation) et de bipolarité du style. Compte tenu de la diversité des milieux et domaines concernés et de leurs discours, deux pistes qui ne sont pas mutuellement exclusives sont évoquées : une approche par domaine spécialisé, et une approche par genre discursif, le but étant de faire émerger des convergences et d’aider à identifier un socle commun de pratiques stylistiques propres aux discours des domaines spécialisés. Although stylistics is more commonly associated with literature or art, a stylistic approach to the discourse of specialized milieus is worth considering. This paper means to assess the benefits that could be derived from an “applied stylistics” approach and to examine the paths that could be best-suited to deal with a great variety of discourse produced by specialized domains, sub-domains and expressed in various genres. Specialized milieus are defined by their raison d’être in society, their specific culture and purposes, so that their discourse, which is influenced by a number of contexts, is socially meaningful. A stylistic approach to such discourse should be based on pragmatics, which means going beyond identifying and / or listing specific phrases or salient features. Interpreting such discourse requires examining the links between choices, causes and desired effects. Although the discourse of specialized milieus is constrained by norms and conventions, the dual dimension of style, i.e. group style as well as individual style, should be considered. Given the range of milieus and domains concerned, and the various types of discourse they produce, two different paths — which are not mutually exclusive — seem to be worth exploring, one focusing on domain, and the other on genre. Each of them may evidence convergent features and practices and help define a common basis on which to start building a frame for identifying and analyzing style in specialized contexts.

Przedmiotem artykułu jest próba rozjaśnienia sensu Arystotelesowej "proairesis" w interpretacji Sebastiana Petrycego z Pilzna. Autor dowodzi, że wyrażenie „wybór abo przedsięwzięcie” nie jest użyte przypadkowo i że Arystotelesową proairesis w interpretacji Petrycego tworzą: [1] przedsięwzięcie w sensie wyznaczenia celu do realizacji; [2a] wybór własny w sensie preferencyjnego wyboru, czyli wyboru jednej strategii działania zamiast innej; [2b] wybór własny w sensie decyzji o przystąpieniu do obranej strategii działania; [3] przedsięwzięcie w sensie rozpoczęcia (i kontynuacji) działania prowadzącego do urzeczywistnienia wyznaczonego celu. The article is an abbreviated and in some places a modified version of the previously published text. Here are the data on the first edition: Smolak, Maciej. 2018. "On Aristotle's Proairesis in the Interpretation of Sebastian Petryce of Pilzno. On 400th Anniversary of the publication of Nicomachean Ethics translated and commentared by Sebastian Petryce of Pilzno ”, Archiwum Historii Filozofii i Myśli Społecznej 63: 327-348. The author shows that the expression is not used for a reason and demonstrates that proairesis in the full sense of the word creates: [1] undertaking in the sense of designating the goal to be achieved; [2a] own choice in the sense of a preferential choice, that is, choice one course of action rather than another; [2b] own choice in the sense of the decision about proceeding with accepted course of action; [3] undertaking in the sense of starting (and continuing) the action leading to the achieving of the designated goal. In so doing, the author proves that Aristotle's proairesis, according to interpretation of Sebastian Petrycy of Pilzno, is constituted by “choice” and “undertaking” which are its features or elements.

The past three decades of policy process studies have seen the emergence of a clear intellectual lineage with regard to complexity. Implicitly or explicitly, scholars have employed complexity theory to examine the intricate dynamics of collective action in political contexts. However, the methodological counterparts to complexity theory, such as computational methods, are rarely used and, even if they are, they are often detached from established policy process theory. Building on a critical review of the application of complexity theory to policy process studies, we present and implement a baseline model of policy processes using the logic of coevolving networks. Our model suggests that an actor’s influence depends on their environment and on exogenous events facilitating dialogue and consensus-building. Our results validate previous opinion dynamics models and generate novel patterns. Our discussion provides ground for further research and outlines the path for the field to achieve a computational turn.

Researchers have long been trying to understand why individuals dislike annuities. Here, we investigate if the process individuals use to assess the financial value of annuities may lead them to inaccurately value annuities. In Study 1, participants were asked to assess the monthly payments associated with a specific annuity lump sum or the annuity lump sum associated with a specific monthly payment. They were then asked to describe how they arrived at their answers. We find that when making this assessment, 42% of participants report attempts at using math, with some even describing mathematical formulas. Most other participants reported guessing instead. Reporting attempts at math is more common among participants with higher financial literacy and numeracy. Reported attempts at math, financial literacy, and numeracy predict arriving at more realistic financial values for annuities, as well as incorporating assessments of life expectancy in the math. Based on this process knowledge, we then designed an experiment in Study 2 and tested the effect of presenting information about life expectancy, providing feedback about payouts or their combination. We find that we can thereby change the assessed financial value of annuities and increase participants' interest in annuities, especially among participants that reported attempts at using math. Understanding the processes individuals use to assess the value of annuities informs theory and practice.

This project uses an online experiment in three member states of the European Union (Spain, Germany and Bulgaria) to evaluate consumer preferences for digital food information (DFI), willingness to access it, and ability to remember it. In this online study, we vary the mode of display of food information by letting some of that food information be available only after “scanning” a virtual QR code. We vary whether food information is displayed on-label vs. digitally for a wide variety of food products matched in pairs. We investigate 1) the fraction of participants who access DFI when available 2) whether a product with DFI is less or more likely to be chosen than a product with all information on label 3) whether the mode of information display affects the ability to remember food information accurately.

