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A detrimental problem of scour downstream of a Bagmari Syphon in the feeder canal off taking from Farakka Barrage on the Ganga River, West Bengal, India has kindled our interest in understanding the scour process downstream of a broad crested drowned weir. A river was syphoned across the Feeder canal at Bagmari, flushing the top of the syphon with canal bed. However, the canal bed degraded over the years and resulted in exposure and protrusion of the syphon barrel above the canal bed and acting as a broad crested drowned weir. Due to the acceleration of flow over the barrel, scour has developed downstream of the barrel. This problem has been formulated and studied in the laboratory to study the scour process and its mitigation measures using boulders. Experiments have been carried out in the Hydraulics Laboratory of IIT Roorkee, India in a flume of 12.5 m length, 0.46 m width, 0.70 m depth for the different protruding height of weir and flow intensity, keeping ratio of shear stress of approach flow to critical shear stress less than unity. Study on factors affecting maximum scour depth and its temporal variation were analyzed graphically. The scour depth increases with an increase in protruding height of weir and flow intensity. It has been found that maximum scour reduces significantly using boulder apron. The maximum reduction in scour depth with boulder apron lies in the 44% - 68% range and the range of shift in maximum scour depth from weir with boulder apron was 1.6-1.8 times from the original location of maximum scour depth without boulder apron.

Aims:Myocardial ischaemia followed by reperfusion (IR) causes an oxidative burst resulting in cellular dysfunction. Little is known about the impact of oxidative stress on cardiomyocyte lipids and their role in cardiac cell death. Our goal was to identify oxidized phosphatidylcholine-containing phospholipids (OxPL) generated during IR, and to determine their impact on cell viability and myocardial infarct size. Methods and results:OxPL were quantitated in isolated rat cardiomyocytes using mass spectrophotometry following 24 h of IR. Cardiomyocyte cell death was quantitated following exogenously added OxPL and in the absence or presence of E06, a 'natural' murine monoclonal antibody that binds to the PC headgroup of OxPL. The impact of OxPL on mitochondria in cardiomyocytes was also determined using cell fractionation and Bnip expression. Transgenic Ldlr-/- mice, overexpressing a single-chain variable fragment of E06 (Ldlr-/--E06-scFv-Tg) were used to assess the effect of inactivating endogenously generated OxPL in vivo on myocardial infarct size. Following IR in vitro, isolated rat cardiomyocytes showed a significant increase in the specific OxPLs PONPC, POVPC, PAzPC, and PGPC (P

Figure S1. Differentiation of MSCs into osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. MSCs were induced to differentiate toward osteocytes (a), adipocytes (b), and chondrocytes (c). MSCs (undifferentiated cells, control group) and differentiated MSCs (D-MSC) were stained for osteocalcin and Alizarin Red (osteocyte lineage), FABP4 and Oil Red-O stain (adipocyte lineage), and aggrecan (chondrocyte lineage). The images were taken using Cytation5 (BioTek Instruments) (20Ă magnification). (nâ =â 6) (PPTX 2648 kb)

Figure S2. Heat map showing the highly upregulated or downregulated proteins that are known to be associated with mitochondrial respiration and immune pathways at P3 versus P7. (PPTX 5354 kb)