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Indicators can monitor ecological environment changes and help maintain ecological balance. Bioindicators are divided into animal, plant, and microbial indicators, of which animal and plant indicators have previously been the most researched, but microbial indicators have drawn attention recently owing to their high sensitivity to the environment and their potential for use in monitoring environmental changes. To date, reviews of studies of animals and plants as indicator species have frequently been conducted, but reviews of research on microorganisms as indicator species have been rare. In this review, we summarize and analyze studies using microorganisms as indicator species in a variety of ecosystems, such as forests, deserts, aquatic and plateau ecosystems, and artificial ecosystems, which are contained in wetlands, farmlands, and mining ecosystems. This review provides useful information for the further use of microorganisms as indicators to reflect the changes in different environmental ecosystems.

BACKGROUND As we know, chemotherapy resistance is a critical factor leading to recurrence and metastasis of nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To clarify the key target and potential mechanism of resistance to gemcitabine (GEM) in NSCLC, we selected Gene Expression Omnibus Data Set and statistically analyzed a parent cell group and a GEM-resistant cell group. Results showed that the expression of troponin C1, slow skeletal and cardiac type (TNNC1) in GEM-resistant cells was higher than in parent cells, which implies that TNNC1 was associated with GEM resistance in lung cancer cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS TNNC1 expression level was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction or western blot in GEM-resistant patient serum and cell lines. It could reduce or increase autophagy response and GEM resistance accordingly by inhibition of the short interfering ribonucleic acid or by forced overexpression of TNNC1 viruses in A549 cell line and GEM-resistant cell line (A549/GemR) respectively. Blocking autophagy with 3-methyladenine increased the sensitivity of chemotherapy confirmed by flow cytometry and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B - light chain 3 punctate assay. What's more, in a loss-of-function model, silencing of forkhead box 03 (FOXO3) in A549/GemR cells could rescue the autophagy weakened by TNNC1. RESULTS TNNC1 promoted GEM chemoresistance of NSCLC by activating cytoprotective autophagy, regulated negatively by FOXO3. This research may provide a completely new strategy for NSCLC treatment. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the TNNC1/FOXO3 signaling pathway in NSCLC may be a novel strategy to combat GEM resistance.

Five energetic compounds bearing the framework of methylenebis-(1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-yl) are developed. All chemical structures were confirmed using infrared spectroscopy (IR), 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, HRMS, and single crystal X-ray diffraction for pivotal intermediate diethyl 2,2′-(methylenebis(1,2,4-oxadiazole-3,5-diyl))diacetate (2) and diammonium salt 5. Bis(5-(trinitromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methane (3) showed high performance (D = 9053.2 m s−1, P = 37.4 GPa) and relatively low sensitivity (IS = 12.5 J, FS = 72 J). All the others are less sensitive than TNT.

A series of 1,3-bis(2-alkyltetrazol-5-yl)triazenes have been synthesized in high yields by treatment of sodium nitrite and hydrochloric acid with substituted-5-aminotetrazoles. All compounds were fully characterized using IR spectroscopy, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometer (HRMS). Most of these triazenes exhibit good detonation performance comparable with TNT and low melting points ranging from 81 °C to 106 °C, which are suitable for melt-cast explosives. Among these compounds, 1,3-bis(2-azidoethyltetrazol-5-yl)triazene ( 2g ) displays a low melting point (106 °C), moderate onset decomposition temperature (183 °C) and good detonation performance ( D : 7087 m/s; P : 17.6 GPa).

A new family of bishydrobis(tetrazol-1-yl)borate (BTB) based energetic ionic liquids were synthesized by a straightforward N-hydroboration of tetrazole followed by an ionic metathesis. The BTB-based ionic liquids are hypergolic with oxidizers and show superior energy capacity with high positive HOF (often ≥2.0 kJ g−1), high density (≥1.2 g cm−3), high density impulse (often ≥367 s g cm−3) and short ignition delay times (

An efficient approach to synthesize 5,5′-azoxybistetrazoles has been achieved via the treatment of tetrazolyl triazenes with fuming nitric acid and acetic anhydride in a two-step one-pot reaction. Herein, 5,5′-azoxybistetrazole is proposed to be formed via a nitroso triazene intermediate generated from tetrazolyl triazene by nitration and de-oxygen rearrangement. All compounds were fully characterized using IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and HRMS. In the case of 2,2′-dimethyl-5,5′-azoxybistetrazole (2a), single crystal X-ray structuring and 15N NMR spectroscopy were also performed. The calculations predict that 2f has a detonation velocity of 8066 m s−1 and a detonation pressure of 25.8 GPa.

