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We propose a hetero-nano-fin structure to further improve the efficiency of Pancharatnam–Berry phase metasurfaces. Two hetero-nano-fin types, MgF2/GaN and MgF2/Nb2O5, were investigated. The overall polarization conversion efficiency (PCE) improved from 52.7 to 54% for the MgF2/GaN nano-fin compared with the bare GaN nano-fin. The overall PCE of the Nb2O5 nano-fin was 1.7 times higher than that of the GaN nano-fin. The overall PCE improved from 92.4% up to 96% after the application of MgF2 antireflection. Moreover, the antireflection improves efficiency by an average of 4.3% in wavelengths from 450 to 700 nm. Although the increment of energy seems minimal, antireflection is crucial for a metasurface, not only enhancing efficiency but also reducing background signal of a meta-device.

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is widely known for its multiple systems damage, especially neurocognitive deficits in children. Since their discovery, adenosine A

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is widely known for its multiple systems damage, especially neurocognitive deficits in children. Since their discovery, adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) have been considered as key elements in signaling pathways mediating neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's, as well as cognitive function regulation. Herein, we investigated A2AR role in cognitive impairment induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). Mice were exposed to CIH 7 h every day for 4 weeks, and intraperitoneally injected with A2AR agonist CGS21680 or A2AR antagonist SCH58261 half an hour before IH exposure daily. The 8-arm radial arm maze was utilized to assess spatial memory after CIH exposures.To validate findings using pharmacology, the impact of intermittent hypoxia was investigated in A2AR knockout mice. CIH-induced memory dysfunction was manifested by increased error rates in the radial arm maze test. The behavioral changes were associated with hippocampal pathology, neuronal apoptosis, and synaptic plasticity impairment. The stimulation of adenosine A2AR exacerbated memory impairment with more serious neuropathological damage, attenuated long-term potentiation (LTP), syntaxin down-regulation, and increased BDNF protein. Moreover, apoptosis-promoting protein cleaved caspase-3 was upregulated while anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was downregulated. Consistent with these findings, A2AR inhibition with SCH58261 and A2AR deletion exhibited the opposite result. Overall, these findings suggest that A2AR plays a critical role in CIH-induced impairment of learning and memory by accelerating hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and reducing synaptic plasticity. Blockade of adenosine A2A receptor alleviates cognitive dysfunction after chronic exposure to intermittent hypoxia in mice.

In this study, the optical properties of a meta-GMR consisting of a metasurface stacked on a planar dielectric slab waveguide were theoretically investigated. Two different metasurfaces, namely chiral split-ring resonator dimer arrays with/without a rod-shaped antenna, were investigated and compared. Conventional GMR filters utilize gratings to couple the free-space electromagnetic field to the waveguide. The highly dispersive nature of grating leads to low angular tolerance. Here, the grating is replaced by metasurfaces. The metasurface unit cell can be regarded as a polarizable dipole that couples the free-space electromagnetic field to the waveguide and decouples the waveguide mode to the radiation modes. Based on the localized nature of the resonant metasurfaces, the metasurface/GMR hybrid mode exhibits a superior angular tolerance as compared with a conventional GMR filter. This study can open a new avenue to tailor the optical properties of GMR-based devices.

In this paper, we propose a simple model, a combination of effective medium theory and the Jones matrix, to analyze the optical properties of a dielectric PB-phase metasurface with an arbitrary incident polarization state. The optical properties, such as the polarization conversion efficiency spectrum, rotation-angle-dependent phase modulation, and phasor diagram, shows a fair agreement with the finite difference time domain method results. This model provides a fast and sufficient accuracy compared to the time-consuming finite element methods. Moreover, the shortness of the proposed model is also discussed.

The objectives of this paper are to examine the effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) on the morphological changes in the kidney of growing rats and to explore the mechanisms underlying the CIH-induced renal damage. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: 2 and 4 weeks CIH groups (2IH, 4IH), and in the control group 2 and 4 weeks air-stimulated groups (2C, 4C), with 10 rats in each group. Pathological changes of renal tissue were observed by HE staining, PAS staining, and Masson staining. Real-time PCR method was used to detect the mRNA expression of HIF-1α, CuZnSOD/ZnSOD, and MnSOD in renal tissue. (1) Intermittent hypoxia (IH) caused morphological damage in the kidney. Hypertrophy of epithelial cells in the kidney tubules and dilation in the glomeruli were observed under light microscope in HE and PAS stain, especially in 4IH group. Masson staining showed no significant fibrotic response in the IH groups. (2) Compared with the corresponding control groups, the levels of serum SOD were significantly lower in CIH groups, and especially in 4IH group. The mRNA expression of Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD in CIH groups decreased significantly as compared to control groups. The mRNA levels of HIF-1α in the kidney were significantly higher in CIH groups than those in the corresponding control groups. Oxidative stress played a critical role in renal damage by up-regulating HIF-1α transcription and down-regulating Cu/ZnSOD and MnSOD transcription after chronic intermittent hypoxia exposure in growing rats.