Статья поступила в редакцию 20.01.2023 г. Объектом исследования является выбор как социокультурный феномен. Специфика выбора рассмотрена в связи с активным развитием цифровой среды, которая нормирует, стандартизирует, регулирует выбор, устанавливает ограничения на действия пользователя. Показано, что цифровая среда инструментально обеспечивает выбор как вид деятельности, а также обусловливает становление новых практических форм осуществления выбора. Цифровая среда трансформирует культурные установки индивида, детерминирующие выбор, изменяет критерии привлекательности альтернатив, представления субъекта о принципах и возможностях принятия решений, об используемых инструментах и механизмах выбора. The study focuses on the choice as a sociocultural phenomenon. The specificity of the choice is considered with the active development of the digital environment, which normalizes, standardizes, regulates choice, sets limits on user actions. The results indicate that the digital environment instrumentally provides choice as an activity, and determines the emergence of new choice practices. The digital environment transforms cultural attitudes that determine choice, changes attractiveness criteria of alternatives, the subject’s representation about the principles and possibilities of decision-making, about the tools and mechanisms of choice.

Assessing our confidence in the choices we make is important to making adaptive decisions, and it is thus no surprise that we excel in this ability. However, standard models of decision-making, such as the drift-diffusion model (DDM), treat confidence assessment as a post hoc or parallel process that does not directly influence the choice, which depends only on accumulated evidence. Here, we pursue the alternative hypothesis that what is monitored during a decision is an evolving sense of confidence (that the to-be-selected option is the best) rather than raw evidence. Monitoring confidence has the appealing consequence that the decision threshold corresponds to a desired level of confidence for the choice, and that confidence improvements can be traded off against the resources required to secure them. We show that most previous findings on perceptual and value-based decisions traditionally interpreted from an evidence-accumulation perspective can be explained more parsimoniously from our novel confidence-driven perspective. Furthermore, we show that our novel confidence-driven DDM (cDDM) naturally generalizes to decisions involving any number of alternative options - which is notoriously not the case with traditional DDM or related models. Finally, we discuss future empirical evidence that could be useful in adjudicating between these alternatives., Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, ISSN:1531-5320, ISSN:1069-9384

In a series of studies, I have previously shown that the outcome of our actions influences our sense of agency (SoA: the feeling of control that we attribute for our actions and their subsequent outcomes (Haggard & Chambon, 2012)). In particular, I have shown that SoA is greater when the outcome of an action is positive (e.g., rewarding), compared to one that is negative (e.g., punishing) in nature (Scott et al., 2021). This consistent finding has been described as a self-serving positivity bias (Scott et al., 2021; Yoshie & Haggard, 2013), where we tend to attribute positive outcomes in the world to oneself, and as being self-caused. To assess whether the influence of positive outcomes is truly reflective of a self-serving bias, this study aims to test whether this effect on SoA differs when the positive outcome benefits the self, versus another person. Young adults are shown to be less prosocial (Cutler et al., 2021), and so, the following study has therefore adapted a Libet clock task to incorporate a recipient condition: ‘self’ and ‘other’. Here, we question whether the agency attributed to a self-directed action-outcome, is comparable to that of an other-directed action-outcome. Further, we question whether the level of choice (choice or no choice) influences the effect of recipient (self or other) and outcome (positive or negative) on SoA. The following study also aims to identify the task-associated event related brain potentials (ERPs) for SoA when the outcomes of these actions are related to the self, compared to another person. ERPs of interest include the Feedback-Related Negativity and the Feedback P300. The Feedback Related Negativity (FRN) is a negative deflection peaking after outcome onset. It is shown to be largest after receiving negative feedback and is associated with monitoring the outcome of an action (San Martín, 2012). The Feedback P300 (P3) is a positive deflection which is largest following positive feedback and is said to be important to derive out future actions (Polich, 2007). Both ERP components have been linked to post-decisional monitoring and judgments of agency over an action (Kuhn et al., 2011; Majchrowicz et al., 2020; Sidarus et al., 2017), and are greater when reflecting on our own actions (Zhu et al., 2015). However, little is known about whether the ERPs for self-directed action-outcomes are comparable to those of an other-directed action-outcome, or how this self-other effect might be influenced by choice (versus no choice). As such, our aim is to examine the ERPs that are associated with SoA when the outcomes are directed for the self, in comparison to another person.

The phase-out of fossil fueled cars is one of several measures discussed in the fight to drastically reduce emissions in the passenger transport sector (Axsen et al., 2020). At the EU level, such a phase-out is planned for 2035 (European Parliament, 2022). However, it is unclear what the details of such a phase-out will look like, and previous research on public acceptance has shown that there exists resistance for such restrictive measures (Wicki et al., 2019). To shed further light on this highly relevant topic, this study examines which design aspects of the phase-out of fossil fueled cars are critical for public acceptance, focusing particularly on fairness and effectiveness considerations of the general public. For this purpose, we use an online survey with a vignette study design (see, for example, Atzmüller & Steiner, 2010). Respondents are asked to evaluate each confronting study participants with different text-based phase-out designs that include a number of different attributes (such as start year, additional infrastructural measures). Since restrictive or so-called push measures are indispensable for climate change mitigation in the passenger transport sector, but at the same time often lack public acceptance, knowing how best to design such measures is crucial to ensure their actual implementation. This study contributes to the scarce literature on this topic, focusing on a proposed regulatory policy, namely the phase-out of fossil fueled cars. Research Questions: How can the phase-out of fossil fueled cars be designed to foster public acceptance? Which design aspects are most relevant for increasing perceived fairness and effectiveness of such a phase-out? Atzmüller, C., & Steiner, P. M. (2010). Experimental Vignette Studies in Survey Research. Methodology, 6(3), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000014 Axsen, J., Plötz, P., & Wolinetz, M. (2020). Crafting strong, integrated policy mixes for deep CO2 mitigation in road transport. Nature Climate Change, 10(9), 809–818. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0877-y European Parliament (2022). EU ban on the sale of new petrol and diesel cars from 2035 explained. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/economy/20221019STO44572/eu-ban-on-sale-of-new-petrol-and-diesel-cars-from-2035-explained Wicki, M., Fesenfeld, L., & Bernauer, T. (2019). In search of politically feasible policy-packages for sustainable passenger transport: insights from choice experiments in China, Germany, and the USA. Environmental Research Letters, 14(8), 84048. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab30a2