Viral infection triggers the formation of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) aggregates, which potently promote immune signaling. Autophagy plays an important role in controlling MAVS‐mediated antiviral signaling; however, the exact molecular mechanism underlying the targeted autophagic degradation of MAVS remains unclear. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which RNF34 regulates immunity and mitophagy by targeting MAVS. RNF34 binds to MAVS in the mitochondrial compartment after viral infection and negatively regulates RIG‐I‐like receptor (RLR)‐mediated antiviral immunity. Moreover, RNF34 catalyzes the K27‐/K29‐linked ubiquitination of MAVS at Lys 297, 311, 348, and 362 Arg, which serves as a recognition signal for NDP52‐dependent autophagic degradation. Specifically, RNF34 initiates the K63‐ to K27‐linked ubiquitination transition on MAVS primarily at Lys 311, which facilitates the autophagic degradation of MAVS upon RIG‐I stimulation. Notably, RNF34 is required for the clearance of damaged mitochondria upon viral infection. Thus, we elucidated the mechanism by which RNF34‐mediated autophagic degradation of MAVS regulates the innate immune response, mitochondrial homeostasis, and infection.

Bamaxiang pig is from Guangxi province in China, characterized by its small body size and two-end black coat colour. It is an important indigenous breed for local pork market and excellent animal model for biomedical research. In this study, we performed genomewide association studies (GWAS) on 43 growth and carcass traits in 315 purebred Bamaxiang pigs based on a 1.4 million SNP array. We observed considerable phenotypic variability in the growth and carcass traits in the Bamaxiang pigs. The corresponding SNP based heritability varied greatly across the 43 traits and ranged from 9.0% to 88%. Through a conditional GWAS, we identified 53 significant associations for 35 traits at p value threshold of 10-6 . Among which, 26 associations on chromosome 3, 7, 14 and X passed a genomewide significance threshold of 5 × 10-8 . The most remarkable loci were at around 30.6 Mb on chromosome 7, which had growth stage-dependent effects on body lengths and cannon circumferences and showed large effects on multiple carcass traits. We discussed HMGA1 NUDT3, EIF2AK1, TMEM132C and AFF2 that near the lead SNP of significant loci as plausible candidate genes for corresponding traits. We also showed that including phenotypic covariate in GWAS can help to reveal additional significant loci for the target traits. The results provide insight into the genetic architecture of growth and carcass traits in Bamaxiang pigs.

The π – A isotherms and UV–vis spectra of the transferred films suggested that the monolayer of p - tert -butylthiacalix[4]arene can coordinate with Hg 2+ at the air–water surface. From these observations, a glassy carbon electrode coated with Langmuir–Blodgett film of p - tert -butylthiacalix[4] arene as a new voltammetric sensor is designed for the determination of trace amounts of Hg 2+ . Compared with bare glassy carbon electrode and modified glassy carbon electrode using direct coating method, the Langmuir–Blodgett film-modified electrode can greatly improve the measuring sensitivity of Hg 2+ . Under the selected conditions, the Langmuir–Blodgett film-modified electrode in 0.1 mol L −1 H 2 SO 4 + 0.01 mol L −1 KCl solution shows a linear voltammetric response for Hg 2+ in the range of 5.0 × 10 −10 to 1.5 × 10 −7 mol L −1 , with a detection limit of 2.0 × 10 −10 mol L −1 . The proposed method was also applied to determine Hg 2+ in water samples (tap, lake and river water). In addition, the fabricated electrode exhibited a distinct advantage of simple preparation, non-toxicity, good reproducibility and good stability.