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is associated with multiple system diseases. Neurocognitive dysfunction resulting from central nervous system complications has been reported, especially in children with OSAHS. Chronic intermittent hypoxia is accepted to be the major pathophysiological mechanism of OSAHS. Adenosine plays an important role in cellular function via interactions with its receptors. A2a receptor has been recognized as a factor involved in neuroprotection. However, the role of adenosine A2a receptor in intermittent hypoxia induced cellular injury is not completely understood. In this study, we aim to investigate the underlying mechanisms of A2a receptor mediated cellular damage caused by intermittent hypoxia in PC12 cells. We found that activated A2a receptor by CGS21680 decreased cellular viability, increased PKC as well as ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) subunits expression Kir6.2 and SUR1. Inhibition of A2a receptor by SCH58261 increased cellular viability, suppressed PKC and SUR1 expression level, ultimately showing a protective role in PC12 cells. Moreover, we observed that CHE, which is an antagonist of PKC, downregulated Kir6.2 and SUR1 expression and increased cellular viability. Additionally, we found that A2a receptor activation induced cell injury was associated with increased Cleaved-Caspase 3 expression, which can be decreased by inhibition of A2a receptor or PKC. In conclusion, our findings indicate that A2a receptor induced KATP expression by PKC activation and plays a role in accelerating PC12 cells injury induced by intermittent hypoxia exposure via A2a-PKC-KATP signal pathway mediated apoptosis.

In this study, the phase modulation ability of a dielectric Pancharatnam–Berry (PB) phase metasurface, consisting of nanofins, is theoretically analyzed. It is generally considered that the optical thickness of the unit cell of a PB-phase metasurface is λ/2, i.e., a half-waveplate for polarization conversion. It is found that the λ/2 is not essential for achieving a full 2π modulation. Nevertheless, a λ/2 thickness is still needed for a high polarization conversion efficiency. Moreover, a gradient phase metasurface is designed. With the help of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) method, the wavefront errors of the gradient phase metasurface are reduced by fine-tuning the rotation angle of the nanofins. The diffraction efficiency of the gradient phase metasurface is thus improved from 73.4% to 87.3%. This design rule can be utilized to optimize the efficiency of phase-type meta-devices, such as meta-deflectors and metalenses.

The study uses speed context composed by temporal and spatial factors to analyze people's app usages in their daily life. Cellphone activities of forty-five students recruited from university campuses were recorded and analyzed. Recorded activities include app usages, monitor switching on/off, and geolocations, all with timestamp. The study categorized more than one thousand apps into seven categories based on Android's official categories. Total counts and duration of app usage were summarized to uncover how college students utilized cellphone as their social or entertainment tools. Furthermore, according to geolocations and timestamp, the study categorized participant's moving statuses into five categories including high speed such as on buses, low speed such as walking, staying at home, at office, at somewhere else. The results show that, compared with high and low speed moving, participants were found to play game apps on stationary statuses significantly. However, most of them often played puzzle games on buses even walking. The users often transfer or commute for specific purposes, and the use of mobile applications would fit to different instrumental purposes, which means the usage mode is not as regular as when they stay still.

Mobile phone not only becomes an important extended-self but also provides opportunity for researchers to record and investigate people's daily behaviors through it. The central goal of the study is to understand people's daily life routine as well as how they use cellphone to communicate and interact with others. Compared with conventional methods such as diary method or experience sampling method, the study collected, visualized and analyzed logs of social media uses of thirty-five participants' cellphones for further interview. The results show that combining one's daily movement (including speed and location features) and apps usage timeline can help to discover routine patterns. The daily moving map and timeline of uses of apps shows both spatial and temporal regular patterns. In conclusion, daily activity data collected from new technology is believed to help social scientists to discover patterns in advance to develop in-depth questions for qualitative interviews.

Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is associated with the neurocognitive deficits as a result of the neuronal cell injury. Previous studies have shown that adenosine A1 receptor (ADORA1) played an important role against hypoxia exposure, such as controlling the metabolic recovery in rat hippocampal slices and increasing the resistance in the combined effects of hypoxia and hypercapnia. However, little is known about whether ADORA1 takes part in the course of neuronal cell injury after intermittent hypoxia exposure which was the main pathological characteristic of OSAHS. The present study is performed to explore the underlying mechanism of neuronal cell injury which was induced by intermittent hypoxia exposure in PC12 cells. In our research, we find that the stimulation of the ADORA1 by CCPA accelerated the injury of PC12 cells as well as upregulated the expression of PKC, inwardly rectifying potassium channel 6.2(Kir6.2) and sulfonylurea receptor 1(SUR1) while inhibition of the ADORA1 by DPCPX alleviated the injury of PC12 cells as well as downregulated the expression of PKC, Kir6.2, and SUR1. Moreover, inhibition of the PKC by CHE, also mitigated the injury of PC12 cells, suppressed the Kir6.2 and SUR1 expressions induced by PKC. Taken together, our findings indicate that ADORA1 accelerated PC12 cells injury after intermittent hypoxia exposure via ADORA1/PKC/KATP signaling pathway.

Objective To exam the relationship between snoring and morbidities of multiple systems in children. Study design Children with snoring were enrolled and divided into primary snorer (PS) group and obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) group based on polysomnography. The healthy children served as the control group. The growth parameters, maxillofacial malformations, blood chemistry, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram were recorded and intelligence testing was performed in the enrolled children who were ≥6 years old. Results The weight and height were similar in the control group (n = 60) and the PS group (n = 63), but lower in the OSAHS group (n = 89; P

To investigate the distribution characteristics of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of the toll-like receptor 9 gene (TLR9) in Chinese Han children from Zhejiang province, and their associations with asthma susceptibility and phenotypes.A case-control study was conducted. A total of 312 asthmatic children aged between 1.9 and 11.6 and 339 age matched healthy controls were enrolled in this study from April 2007 to November 2008. The -1486 C/T in rs187084 and -1237 C/T in rs5743836 loci of the TLR9 gene were genotyped by direct DNA sequencing of the PCR products. Serum levels of IFN gamma, IL-12 and IL-4 were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Serum levels of total IgE were detected by chemiluminescence, and serum levels of antigen specific IgE antibodies were detected by fluoroenzymeimmunoassay.(1) The -1486 C/T polymorphism was identified in both groups. The genotype frequencies of TT, TC and CC at -1486 C/T were 41.0%, 44.3%, 14.7% in the healthy controls, and 38.8%, 48.4%, 12.8% in the asthmatic children. The -1237 C/T polymorphism was not detected in the population. (2) There were no statistically significant differences in the allele and genotype frequencies at the -1486 C/T locus between the two groups (P;0.05). (3) Serum levels of IFN gamma and IL-4 differed significantly among the three genotypes at the -1486 C/T locus in asthmatic children (P0.01). The CC genotype had the lowest levels of serum IFN gamma and the highest levels of serum IL-4 among the three genotypes. There were no significant differences in these cytokines among the healthy controls (P0.05). No statistical differences of serum IL-12 were found among the three genotypes in the two groups (P0.05). (4) There were no significant differences of total IgE (log-transformed) among the three genotypes in the asthmatic children (P0.05).The -1237 C/T polymorphism of TLR9 gene was not detected in Chinese Han children in this study. The -1486 C/T polymorphism was associated with the levels of serum IFN gamma and IL-4 in children with asthma. However, there were no correlations between the -1486C/T polymorphism and serum IL-12 levels, total IgE levels or asthmatic susceptibility.

To discuss the pathological effect of snoring on pregnant women in Wenzhou area.The study was performed between January 2006 and February 2008, 601 women with pregnancies being in clinic or the ward were surveyed about snoring occur, measuring physiological and biochemical parameters in the 13th, 28th week of pregnancy and before delivery, recording the complication and pregnancy outcome. According to their pregnancy and snoring occur, they were divided into the first, the second and the third trimester snoring group and non-snoring group.Compared with the non-snoring group, The BMI, abdominal perimeter, the neck circumference and systolic blood pressure in snoring group of every trimester increased significantly (P0.05). There were no significant differences about the hip circumference of snoring group in the first trimester (P0.05), but they increased significantly in the second and the third trimester (P0.05). There were no significant differences about the diastolic blood pressure of snoring group in the first and the second trimester (P0.05), but they increased significantly in the third trimester (P0.05). There were no significant differences about the snoring group's BMI, abdominal perimeter, the neck circumference, the hip circumference and blood pressure between the groups of every trimester (P0.05). Compared with the non-snoring group, the incidence of snoring group's gestational hypertension, premature birth and abdominal delivery increased significantly every trimester of pregnancy (P0.05). There were no significant differences Between the snoring groups of every trimester (P0.05).The snore makes pregnant women physiological characteristics changed, the incidence of gestational hypertension, premature delivery and abdominal delivery increased. So we should pay more attentions to them in their perinatal stage.