Many people do not possess the necessary savings to deal with unexpected financial events. People’s biases play a significant role in their ability to forecast future financial shocks: they are typically overoptimistic, present-oriented, and generally underestimate future expenses. The purpose of this study is to investigate how varying risk information influences people’s financial awareness, in order to reduce the chance of a financial downfall. Specifically, we contribute to the literature by exploring the concept of ‘nudging’ and its value for behavioural changes in personal financial management. While of great practical importance, the role of nudging in behavioural financial forecasting research is scarce. Additionally, the study steers away from the standard default choice architecture nudge, and adds originality by focusing on eliciting implementation intentions and precommitment strategies as types of nudges. Our experimental scenarios examined how people change their financial projections in response to nudges in the form of new information on relevant risks. Participants were asked to forecast future expenses and future savings. They then received information on potential events identified as high-risk, low-risk or no-risk. We investigated whether they adjusted their predictions in response to various risk scenarios or not and how such potential adjustments were affected by the information given. Our findings suggest that the provision of risk information alters financial forecasting behaviour. Notably, we found an adjustment effect even in the no-risk category, suggesting that governments and institutions concerned with financial behaviour can increase financial awareness merely by increasing salience about possible financial risks. Another practical implication relates to splitting savings into different categories, and by using different wordings: A financial advisory institution can help people in their financial behaviour by focusing on ‘targets’, and by encouraging (nudging) people to make breakdown forecasts rather than general ones.

Decision-making literature establishes that maximizers, who always strive for the best option, paradoxically experience lower wellbeing. The current study aims to discover the conditions that attenuate or exacerbate the detrimental effect of maximization on wellbeing by using a large-scale meta-analysis based on 683 effect sizes from 108 papers, spanning 47,245 unique respondents. We develop a conceptual framework for the literature and classify potential moderators of the maximization-wellbeing relationship along two dimensions: (i) whether they enable the decision-maker to focus on the choice process or the choice outcome, and (ii) the extent to which they contribute to choice complexity, expecting that process (vs. outcome) focus and less complex choices can assuage maximizers’ wellbeing deficit. Our meta-analysis supports our expectations for all the choice focus moderators, but not for all the choice complexity moderators. Alongside theoretical and practical implications, we offer a framework to guide future research that should uncover when choice complexity moderators most accurately explain the wellbeing of maximizers.

Background and Aims We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing the risk of serious infections between patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa) antagonists vs. vedolizumab in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Methods Using an administrative claims database, we identified patients with IBD who were new-users of either TNFa antagonists or vedolizumab between 2014-2018 and had insurance coverage for at least 1y before and after treatment initiation. We compared the risk of serious infections (infections requiring hospitalization) between patients treated with vedolizumab or TNFa antagonists using marginal structural Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for baseline disease characteristics, healthcare utilization, comorbidities, and time-varying use of corticosteroids, immunomodulators and opiates. Results We included 4881 patients treated with TNFa antagonists (age, 41 ± 15y, 60% with Crohn’s disease [CD]) of whom 434 developed serious infections over 5786 person-year [PY] follow-up, and 1106 patients treated with vedolizumab (age, 44 ± 16y, 39% with CD) of whom 86 developed serious infections over 1040-PY follow-up. Vedolizumab was associated with 46% lower risk of serious infections as compared with TNFa antagonists in patients with ulcerative colitis (HR,0.54 [95% CI,0.35-0.83), but no significant differences were observed in patients with CD (HR,1.30 [0.80-2.11]). Vedolizumab was associated with lower risk of extra-intestinal serious infections in patients with UC, but higher risk of gastrointestinal serious infections in patients with CD. Conclusions In an observational study of patients with IBD, vedolizumab was associated with lower risk of serious infections as compared with TNFa antagonists, in patients with UC, but not in patients with CD.

Le tri, processus qui allie conservation et élimination, est à l’œuvre dans toute cartularisation. Les cartulaires ne sont pas les reflets des chartriers : pourquoi certains actes furent-ils copiés dans le cartulaire alors que d’autres ne le furent pas ? Comment et dans quel but la sélection a-t-elle été effectuée ? Le renouveau historiographique de l’étude des cartulaires et des écrits de gestion encourage à s’interroger sur ces choix. Souci de conservation, construction mémorielle, rational...

