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The thermal stability of the polyethylene (PE) separator is of utmost importance for the safety of lithium-ion batteries. Although the surface coating of PE separator with oxide nanoparticles can improve thermal stability, some serious problems still exist, such as micropore blockage, easy detaching, and introduction of excessive inert substances, which negatively affects the power density, energy density, and safety performance of the battery. In this paper, TiO2 nanorods are used to modify the surface of the PE separator, and multiple analytical techniques (e.g., SEM, DSC, EIS, and LSV) are utilized to investigate the effect of coating amount on the physicochemical properties of the PE separator. The results show that the thermal stability, mechanical properties, and electrochemical properties of the PE separator can be effectively improved via surface coating with TiO2 nanorods, but the degree of improvement is not directly proportional to the coating amount due to the fact that the forces inhibiting micropore deformation (mechanical stretching or thermal contraction) are derived from the interaction of TiO2 nanorods directly “bridging” with the microporous skeleton rather than those indirectly “glued” with the microporous skeleton. Conversely, the introduction of excessive inert coating material could reduce the ionic conductivity, increase the interfacial impedance, and lower the energy density of the battery. The experimental results show that the ceramic separator with a coating amount of ~0.6 mg/cm2 TiO2 nanorods has well-balanced performances: its thermal shrinkage rate is 4.5%, the capacity retention assembled with this separator was 57.1% under 7 C/0.2 C and 82.6% after 100 cycles, respectively. This research may provide a novel approach to overcoming the common disadvantages of current surface-coated separators.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Inhibitors and stimulant used in this research. Table S2. Primary antibodies and its dilutions used for western blotting, immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence staining.

In order to get more solar energy and better flight performance, HALE aircraft are normally built with relatively long and slender high-aspect ratio wings, so the wings of HALE aircraft are very flexible, with large wing deformations during flight.

A methodology of dynamic response analysis for flexible wings by time-domain tool which is constituted by geometrically-exact nonlinear mixed-formulation couple with dynamic stall model ONERA, and unsteady vortex-lattice method. The Goland wing is included here to find the flutter velocity. It can be found that the flutter speed is 143.1 m/s and 169.4 m/s separately, and the main reason of different flutter speed is the three-dimensional effect.