Bangana dero - Upper Brahmaputra River basin: IHB 74VII6010, 1 ex., 321.4 mm SL, Motuo, Tibet., Published as part of E Zhang & Yi-Yu Chen, 2006, Revised diagnosis of the genus Bangana Hamilton, 1822 (Pisces: Cyprinidae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Chinese species., pp. 41-54 in Zootaxa 1281 on page 51

Bangana wui - Pearl River basin: IHB 73VII1152, 73VII2083-4, 810194, 4 ex., 165.8-381.5 mm SL, Rongan, Guangxi; IHB 85100065, 1 ex., 263.5 mm SL, Tian���e, Guangxi; IHB 72032, 72030, 2 ex., 192.0-338.1 mm SL, Yingde, Guangdong; KIZ 8811406-7, 8811567, 8811570, 8811565, 5 ex., 205.0-240.1 mm SL, Guanling, Guizhou., Published as part of E Zhang & Yi-Yu Chen, 2006, Revised diagnosis of the genus Bangana Hamilton, 1822 (Pisces: Cyprinidae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Chinese species., pp. 41-54 in Zootaxa 1281 on page 52

Bangana decora - Pearl River basin: KIZ 77666-7, 2 ex., 173 mm SL, Boai, Yunnan. IHB 74XII1456, 74XII1479, 73VI2019-21, 754815, 6 ex., 97.3-173.4 mm SL, Rongan, Guangxi; IHB 81X0129, 75IV1931, 74XI1456, 3 ex., 180.9-215.0 mm SL, Yangso, Guangxi; IHB 587837, 81245, 587866-7, 4 ex., 62.0-215.0 mm SL, Liujiang, Guangxi; IHB 587754, 1 ex., 173.7 mm SL, Baise, Guangxi, Published as part of E Zhang & Yi-Yu Chen, 2006, Revised diagnosis of the genus Bangana Hamilton, 1822 (Pisces: Cyprinidae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Chinese species., pp. 41-54 in Zootaxa 1281 on page 51

Cirrhinus molitorella - IHB 76V5082 89.2 mm, middle Yangtze River basin, Hainan., Published as part of E Zhang & Yi-Yu Chen, 2006, Revised diagnosis of the genus Bangana Hamilton, 1822 (Pisces: Cyprinidae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Chinese species., pp. 41-54 in Zootaxa 1281 on page 52