What is the right location for a university campus? Universities have a preponderant role in today’s societal models. They have been in the core of development — economic, social, sustainable, inter alia — and their role within urban context has changed in order to respond to the university mission — that nowadays includes of civic engagement as well as a stronger participation in economies, through the development of startups and innovation ecosystems. This paper relies on the premise that, even in a post-pandemic world, the Campus is still a window to the world, it can shape the perception people have of the University, can be used as a branding asset and, most of all, impacts the lives of everyone living, learning, and working there. The Campus is a very powerful tool, one that universities worldwide have been using as a way of positioning themselves, of attracting students and faculty, and also creating synergies and relationships with companies. It shapes the relationships created inside and outside of it. As such, this research argues that universities can be key elements in generating and enabling dynamic synergies, promoting the presence of students, academics, and learning spaces in urban contexts. To accomplish this, universities should preserve their spatial identity and uniqueness, while guaranteeing the existence of adequate places for all learning related activities and embodying inclusion and sustainable development, promoting encounters and interaction. These two needs, for inclusion and livelihood while safeguarding some privacy coexist creating some tension for all campus users. With this issue in mind, this paper explores an analytical framework for university campuses within urban fabrics, understanding the different types of urban insertion and connections established with local and regional players, and exploring the dichotomy between closeness centrality and betweenness centrality, as variables than can be used to balance the tension between integration and privacy that affects university campuses and academic communities worldwide. Four compact university campuses that host similar functions are used to test the methodology: Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, Canada; Aalto University in Espoo, Finland; MIT in Cambridge, MA, USA; and Yale University, in New Haven, USA. This paper relies on syntactic analysis to provide deeper information and some clarification on the university location and accessibility within the urban fabrics.

The topic of this paper is the foundation for individual rights proposed by David Gauthier in his seminal 1986 book Morals by Agreement, and particularly the role of conception of rationality in this foundation. The foundation of rights is a part of Gauthier’s broader enterprise: to ground morals in rationality – more specifically, in the economic conception of rationality. Because of the importance of this conception for the whole of Gauthier’s project, we reconstruct first the conception of rationality which can be found in decision theory and game theory, presenting simultaneously in a relatively non-technical way some basic concepts of the aforementioned disciplines. We proceed then to reconstruction of the foundation of rights itself – it turns on Gauthier’s interpretation of the so-called “Lockean proviso.” Lastly, we turn to the connection between rationality and foundation of rights. It is to be found in the narrow compliance – the disposition to enter only into cooperation which satisfies conditions of fairness set out in part by the Lockean proviso.

Nowadays economic psychology is a field of science that has serious potential to compete classical economic theories. Many contemporary authors are interested in the discipline which is proved by the variety of emerging branches of economic psychology. Some of them are economists, other psychologists, but a small percentage of them have both economic and psychological education. This pattern explains some serious misunderstandings in the scientific literature in the field. The lack of understanding of both sciences at the same time leads to extremes in the conclusions, which in turn are not accepted as universally valid by economists and psychologists. Мoreover, the literature on the subject written by economists and psychologists seems very different. Economists attach more importance to the results of economic choice, while psychologists analyze primarily the causes for it. However, the connection between the two disciplines is indisputable. Despite the variety of branches of economic psychology, it is worth paying attention to the first work in the field written by an economist, which gives fundamental answers that modern scientists seem to miss. Lionel Robbins essay represents an extraordinary balance between the economic and the psychological issues, united in an ideal symbiosis.

Background: The majority of Turkish and Moroccan minorities in Western Europe prefer transnational marriages over local co-ethnic and mixed marriages. Recent studies indicate partner selection patterns might be shifting after remaining unchanged for decades. However, it remains unclear to what extent changes observed in earlier studies have continued to carry on. Objective: This paper provides a comprehensive insight into the most recent partner selection trends of Turkish and Moroccan minorities in Belgium and assesses whether and to what degree known dynamics related to marriage age and educational attainment may change. Methods: The Belgian National Register data are analyzed, including all Turkish and Moroccan minority members who married between 2005 and 2015 (N = 91,916). After describing the prevalence of three partner types and their trends, multinomial logistic regressions estimate the effect of marriage age and educational attainment on partner choice. Results: The prevalence of transnational marriages declines for all minority members. Local co-ethnic marriages mostly absorb this decline, but a strong increase in mixed marriages is also observed. The influence of marriage age and educational attainment on partner choice has changed over the last 15 years. Conclusions: Results reveal a strong decline in transnational marriages, reinforced by stricter immigration policies but initiated by other – possibly attitudinal – mechanisms. Dynamics regarding ethnic endogamy are subject to change as mixed marriages are also increasing among women and the lower educated. Contribution: The comprehensive overview given in this paper reveals significant changes in partner selection. These changes influence immigration from Turkey and Morocco, demographic characteristics of the minority groups, and their relationship to non-co-ethnics.

