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Fowl adenovirus serotype-4 (FAdV-4) is highly lethal to poultry, making it one of the leading causes of economic losses in the poultry industry. However, a small proportion of poultry can survive after FAdV-4 infection. It is unclear whether there are genetic factors that protect chickens from FAdV-4 infection. Therefore, the livers from chickens uninfected with FAdV-4 (Normal), dead after FAdV-4 infection (Dead) or surviving after FAdV-4 infection (Survivor) were collected for RNA-seq, and 2,649 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Among these, many immune-related cytokines and chemokines were significantly upregulated in the Dead group compared with the Survivor group, which might indicate that death is related to an excessive inflammatory immune response (cytokine storm). Subsequently, the KEGG results for DEGs specifically expressed in each comparison group indicated that cell cycle and apoptosis-related DEGs were upregulated and metabolism-related DEGs were downregulated in the Dead group, which also validated the reliability of the samples. Furthermore, GO and KEGG results showed DEGs expressed in all three groups were mainly associated with cell cycle. Among them, BRCA1, CDK1, ODC1, and MCM3 were screened as factors that might influence FAdV-4 infection. The qPCR results demonstrated that these 4 factors were not only upregulated in the Dead group but also significantly upregulated in the LMH cells after 24 h infection by FAdV-4. Moreover, interfering with BRCA1, CDK1, ODC1, and MCM3 significantly attenuated viral replication of FAdV-4. And interfering of BRCA1, CDK1, and MCM3 had more substantial hindering effects. These results provided novel insights into the molecular changes following FAdV-4 infection but also shed light on potential factors driving the survival of FAdV-4 infection in chickens.

Additional file 3: Supplemental Table 1. The percentage of chromosome coverage (%) by ROHs in each breed. Supplemental Table 2. Candidate genes located in genomic regions with a high frequency of ROHs. Supplemental Table 3. Pig QTLs located in genomic regions with a high frequency of ROHs. Supplemental Table 4. The summary of Sample information for each breed.

Diffusive-Time-of-Flight (DTOF), representing the travel time of pressure front propagation, has found many applications in unconventional reservoir performance analysis. The computation of DTOF typically involves upwind finite difference of the Eikonal equation and solution using the fast marching method (FMM). However, application of the finite difference based FMM to irregular grid systems remains a challenge. In this paper, we present a novel and robust method for solving the Eikonal equation using finite volume discretization and the FMM.The finite volume form of the Eikonal equation is derived by differential manipulation, volume integration and the divergence theorem. Using product rule, the differential term is first converted to the divergence form. Then volume integrals that contain divergence terms are converted to surface integrals using the divergence theorem. Consequently, the spatial coordinates are replaced by cell volumes and transmissibilities which are universal for both structured and unstructured grids in finite volume simulators. When applied with the upstream scheme, the finite volume form evolves into a set of quadratic equations, and fast marching method is implemented to solve these equations.The implementation is first validated with analytical solutions using isotropic and anisotropic models with homogeneous reservoir properties. Consistent DTOF distributions are obtained between the proposed approach and the analytical solutions. Next, the implementation is applied to unconventional reservoirs with hydraulic and natural fractures. Our approach relies on cell volumes and connections (transmissibilities) rather than the grid geometry, and thus can be easily applied to complex grid systems. For illustrative purposes, we present applications of the proposed method to embedded discrete fracture models (EDFM), dual-porosity dual-permeability models, and unstructured PEBI grids with heterogeneous reservoir properties. Visualization of the DTOF provides flow diagnostics such as evolution of the drainage volume of the wells and well interactions.The novelty of the proposed approach is its broad applicability to arbitrary grid systems and ease of implementation in commercial reservoir simulators. This makes the approach well-suited for field applications with complex grid geometry and complex well architecture.

Identification of the location and orientation of fractures and preferential flow paths using the dynamic reservoir response can provide insightful guidance for naturally fractured reservoir development and management. However, data assimilation for high-resolution fractured reservoir models using well responses is time consuming. The streamline-based technology has proven to be effective and efficient for subsurface flow modeling and inverse problems. We propose a novel and robust streamline tracing method in dual porosity dual permeability (DPDK) systems and an efficient workflow to identify fracture location in fractured reservoir models using dynamic data.In DPDK models, the matrix-fracture interactions are typically described by non-neighbor connections (NNCs) which make streamline tracing non-trivial. We use a boundary layer method to reconstruct the fluxes and avoid flux discontinuities at NNCs. The flux reconstruction allows us to trace streamlines and compute the time of flight (TOF) in DPDK models. The fracture identification workflow relies on the streamline-based analytic sensitivity computation and rapid model calibration using dynamic data. Multiple realizations of fracture distribution are initialized and calibrated using observed well responses, for example water cut and BHP. The ensemble of calibrated fracture models is then used for uncertainty analysis, and a probability map of the spatial distribution of fractures is finally generated.The power and utility of our approach are demonstrated using several applications. We first validate the streamline tracing algorithm for DPDK model by comparing its TOF with the result generated by the finite volume formulation of TOF generalized for compressible flow. Next, we validate the fracture identification workflow using a synthetic case by comparing the fracture probability map with the "true" fracture distribution. Finally, we apply our method to a DPDK model of a fractured reservoir and generate fracture probability map by calibrating multiple model realizations to well production and pressure data. The fracture probability maps serve as valuable tools to guide reservoir management and field development strategy.The novelty of this work is the newly developed streamline tracing algorithm for DPDK models and the efficient workflow to generate fracture probability maps based on dynamic data. The proposed approach is easy to implement and can be coupled with commercial simulators for field scale applications.

Taking Chengdu plain as the research object, using 2014 TM image and the data of social economic development, from the perspective of urban and suburban, studied the differences of the coupling relationships between landscape pattern and economic development in the studying area, the results are as follows: the coupling degree show that the coupling degree Chengdu plain is 0.411, the coupling coordination degree is 0.332, which is high strength and low coordination. The coupling degree is 0.498 and the coupling coordination degree is 0.436 in the urban, which is high strength and normal coordination. The coupling degree is 0.342 and the coupling coordination degree is 0.325 in the suburban, which is low strength and low coordination. The coupling differences in urban and rural between the economic development and landscape pattern is because the result by natural conditions and human activities, the human economic activity is the leading cause of urban and rural landscape pattern differences.

Taihu Lake is at the densely populated region of the eastern coast of China. Taihu Basin is one of the most developed regions of China. The frequency of flood disaster in Taihu Basin has been increasing in the recent years, resulting in more drowned areas and economic loss. It is shown that flood disaster is the most serious problems in Taihu Lake and Taihu Basin. Mitigation of flood problems and return to sustainability has now been given high attention and are prioritized in the Chinese national policies. This paper describes the state of the flood disaster in the Taihu Basin, examines the root causes for flood disaster, demonstrates by examples how these analyses known as transboundary diagnostic analysis can be used to develop policy options that can help predict and reduce the flood disaster based on past and current measures and policy.