Bangana Hamilton, 1822 Figs. 1 and 2 Bangana Hamilton, 1822: 277 (type species: Cyprinus dero Hamilton, 1822, by subsequent designation of Jordan, 1917). Tylognathus Heckel, 1843: 1027 (type species Varicorhinus diplostomus Heckel, 1838, by subsequent designation of Bleeker, 1863) Gymnostomus Heckel, 1843: 1030 (type species Cyprinus ariza Hamilton, 1807, by subsequent designation of Bleeker, 1863). Altigena Burton, 1934: 49 (type species: Varicorhinus discognathoides Nichols and Pope, 1927, by original designation). Incisilabeo Fowler, 1937: 206 (type species: Labeo behri Fowler, 1937, by original designation [also monotypic]). Diagnosis Bangana is distinguished from all other existing Asian Labeonin genera (sensu Reid, 1982) except Schismatorhynchos Bleeker (type species: Lobocheilos heterorhynchos Bleeker) and Lobocheilos Bleeker (type species: Labeo falcifer Valenciennes) by having the upper jaw fully enclosed by the upper lip, the median part (or base) of which is covered by the rostral fold. It is further distinguished by the following combination of characters: rostral fold thick, smooth and pendulous, separated from upper lip by a deep groove, disconnected from lower lip around corners of mouth; lateral portions of upper lip smooth or slightly papillose and laterally connected with lower lip; lower lip anteriorly separated from lower jaw by a transverse groove extending along length of entire lower jaw, with a free anterior margin containing numerous papillae on dorsal surface; lower jaw heavily cornified, with a sharp cutting edge; postlabial groove uninterrupted and forming a deep, transverse groove that fully separates lower lip from mental margin, or broadly interrupted or confined only to side of lower jaw, partially separating lower lip from mental region; and 10-12 branched dorsal-fin rays. Bangana differs from Schismatorhynchos and Lobocheilos in having the lower lip with a free anterior margin and bearing numerous papillae on the dorsal surface. Bangana lacks the type of lower lip characteristic of Lobocheilus (sensu Rainboth, 1996), in which the lower lip is enlarged to form a thick, fleshy pad that entirely covers the lower jaw, but is separated from it by a deep postlabial groove. In Schismatorhynchos the lower lip is characterized by a distinct, elongated, longitudinally directed, fleshy lateral lobe (sensu Siebert and Tjakrawidjaia, 1998). Remarks The type locality of Bangana dero, the type species of Bangana, is in the Brahmaputra River basin of India, but there is no information regarding the precise type locality, and the type specimen appears to be lost. The current identification of B. dero usually follows that of Hora (1936) (Kottelat 1998; Kullander et al. 1999). The available specimen, previously identified as Sinilabeo dero by Wu et al. (1977), is from the Yaluzangbu Jiang (Brahmaputra) basin in Chayu, Tibet, China. Since our comparison corroborates Wu et al.���s determination that this material agrees with Hora���s (1936) description and figure of L. dero; it is therefore assigned to Bangana. The above diagnosis of Bangana is based primarily on the Chinese species of Bangana, with particular emphasis on B. dero. When extralimital congeners are taken into account, there may be slight modifications to the diagnosis as presented here. Bangana was diagnosed by Rainboth (1996) as lacking a dorsal-fin spine and having 10-13 branched dorsal-fin rays; anterior and posterior barbels of approximately equal size; the upper lip smooth and entire and separated from snout by a deep groove; lower lip thin and present only at side of lower jaw; post-labial groove broadly interrupted and present only at sides of jaw. The genus was defined by Kullander et al. (1999) as lacking rostral barbels and having 10-11 branched dorsal-fin rays, a rostral fold with a short lateral flap, a heavily cornified lower jaw with a keratinised cutting edge, and the postlabial groove with a very short lateral extension. These two diagnoses of Bangana are actually similar, except for the presence or absence of barbels. Since our examination demonstrates that the 13 Chinese species previously included in Sinilabeo have most of the above diagnostic characters of Bangana, we consider this to be justification for transferring these species to Bangana. However, two other characters present in some other Chinese species here assigned to Bangana do not agree with the above diagnoses. The first character (i.e., upper lip not smooth, but with lateral portion having a slightly papillose interior surface [Fig. 1C]) is present in B. decora (Peters), B. lemassoni, B. rendahli (Kimura), B. tungting (Nichols), and B. xanthogenys. The second character, which is exhibited by B. discognathoides (Nichols and Pope), B. lippa (Fowler), and B. yunnanensis (Wu, Lin, Chen, Chen and He), is a postlabial groove that is uninterrupted so as to form a transverse groove that fully separates the lower lip from the mental region (Fig. 1B), rather than being broadly interrupted or present only on the side of the lower jaw, where it partially separates the lower lip