This article investigates how various private international law (PIL) instruments relevant in the European context, post-Brexit, deal with questions of jurisdiction, applicable substantive law, and recognition and enforcement pertaining to the contractual liability of arbitrators. Based on an analysis of applicable European Union (EU) case law and the drafting history of, amongst others, the Brussels I (Recast) Regulation and its predecessors, it submits that that the exclusions included in such Regulation with regard to arbitration proceedings do not apply to the Arbitration Contract between the Parties and the Arbitrator or Arbitrators. Second, we submit that the law applicable to a claim for breach of contract by an Arbitrator must be found through the application of Rome I. Rome I provides that the law of the country where the Arbitrator that is alleged to be liable vis-à-vis (one of) the Parties has his or her habitual residence. With respect to enforceability of court judgments pertaining to arbitrator liability, we discuss and assess the Pandora’s Box that Brexit appears to have opened. This assessment leads us to conclude that, whilst the framework put in place by Brussels I (Recast) and the Lugano Convention remains largely in place, on the departure of the United Kingdom from the existing legal frameworks, enforcement and recognition of court judgments between the United Kingdom and the EU will, in the absence of a jurisdiction clause, largely shift to provisions of national law and/or bilateral treaties. Arbitration, International Arbitration, Brussels I (Recast), Rome I, Hague Convention, Lugano Convention, Brexit, Private International Law, Arbitrator, Liability

Background. The researchers have shown that even small doses of some chemical substances in cosmetics, when absorbing and accumulating in the body, can damage the skin and provoke various diseases. Therefore, the choice of organic cosmetics with certified ingredients can contribute to human health and nature conservation. The survey aimed to determine behavior of choice and consumption of organic cosmetic products according to the consumers’ socio-demographic characteristics. Methods. A quantitative survey was performed, a validated questionnaire and data collection method – a written survey were used. Survey sample – 335 people (38.5 ± 4.07 years old). Data analysis using SPSS 26.0 was performed, calculated percentage frequencies, mean, Pearson’s Chi-Square test to detect statistically significant differences, and Spearman’s correlation was used. Results. The study found that more than half of women used organic cosmetics. A significant difference (p

Little is known about the individual differences in student experiences and expectations of the COVID-19 crisis and the resulting school closures. Yet, as the crisis may have uniquely impacted students, knowledge about their personalities is highly relevant. In a sample of 347 Flemish students, this study explored the association between personality traits and differences in responses to the crisis. The Big Five personality traits of students were assessed in January 2020, prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. Students were reassessed in June 2020 with a set of items related to well-being, remote learning, and family and social life. The results suggested that more conscientious students (showing a better perception of remote learning) and more open students (considering the period as an opportunity to learn new skills) adjusted well to the changes induced by the crisis. On the contrary, students high in neuroticism (showing higher stress levels) were harmed.

This paper discusses the philosophical issues pertaining to Kantian moral agency and artificial intelligence (AI). Here, our objective is to offer a comprehensive analysis of Kantian ethics to elucidate the non-feasibility of Kantian machines. Meanwhile, the possibility of Kantian machines seems to contend with the genuine human Kantian agency. We argue that in machine morality, ‘duty’ should be performed with ‘freedom of will’ and ‘happiness’ because Kant narrated the human tendency of evaluating our ‘natural necessity’ through ‘happiness’ as the end. Lastly, we argue that the Kantian ‘freedom of will’ and ‘faculty of choice’ do not belong to any deterministic model of ‘agency’ as these are sacrosanct systems. The conclusion narrates the non-feasibility of Kantian AI agents from the genuine Kantian ethical outset, offering a utility-based Kantian ethical performer instead.

We test the anchoring effect in different judgement domains using mouse tracking to evaluate estimations and confidence.

Repository for the data, code, and analysis of the manuscript "Suboptimal Choice: A Review and Quantification of the Signal for Good News (SiGN) Model"

In this study, the subject of preference, its conceptual field and its historical process, as well as the methods of determining and choosing different readings of mutawatir recitation imâms are discussed. The different phrasing of the Qur'an began from the revelation period of the revelation. It is seen that there were some discussions about the different readings of the Qur'an among the Companions in the early period, albeit a little. These different recitations of some of the Companions, who see their own reading better or who are not aware of their friends' readings, are the Prophet's. The fact that they took them to the Prophet indicates this. As a matter of fact, Allah's command to "read whatever is easy from the Qur'an" (Muzzammil, 73/20) and the hadith of the Messenger of Allah "read whatever is easy from it", together with the different reading license, also implicate his preference. Arab tribes who used different dialects from the Quraysh dialect during the Medina period and those who converted to Islam from other non-Arab nations faced some difficulties in pronouncing and understanding the Qur'an, which was revealed in the Quraysh dialect. Wanting to solve this serious problem, Hz. Prophet was given the permission to read with seven letters, the differences in recitation began to be seen. The concepts of preference and elder refer to the practices of the imams of recitation in the process of creating their own recitations together with their proofs, which they chose from among the recitations of their predecessors. In the science of hujjat, the most used concepts, along with other concepts, are the concepts of old age, preference and need. Ihticaj is a concept that expresses choosing one among different recitations by citing evidences and proofs. As a matter of fact, when the works of the recitation scholars on this subject are examined, it is seen that the imâms made their choices by citing evidence from the Qur'an, Sunnah, Mushafs and language rules regarding the differences in recitation. In the science of recitation, some other concepts such as ulema, especially proof, and illet and evidence were also used. Whether it is the Qurra that stands out in the field of natural recitation, or the imams of mutawatir recitation, they have formed their preferences by bringing evidence from verses, sunnah, mushaf, saned and language in line with the criteria of sound recitation., ÖzetBu çalışmada tercîhin konusu, kavramsal alanı ve tarihi süreci ile birlikte mütevatir kıraat imâmlarının farklı okumalarının tesbit ve tercih yöntemleri ele alınmıştır. Kur’ân lafızlarının farklı şekilde eda edilmesi vahyin nüzul döneminden itibaren başlamıştır. Az da olsa, erken dönemde Ashap arasında Kur'ân’ın farklı okumaları hususunda tartışmaların olduğu görülmektedir. Kendi okuyuşunu daha güzel gören veya arkadaşlarının okumalarından haberi olmayan ashaptan bazılarının bu farklı kıraatleri Hz. Peygambere götürmeleri bu hususa işarettir. Nitekim Allah’nın “Kur’ân’dan kolay gelenini okuyun” (Müzzemmil, 73/20) emri ve Rasûlullah’ın “ondan kolayınıza gelenini okuyun” hadisi farklı okuma ruhsatı ile birlikte tercihi de içinde tazammun etmektedir. Medine döneminde Kureyş lehçesinden ayrı lehçeler de kullanan Arap kabileleri ve Arap olmayan başka milletlerden İslâma girenler Kureyş lehçesi ile inen Kur’ân’ı telaffuz etme ve anlama konusunda bir takım zorluklarla karşılaşıyorlardı. Ortaya çıkan bu ciddi sorunu gidermek isteyen Hz. Peygamber’e yedi harf ile okuması ruhsatı verildikten sonra kıraat farklılıkları görülmeye başlanmıştır. Tercîh ve ihtiyar kavramları kıraat imâmlarının seleflerinin kıraatleri içinden seçtikleri ve bu suretle delilleriyle birlikte kendi kıraatlerini oluşturma süreçlerindeki uygulamalarını ifade etmektedir. Hüccet ilminde, başka kavramlar ile birlikte, en çok kullanılan kavramlar ihtiyâr, tercih ve ihticâc kavramlarıdır. İhticâc, deliller ve hüccetler öne sürerek farklı kıraatler arasından birini tercih etmeyi ifade eden bir kavramdır. Nitekim kıraat ulemasının bu husustaki eserleri incelendiğinde imâmların, kıraat farklılıkları ile ilgili Kur’an’dan, sünnetten, Mushaflardan ve dil kurallarından deliller ileri sürerek tercîhlerde bulundukları görülür. Kıraat ilminde ulemâ, başta hüccet olmak üzere, illet, delil gibi başka bazı kavramlar da kullanılmıştır. Gerek tabiinden kıraat alanında öne çıkan kurra olsun gerekse mütevatir kıraat imamları olsun sahih kıraat kriterleri doğrultusunda âyet, sünnet, Mushaf, sened ve dilden deliller getirerek tercihlerini oluşturmuşlardır.

Emotional facial expressions are ubiquitous and potent social stimuli that can signal favorable and unfavorable conditions. Previous research demonstrates that emotional expressions influence preference judgments, basic approach-avoidance behaviors, and reward learning. We examined whether emotional expressions can influence decisions such as choices between gambles. Based on theories of affective cue processing, we predicted greater risk taking after positive than negative expressions. This hypothesis was tested in four experiments across tasks that varied in implementation of risks, payoffs, probabilities, and temporal decision requirements. Facial expressions were presented unobtrusively and were uninformative about the choice. In all experiments, the likelihood of a risky choice was greater after exposure to positive versus neutral or negative expressions. Similar effects on risky choice occurred after presentation of different negative expressions (e.g., anger, fear, sadness, and disgust), suggesting involvement of general positive and negative affect systems. These results suggest that incidental emotional cues exert a valence-specific influence of on decisions, which could shape risk-taking behavior in social situations.

The initial methodological position mentioned in the article is the following statement: changes at any level contain a potential threat of damage — that is, a risk — and require developing a strategy for taking on these risks. The article expands on why scientific research is relevant, and speaks of how important it is for management practices to accumulate and generalize sociological knowledge about the social and personal determinants affecting how the population chooses its adaptation strategies in response to such changes in the institutional environment that violate their traditional way of life. The study object is the population, the subject — the main determinants that define how one adapts to the risks of environmental innovations. Adaptation in the context of this article is interpreted by the author as the process of choosing and implementing a decision pertaining to the types of actions that ensure the subject’s minimal vulnerability when dealing with the risks of a changing living environment. In order to identify the factors that influence choice of strategy for adapting to such environmental changes that may cause damage to a human being’s health and lifestyle, the projective situation method was used. Data from the 27th wave of RLMS–HSE was used as the empirical data base. The author correlates the interpretation of empirical data with the resource approach, specifically with the idea of “total life resource” (N.F. Naumova). The goal is to identify the relationship between choosing a particular strategy for adapting to the risks of environmental innovations and individual elements and indicators of total life resource. Our analysis allowed for us to propose an expanded typology of strategies for forced adaptation to the risks of environmental changes, as well as to identify a number of factors that determine the choice. Overall it can be argued that such a type of resource as one’s natural abilities seems to contribute to differentiation in the most significant way. If we look into individual factors, the following contribute to strategy differentiation: age, presence of and desire to achieve life goals, ability to adapt, emotional and psychological status, preferred method for solving problems, health, life satisfaction, gender, level of education, social status.