from the mental region. These two characters require a revised diagnosis to be provided for Bangana, so as to include the above species. On the other hand, the C-shaped mouth opening (Fig. 1A) and ethmoidal furrow of both B. devdevi and B. dero (Fig. 2A) are not shared with other Chinese species of Bangana. We are hesitant to assign diagnostic value at the generic level to the last two characters, pending a phylogenetic analysis of Chinese Bangana species. Like Jayaram (1981), Talwar and Jhingran (1991) transferred B. dero to Labeo, a genus currently known from fresh waters of tropical Africa and Asia. Reid (1985) excluded this species from Labeo and referred it to Tylognathus, which in turn was later treated by Kottelat (1985) as a junior synonym of Bangana. Despite wide acceptance of Reid���s conclusion, it remains unresolved whether Asian and African Labeo constitute separate monophyletic groups. Most authors usually restrict Asian Labeo to species such as L. dyocheilus (Kottelat et al., 1993; Rainboth, 1996). Remarkable morphological differences in the oro-labial structures exist between Bangana and the Asian species of Labeo. Bangana has the upper lip entirely adnate to the upper jaw (vs. separate from the upper jaw in Asian Labeo species); the upper jaw with plicae superficially absent (vs. present); the lower lip thin (vs. thick), and either with a postlabial groove uninterrupted, so as to form a transverse groove that fully separates the lower lip from the mental region, or broadly interrupted and confined to the side of the lower jaw (vs. narrowly interrupted at the isthmus). Wu et al. (1977) transferred B. dero to Sinilabeo, and this action has been followed by all subsequent Chinese authors. Sinilabeo was originally erected by Rendahl (1932), based on a single 198 mm SL specimen collected by Dr. Hummel on Dec. 12, 1931, from the Jangtsekiang (= Yangtze River) near Tschungking (= Qiongqing). The specimen was referred to Varicorhinus tungting, which had originally been described by Nichols (1925) from Tungting (= Dongting) Lake, which flows into the middle Yangtze River. However, the Hummel specimen, on which the original description of Sinilabeo was based, not only lacks the diagnostic characters of V. tungting (or B. tungting), but also does not conform to the present diagnosis of Bangana or any other known Asian labeonine genus. The type species of Sinilabeo was thus misidentified, and actually represented an undesscribed species, which was subsequently described by Zhang et al. (2006) as Sinilabeo hummeli. Zhang et al���s (2006) action makes Sinilabeo available according to ICZN Article 70.3.2 (1999 edition of International Code). Bangana and Sinilabeo differ in details of morphology of the orolabial structures. Bangana has a smooth rostral fold (vs. a papillose fold in Sinilabeo) with an even (vs. crenulated) distal margin. The upper lip in Bangana is fully adnate to the upper jaw, with its base (and sometimes the median portion) covered by the rostral fold; whereas in Sinilabeo the upper lip is present only on the side of the upper jaw, from which it is separated, and is missing in the median portion, which instead bears a thin, flexible, cornified sheath that is completely covered by the rostral fold. In addition, the anterior margin of the lower lip in Bangana is free with a slightly papillose dorsal (vs. ventral) surface; and the mouth opening is deeply arched, or C-shaped (vs. slightly arched or transverse). Bangana decora was transferred by Banarescu (1972) to Cirrhinus Oken (type species: Cyprinus cirrhosus Bloch). This action may be questioned, since Cirrhinus has an oro-labial pattern distinct from that of Bangana, and both were assigned by Zhang and Chen (2004) to the subtribes Labeonina and Banganina, respectively. In Cirrhinus, the upper lip is greatly thickened superficially, with variably-sized papillae and elongate folds, or plicae, and is separated from the upper jaw by a deep groove. By contrast, Bangana has an upper lip fully adnate to the upper jaw, with its median portion, or base, covered by a thick, smooth rostral fold. Here, we follow Kullander et al. (1999) by including both Gymnostomus Heckel (type species: Cyprinus ariza Hamilton) and Incisilabeo Fowler (type species: Labeo behri Fowler) in the synonymy of Bangana. In addition, Altigena Lin (type species: Varicorhinus discognathoides Nichols and Pope) is also considered a junior synonym of Bangana. Unaware of the fact that V. tungting had been designated by Rendahl (1932) as the type species of his new genus, Sinilabeo, Lin (1933) established Altigena as a subgenus of Osteochilus G��nther (type species: Rohita melanopleura Bleeker, by subsequent designation of Jordan, 1917) to include four then-known species: V. tungting, V. discognathoides, V. pogonifer and V. brevis. This name was, in fact, unavailable when first proposed because no type species was fixed in the original description (ICZN Art. 13.3), but Altigena later became available following designation of V. discognathoides as the type species by Burton (1934). Both V. discognathoides and V. tungting are here considered congeneric and placed in Bangana. Altigena is thus a junior synonym of Bangana. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Chinese Bangana species The following twelve cyprinid species from southern China, which were allocated to Sinilabeo by Yue (2000), belong in Bangana: B. cirrhinoides (Wu and Lin) *, B. decora, B. dero *, B. discognathoides, B. laticeps *, B. lemassoni, B. rendahli, B. tonkinensis, B. tungting, B. wui, B. zhui,* and B. xanthogenys. Since four of these species (here denoted by asterisks) are poorly known, we consider it desirable to provide a brief discussion of their taxonomy and nomenclature. Wu et al. (1977) reported, for the first time, Sinilabeo dero (= B. dero) from the Chinese Tibetan part of the Brahmaputra River. It was later further documented from the same region of Tibet by Wu and Wu (1991) and Zhang et al. (1995), and also from the Yiluowadi Jiang (upper Irrawaddy River) basin in Yunnan, southern China by Chu and Chen (1989) and Chen (1998). Outside China, this species reportedly occurs in India, Pakistan, Burma (= Myanmar), Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal (Jayaram, 1981; Shrestha, 1981; Talwar & Jhingran, 1991). According to Hora (1936), B. dero is known only from along the southern slope of the Himalayas, ranging from Abor Hill (Arunachal Pradesh) west to Dehra Dun (Uttar Pradesh); with the Myanmar form actually being B. devdevi. The same view was shared by both Kottelat (1998) and Kullander et al. (1999). Based on this, records by Chinese authors of S. dero from the upper Irrawaddy River basin are based on misidentifications of B. devdevi. Wu et al. (1977) recognized two states of the postlabial groove among Chinese Bangana species. The first state, which is exhibited by B. decora, B. lemassoni, B. rendahli, B. tungting and B. xanthogenys, is characterized by a postlabial groove that is interrupted and confined to the side of the lower jaw, partially separating the lower lip from the mental region. All remaining Bangana species, other than B. devdevi and B. dero, exhibit the second state, in which the postlabial groove is uninterrupted and forms a transverse groove that fully separates the lower lip from the mental region. Bangana devdevi and B. dero differ in this regard, however, with both having an interrupted postlabial groove. In large individuals (135.5-276.1 mm SL) of B. devdevi, the postlabial groove is interrupted and present only on the side of the lower jaw, and is connected to its counterpart by a shallow transverse fissure that is not uniformly continuous with the postlabial groove on the opposite side. In small individuals (64.8-133.7 mm SL), however, this groove is uninterrupted and forms a deep transverse groove that separates the lower lip from the mental region. Apparently, the observed variation in the postlabial groove of B. devdevi is associated with size, as was observed by Kottelat (1998: 24) for B. elegans. Our examination of a single 321.4 mm SL specimen shows that B. dero has an interrupted postlabial groove, a state also illustrated by Wu and Wu (1991). Bangana cirrhinoides was first described in the genus Sinilabeo by Wu and Lin in Wu et al. (1977) from the Yuan Jiang (Red River) basin in Yunnan. Since no additional specimens were collected from the type locality, or elsewhere, Chu and Chen (1989) regarded it as a species known only in the original description. Yue (2000) identified, as B. cirrhinoides, material earlier reported as B. dero from the upper Irrawaddy River basin by Chu and Chen (1989). In fact, these reports of B. cirrhinoides are based on B. devdevi. Comparison of the type specimens of B. cirrhinoides with the upper Irrawaddy River basin material of B. devdevi shows that there are no marked morphometric and meristic differences between the two species. The original description indicated that B. cirrhinoides has an uninterrupted postlabial groove, which entirely separates the lower lip from the mental region. However, this is contrary to our observation that the type specimens (69.8-127.2 mm SL) of B. cirrhinoides have an interrupted postlabial groove, a condition that also occurs in small individuals of B. devdevi from the upper Irrawaddy River basin. In addition, the ethmoidal furrow is absent in the type material of B. cirrhinoides. This furrow is indistinct or absent in small individuals of B. devdevi from the upper Irrawaddy River basin, but is distinct in large individuals. We have examined the types of B. cirrhinoides, and have determined that they are juveniles of B. devdevi. Consequently, we provisionally agree with Yue (2000) that the upper Irrawaddy River and Red River basin materials are conspecific. Based on the Principle of Priority (Article 23.1 of 1999 edition of the ICZN Code), Labeo devdevi Hora, 1936, has priority over Sinilabeo cirrhinoides Wu and Lin in Wu et al., 1977. Wu and Lin, in Wu et al���s (1977) book involving a systematic revision of the cyprinid fishes of China, described Sinilabeo tonkensis laticeps, based on only two specimens, 256.0 and 331.0 mm SL, respectively, from the Luosuo Jiang and Mengyang He, two tributaries of the Lancang Jiang (upper Mekong River) basin in Yunnan, southern China. Chen (1987), followed by Chu and Chen (1989) and Yue (2000), regarded it as a full species, but Kottelat (2001a) concluded that S. laticeps is a junior synonym of Labeo lippus, which was simultaneously placed by him in Bangana. Since Kullander et al. (1999) pointed out that Bangana should be treated as feminine, transfer of Labeo lippus to Bangana requires a change in ending of the name lippus to lippa. The same change in species ending is also required for Sinilabeo decorus (now Bangana decora). Bangana zhui has long been confused with B. yunnanensis (Wu, Lin, Chen, Chen and He, 1977), a valid species herein recognized. In 1963, Chu and Wang described Mirolabeo yunnanensis as a new genus and species; however, the name was not available because Chu and Wang���s description was in an unpublished work. Wu et al. (1977) were the first to use the name Sinilabeo yunnanensis for specimens from the upper Mekong River basin and Nanpan Jiang of the upper Zhu Jiang (Pearl River) basin, and gave a detailed description for this species. This makes the species name yunnanensis available according to Article 10.1 of the 1999 ICZN Code, with the formal description of Sinilabeo yunnanensis thus attributed to Wu, Lin, Chen, Chen and He (1977) (Article 50 of 1999 ICZN Code). The original description of B. yunnanensis by Wu et al. (1977) was based on six syntypes, inlcuding two specimens (IHB 591033-4; 81.6-96.2 mm SL) from the upper Mekong River basin, and four (IHB 65018-21; 221.3-351.2 mm SL) from the Nanpan Jiang of the Pearl River basin. However, these specimens in fact represent two species, of which the real B. yunnanensis is represented by the upper Mekong River basin material, whereas the remaining specimens, from the Nanpan Jiang (see below), are B. zhui. In order to stabilize the name, the larger (96.2 mm SL) of the two specimens (IHB 591033) is here designated as the lectotype of B. yunnanensis. The smaller (81.6 mm SL) specimen (IHB 591034) becomes the paralectotype. While retaining the name S. yunnanensis for the upper Mekong River basin material, Zheng and Chen (1983) described, as S. zhui, the Nanpan Jiang (in the upper Pearl River basin) specimens. Zhu (1995) did not recognize S. zhui as a valid species, but Yue (2000) used it as a replacement name for S. yunnanensis in her review of Chinese labeonine species. Our observations on the specimens formerly reported as S. yunnanensis or S. zhui show that marked differences exist between the upper Mekong River and the Nanpan Jiang basin forms. These findings confirm that S. zhui is still a valid species, which is here transferred to Bangana. Based on the above analysis, we have determined that Bangana is represented in China by 13 valid species, the distributions of which may be seen in figure 3. They are: B. decora, known from the Pearl River basin; B. dero from the upper Brahmaputra River basin; B. devdevi from the upper Irrawaddy River and Red River basins; B. discognathoides from Hainan Island; B. lemassoni from the Red River basin; B. lippa from the upper Mekong River basin; B. rendahli from the upper Chang Jiang (Yangtze River) basin; B. tonkinensis from the Red River basin; B. tungting from the middle Yangtze River basin, B. xanthogenys from the Red River basin; B. wui from the Pearl River basin; B. yunnanensis from the upper Mekong River basin; and B. zhui from the upper Pearl River basin. A key to these species is provided below. Key to Chinese species of Bangana 1a. Postlabial groove interrupted and confined to side of lower jaw........................ 2 1b. Postlabial groove uninterrupted to form a transverse groove separating lower lip from mental region............................................................................................. 8 2a(1a). Mouth opening C-shaped; snout with an ethmoidal furrow; a shallow, transverse fissure bridging postlabial groove and its ounterpart......................................... 3 2b(1a). Mouth opening arch-shaped; snout without an ethmoidal furrow; no shallow, transverse fissure bridging post-labial groove and its counterpart..................... 4 3a(2a). 8-9 scale row between lateral line and dorsal-fin origin; 24 circumpeduncular scales............, Published as part of E Zhang & Yi-Yu Chen, 2006, Revised diagnosis of the genus Bangana Hamilton, 1822 (Pisces: Cyprinidae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Chinese species., pp. 41-54 in Zootaxa 1281 on pages 43-51

Bangana yunnanensis - Upper Mekong River basin, Yunnan: YU 842001-2, 2 ex., 393.0-417.0 mm SL, Yunxian; KIZ 735090, 734094, 2 ex., 124.4-139.6 mm SL, Jinggu; IHB 591033-4, 2 ex., 96.2-81.6 mm SL and YU 0231-2, 3 ex., 68.1-73.2 mm SL, Xishuangbanna., Published as part of E Zhang & Yi-Yu Chen, 2006, Revised diagnosis of the genus Bangana Hamilton, 1822 (Pisces: Cyprinidae), with taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on the Chinese species., pp. 41-54 in Zootaxa 1281 on page 52