Bu çalışmada Almanca Öğretmenliği hazırlık sınıfı öğrencilerinin Almanca derslerine yönelik tutumlarının farklı değişkenlere göre karşılaştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada araştırma yöntemi olarak tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın evrenini Türk Üniversitelerinde Almanca Öğretmenliği bölümlerinde hazırlık eğitimi alan öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın örneklemini ise Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesinde, Gazi Üniversitesinde, Anadolu Üniversitesinde ve Hakkâri Üniversitesinde Almanca Öğretmenliği hazırlık programı eğitimi alan öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada yer alan veriler “Almanca Dersi Tutum Ölçeği” ve “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmada toplanan veriler IBM SPSS 21 paket programı ile analize tabi tutulmuştur. Verilerin analizinde betimleyici istatistiklerden (“frekans, yüzde, aritmetik ortalama”) yararlanılmıştır. Bağımsız değişkenler arasındaki ilişkileri çözümlemek amacıyla t-testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanılmıştır. Çoklu karşılaştırmalarda ise farklılığın yönünü belirlemek amacıyla Post-Hoc testlerinden Tukey testi kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde anlamlılık düzeyi 0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda katılımcıların Almanca derslerine yönelik genel tutumlarının ölçekteki “Katılıyorum” seçeneğine karşılık geldiği belirlenmiştir. Bu veriye dayanarak Yabancı Dil Olarak Almanca Öğretmenliği bölümü öğrencilerinin Almanca derslerine yönelik tutumlarının olumlu olduğu söylenebilir. Araştırmacıların konu ile ilgili farklı örneklem gruplarıyla, daha fazla katılımcıyla ve karma yöntemle yapacakları yeni araştırmaların daha kapsamlı sonuçlara ulaşabilme adına bilimsel açıdan faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir., In this study, it is aimed to compare the attitudes of Preparatory Class Students at German Language Teaching Programme towards German Classes regarding different variables. In the study, survey research model, one of the quantitative research methods, was employed. The population of the study consisted of the students who study at preparation classes at German Language Teaching Programme at universities in Turkey. The data was gathered using “German Class Attitude Scale” and “Personal Information Form”. The data gathered in the study were analysed using SPSS 21 package program. While analysing the data, descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean) were benefited. In order to analyse the relationships between independent variables, T-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were utilized. As a result of the research, the general attitude of the participants towards the German classes corresponded to the “I agree” option in the scale. Depending on this data, it can be inferred that the students of German Language Teaching as a Foreign Language had a positive attitude towards German classes.

Consumers are increasingly sharing their opinions on societal issues and products online. We studied the implications of such online word-of-mouth for consumer judgement and decision-making. The case used is organic food, which is the most successful among the currently emerging, sustainability-differentiated food product categories. We first analysed the online discussion on organic food by conducting a text-mining study of reader comments (N = 63,379) from the comments section of a major German online news outlet. Topics therein are discussed with differing frequency, thereby indicating the salience of the various issues to online readers and consumers. One organic food topic of high salience (animal welfare) and one of low salience (biodiversity) were selected to investigate the behavioural relevance of salient online topics in a subsequent priming experiment (online survey of German consumers; N = 1,118). In particular, we tested whether the relative online salience of the two topics used as primes influenced the likelihood of choosing organic instead of conventional eggs and milk in a choice experiment and the acceptance of policies supporting organic farming. Although ineffective for the choice of milk, the priming worked as hypothesized regarding the choice of eggs and policy acceptance. Priming the topic with high online salience is more effective at promoting pro-organic behaviour than priming the topic with low online salience. Priming effects also depended on prime strength, attitude strength and experience with buying organic food. We discuss how insights from text mining of online word-of-mouth can be employed to promote sustainable consumption behaviour.

Modern taxonomic studies of Agaricomycetes rely on the integrative analyses of morphology, environmental data, geographic distribution, and usually several DNA loci. However, sampling and selection of DNA loci for the analyses are commonly shallow. In this study, we suggest minimal numbers of necessary specimens to sample and DNA loci to analyze in order to prevent inadequate taxonomic decisions in species groups with minor morphological and genealogical differences. We sampled four unlinked nuclear DNA gene regions (nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2, gh63, rpb2, and tef1) to revise the systematics of a common wood-decaying species Basidioradulum radula (Hymenochaetales) on an intercontinental set of specimens collected in the Northern Hemisphere. The DNA loci analyzed violate the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition principles, thus confirming a single-species interpretation. We conclude that Hyphodontia syringae is a younger synonym of B. radula.

Testing moderation based on format.

This project replicates the study of Rubaltelli, Lotto, Ritov and Rumiati (2015). In four studies the authors demonstrate empirically the value of socially responsible investments in helping investors to cope with unsatisfactory investment returns.

The Sense of Agency (SoA) is the feeling of control that we attribute to our actions and their subsequent consequences. Research has shown that the SoA can be influenced by both predictive and postdictive factors (processes that occur prior to and succeeding an action, respectively), and can be investigated by manipulating choice for our actions, and the nature of the resulting outcome (e.g., whether positive or negative). Previously, we explored the possibility that both choice (choice or no choice) and outcome valence (positive or negative) would interact. Yet, our research only provided strong evidence for a postdictive effect of outcome (a positive or negative outcome) on our SoA. However, previous research has shown that greater choice (from 4, to even 7 choices) can increase the agency we feel for an action. Therefore, the current project will assess whether increasing the amount of choice we have over our actions will increase the SoA and/or interact with the effect of outcome.

Intrinsic motivation involves interest and enjoyment, as opposed to money or other external rewards. Recent laboratory studies with younger adults have demonstrated that behavioural vigor and self-rated motivation were significantly higher when participants were able to choose task parameters as opposed to being assigned them (Murayama et al., 2015). When participants are held personally accountable, they tend to invest more effort than when they are not held accountable (Hess, Germain, Swaim, & Osowsk, 2009; Smith & Hess, 2015). However, to date there have been no large-scale validation efforts to test the effectiveness of manipulations of intrinsic motivation in younger and older adults. The central aim of this study is to validate manipulations of intrinsic motivation (free vs. forced choice; high vs. low accountability) by assessing their effects on behavioural effort in healthy younger and older adults. Participants will be shown pairs of pixelated images. In the free choice condition, participants choose the picture they prefer to reveal, whereas in the forced choice condition, the computer randomly selects the image for the participant to reveal. Participants will also be presented with one of two instructions. In the low accountability condition, participants are informed that only they would see their curated gallery at the end of the task. In the high accountability condition, participants are informed that other participants would view their gallery. We will measure the number of mouse clicks participants made across the different conditions (accountability and choice) to assess effort.

Discovering Problems in Social Work and Public Health

Contains fulltext : 230168.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access) Understanding how sustainable preference change can be achieved is of both scientific and practical importance. Recent work shows that merely responding or not responding to objects during go/no-go training can influence preferences for these objects right after the training, when people choose with a time limit. Here we examined whether and how such immediate preference change in fast choices can affect choices without time limit one week later. In two preregistered experiments, participants responded to go food items and withheld responses toward no-go food items during a go/no-go training. Immediately after the training, they made consumption choices for half of the items (with a time limit in Experiment 1; without time limit in Experiment 2). One week later, participants chose again (without time limit in both experiments). Half of the choices had been presented immediately after the training (repeated choices), while the other half had not (new choices). Participants preferred go over no-go items both immediately after the training and one week later. Furthermore, the effect was observed for both repeated and new choices after one week, revealing a direct effect of mere (non)responses on preferences one week later. Exploratory analyses revealed that the effect after one week is related to the memory of stimulus-response contingencies immediately after the training, and this memory is impaired by making choices. These findings show mere action versus inaction can directly induce preference change that lasts for at least one week, and memory of stimulus-response contingencies may play a crucial role in this effect. 37 p.

We test how PCS-DM parameters relate to outcome and process measures (choice, decision time, and confidence) and to personality measures.

The project examines what influence the Corona pandemic has on racism towards Asian individuals in Germany.

We want to replicate the study “Adding Asymmetrically Dominated Alternatives: Violations of Regularity and the Similarity Hypothesis” by Huber et al. (1982) and evaluate whether the effect of the “decoy” can be demonstrated today. In other words, we want to find out how the “decoy” influences choice. Can the “decoy” lead to an increased preference for the “target”?

Replication Peters et al. 2006 and Jacowitz et al 1995

In this study, we examine the impact of prevalence on foraging behavior in simple foraging tasks. Participants will be asked to find all of the target items within a patch before they can proceed to a new one. Within a foraging task, we manipulate how frequent the target appears and assess how different prevalence values affect foraging behavior. Dependent Variables

De cele mai multe ori, ne întrebăm de ce avem nevoie de statistică și metodologie, în momentul în care dăm nas în nas cu ele, la facultate. Sunt ele grele, sunt urâte, sunt Bau-Bau? Nu! Ba chiar dorim să vă dovedim contrariul! Este irelevant dacă ești la licență, master, doctorat, sau orice altă formă de învățământ superior sau specializare profesională. Câtă vreme dorești să înțelegi motivul pentru care se face cercetare, în psihologie, respectiv calitatea acestei cercetări, ești invitatul nostru la workshop! 𝗩𝗼𝗺 𝘃𝗼𝗿𝗯𝗶 𝗱𝗲𝘀𝗽𝗿𝗲: ✅ De ce există cercetare științifică în psihologie și statutul de știință al acesteia ✅ Demonizarea statisticii și a metodologiei și cauzele acestei demonizări ✅ Cum să devii un sceptic desăvârșit în ale psihologiei

Creating a flow for Obesity and Diabetes Prevention through Data Analytics.

There is currently little direct evidence regarding the function of subjective confidence in decision making: The tight correlation between objective accuracy and subjective confidence makes it difficult to distinguish each variable's unique contribution. Here, we created conditions in a perceptual decision task that were matched in accuracy but differed in subjective evaluation of accuracy by orthogonally varying the strength versus variability of evidence. Confidence was reduced with variable (vs. weak) evidence, even across conditions matched for difficulty. Building on this dissociation, we constructed a paradigm in which participants ( N = 20) could choose to seek further information before making their decision. The data provided clear support for the hypothesis that subjective confidence predicts information seeking in decision making: Participants were more likely to sample additional information before giving a response in the condition with low confidence, despite matched accuracy. In a preregistered replication ( N = 50), these findings were replicated with increased task difficulty levels. ispartof: PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE vol:29 issue:5 pages:761-778 ispartof: location:United States status: published

In a series of three pre-registered studies, we explored (a) the difference between people’s intuitions about indeterministic scenarios and their intuitions about deterministic scenarios, (b) the difference between people’s intuitions about indeterministic scenarios and their intuitions about neurodeterministic scenarios (that is, scenarios where the determinism is described at the neurological level), (c) the difference between people’s intuitions about neutral scenarios (e.g., walking a dog in the park) and their intuitions about negatively valenced scenarios (e.g., murdering a stranger), and (d) the difference between people’s intuitions about free will and responsibility in response to first-person scenarios and third-person scenarios. We predicted that once we focused participants’ attention on the two different abilities to do otherwise available to agents in indeterministic and deterministic scenarios, their intuitions would support natural incompatibilism—the view that laypersons judge that free will and moral responsibility are incompatible with determinism. This prediction was borne out by our findings.

This study examines the impact of the expected value of payoff, the coefficient of variation and the prevalence of different targets on foraging behavior in hybrid gamble foraging tasks.